早期结肠癌治愈率可达95%
细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31融合基因疫苗构建及鉴定
细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31融合基因疫苗构建及鉴定周必英;陈雅棠;李文桂;杨梅【期刊名称】《中国人兽共患病学报》【年(卷),期】2009(025)006【摘要】目的构建和鉴定细粒棘球绦虫(Eg)重组双歧杆菌(Bb)-Eg95-EgA31融合基因疫苗.方法自行设计引物,从细粒棘球蚴包囊中分离原头节,超声粉碎后提取总RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR分别扩增Eg95和EgA31抗原编码基因,然后采用基因拼接法(gene SOEing)剪接Eg95和EgA31,得到Eg95-EgA31融合基因,经BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切,定向克隆到大肠杆菌-双歧杆菌穿梭表达载体pGEX-1λT中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,构建重组质粒pGEX-Eg95-EgA31,抽提质粒进行双酶切鉴定,电穿孔法转化两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacteria bifidum,Bb),构建细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31融合基因疫苗,抽提质粒进行PCR扩增鉴定.结果 RT-PCR扩增出约1 016bp的Eg95-EgA31融合基因;重组质粒用双酶切鉴定可切出预期大小片段,以具有氨苄青霉素抗性的rBb中抽提的质粒为模板进行PCR扩增可得到约1 016bp的Eg95-EgA31融合基因片段.结论成功构建了细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31融合基因疫苗,为该疫苗的开发利用奠定了实验基础.【总页数】5页(P502-506)【作者】周必英;陈雅棠;李文桂;杨梅【作者单位】重庆医科大学附属第一医院传染病寄生虫病研究所,重庆400016;贵州省遵义医学院寄生虫学教研室,贵州563003;重庆医科大学附属第一医院传染病寄生虫病研究所,重庆400016;重庆医科大学附属第一医院传染病寄生虫病研究所,重庆400016;重庆医科大学附属第一医院传染病寄生虫病研究所,重庆400016【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R383.3【相关文献】1.细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31疫苗诱导小鼠脾细胞亚群变化的研究 [J], 周必英;陈雅棠;李文桂;杨梅2.细粒棘球绦虫Eg95基因疫苗和重组抗原诱导小鼠免疫应答的比较研究 [J], 丁剑冰;马秀敏;魏晓丽;林仁勇;王俨;张静萍;温浩3.细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31疫苗诱导小鼠脾细胞因子变化的研究 [J], 周必英;陈雅棠;李文桂;杨梅4.细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31蛋白对感染小鼠脾细胞凋亡的抑制作用 [J], 周必英;陈雅棠;李文桂;杨梅5.细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31疫苗免疫小鼠后Th1/Th2型免疫应答的动态观察 [J], 周必英;陈雅棠;李文桂;杨梅因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
2022年下半年英语三级笔译(CATTI 3) 实务考试真题及参考译文
2022年下半年英语三级笔译（CATTI 3) 实务考试真题及参考译文Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (50 points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.In times of stress, like living through a global pandemic, it' s natural to fall back on soothing habits---gardening, playing video games or lighting up a cigarette.But what are the risks, given that the novel coronavirus at the center of the current crisis attacks the lungs? The science is in its early stages, but studies are finding that cigarette smokers are more likely to have severe infections. There is data to show that if you are a smoker, you're more likely to have adverse outcomes from COVID-19, need mechanical ventilation and die than if you' re not a smoker. Smoking damages the lungs' defense mechanisms, making it harder to fight off COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases.What does science say? Early data was conflicting. Some reports indicated that smoking was not associated with increased adverse outcomes and that smokers were underrepresented in hospital settings, leading some to claim that smokers might even have immunity to the virus. But specialists dismissed the claims as "really fringe stuff". One study found that of those who died of COVID-19, 9 percent were current smokers, compared with 4 percent of those that survived. Smoking, for one thing, inhibits blood cells that would otherwise clean and repair damaged lungs.What about e-cigarettes? Less is known about how coronavirus patients who use e-cigarettes products are faring, but several doctors suspect their trajectory will mirror that of cigarette smokers. Smoking e-cigarettes has all the same adverse effects as smoking ordinary cigarettes does. Smoking anything can irritate the lining of your lungs. If you irritate the lining of your lungs, you set yourself up for trouble, because the disease kills people by attacking the lungs.What about secondhand smoke? Smokers do not expel more of a respiratory virus than non-smokers, although they do cough more. The smoke itself doesn' t seem to increase the amount of virus that gets in the air. However, to the extent that the virus is carried in tiny aerosol particles that stay in the air, one of the possible meansof transmission, the smoke shows where those particles are located. One study showed that people who had been exposed to second hand smoke were more likely to contract tuberculosis and, once they got it, didn' t do as well as those who weren' t exposed to smoke. In terms of these immune-suppressive effects, as it relates to tuberculosis, secondhand smoke has adverse effects.Each virus has its unique pattern of dispersion, and scientists are starting to get a handle on how the novel coronavirus behaves. This understanding is making it possible to rank the risks of different activities from high to low to trivial.The two drivers of the spread of the disease are close contact and crowding in closed spaces, as the virus is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. It spreads through homeless shelter and nursing homes, where people are crowded in with many others. And it spreads through people's households. Scientists have found some trends. For example, spending time dining together or being on public transport might increase the risk of spreading or contracting the disease, while going to a market briefly for five minutes or a transient encounter while you walk or run past someone is considered low risk.The studies were all done through contact tracing, which may turn out to be humanity's greatest strategy for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Contact tracing can stop chains of transmission, even after a disease is widespread. Another major benefit is that it offers clues as to how the disease spreads. Each virus has its unique pattern.【参考译文】：适逢直面重重压力之际,恰似人类正身陷于这一场席卷全球的新冠肺炎疫情之图圄。
95%的置信水平 p值
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
艾滋病合并人微小病毒B19感染导致纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血5例临床特征分析
中国艾滋病性病2021年4月第27卷第4期Chin J AIDS STD Vol.27 No.4 Apr 2021395 DOI: 10.13419/ ki.aid s.2021.04.16•工作研究•艾滋病合并人微小病毒B19感染导致纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血5例临床特征分析许飞龙，陈谐捷，何凯茵，谢志伟，李青青，李凌华(广州市第八人民医院感染病中心，广州510060)摘要：目的分析艾滋病合并人微小病毒B19(HPVB19)感染导致纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血临床特点。
方法 回顾性分析2018年6月至2019年12月在广州市第八人民医院住院部收治的5例艾滋病合并HPV B19感染导致纯红 细胞再生障碍性贫血患者的临床资料。
结果5例艾滋病患者中，男性4例，年龄14~43岁；2例接受ART时间<1年，3例接受ART时间>3年,人院时:5例患者检测HIV RNA<20拷贝/mL,CD4细胞计数均<100个/mm3。
外周血HPV B19DNA( + ),确证为HPVB19感染导致纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血。
5例患者均应用静脉注射人免疫球蛋白及结合输注 红细胞治疗，其中4例患者调整ART方案。
历时2〜10个月，4例患者CD4细胞计数>200个/m m-\外周血HPV B19D N A(-),贫血纠正；丨例患者持续CD4细胞计数<100个/m m\&HPV B19 DNA( + ),出现嗜血细胞综合征而死亡。
结论CD4细胞低下的艾滋病患者出现纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血，临床应怀疑并评估HPVB19感染，高效AKT及良 好的免疫重建是减少死亡的关键。
关键词：艾滋病；人微小病毒B19;纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血中图分类号：R 512.91; R 373.9 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-5662(2021 )04-0395-045 cases of clinical characteristics analysis about pure red blood cell aplastic anemia due to HIV co-infection withhuman microvirus B19 XU Feilong, CHEN Xiejie, HE Kaiyin, XIE Zhiwei, LI Qingqing, LI Linghua. (Departmentof I nfectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People,s Hospital, Guangzhou 510060,China)C orresponding author: LI Linghua, Em ail:llheliza@ Supported by G uangzhou Science and Technology Project: C om prehensive D iagnosis and Treatm ent Strategy o f Im portant O pportunistic Fungal Infections in AIDS Patients (202002020005)Abstract: Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics o f pure red cell aplastic anem ia caused by hum an parvovirus B19 infection in A ID S patients. Methods From June 2018 to D ecem ber 2019, the clinical data o f five A ID Spatients with pure erythrocyte aplastic anem ia caused by HPV B19 infection w ere analyzed retrospectively in G uangzhouEighth People's H ospital. Results A m ong the 5 A ID S patients, there w ere four m ales and one fem ale, aged betw een 14-43 years, w ith tw o patients receiving ART for less than one year, and three patients for m ore than three years, and HIVR N A<20copies/m l and C D4 T lym phocyte counts all less than 100/m m3on adm ission to hospital. HPV B19 D N A wasdetected as positive in peripheral blood o f the five patients, w hich confirm ed that H PV B19 infection caused pure red cellaplastic anem ia. T he five patients w ere treated w ith intravenous injection o f hum an im m unoglobulin (IV IG) com binedwith red blood cell infusion, am ong w hich four adjusted ART regim en. A fter 2-10 m onths, CD4*T lym phocyte count o f thefour patients w as m ore than 200/m m3, and HPV B19 D N A w as negative in peripheral blood and anem ia w as corrected.However, one o f the five patients had C D4T lym phocyte count less than 100/mm3 all the tim e, blood HPV B19 D N A w aspositive, and at last died o f hem ophagocytic syndrom e. Conclusion A s A ID S patients w ith low CD4*T lym phocyteshave pure red cell aplastic anem ia, HPV B19 infection should be suspected and evaluated clinically. Effective ART andgood im m une reconstitution are the key to reduce death.Keywords: A ID S; hum an m icrovirus B19; pure erythrocyte aplastic anem ia人微小病毒B19(HPV B19)是动物病毒中体积收稿日期：2020-06-02;修回日期：2020-12-13基金项目：广州市科技计划项目（202002020005)第一作者简介：许飞龙（1985—)，男，江西省抚州市人，硕士，从事艾滋病及相关疾病诊疗工作。
上海市中学生抑郁症状流行现状及行为因素对其影响分析
中国健康教育2021年1月第37卷第1期・论著・上海市中学生抑郁症状流行现状及行为因素对其影响分析车贝贝1高晶蓉2陈德2贾晓娴2续琨2王剑2杨建军2余金明1【摘要】目的了解上海市中学生的抑郁症状流行情况及相关的行为影响因素，为预防中学生抑郁情绪提供数据支持和建议。
方法采用分层多阶段整群抽样法，抽取上海市37所初中、22所高中和1所职高的学生共6178人进行调查，用X检验和Logistic回归分析抑郁症状的影响因素。
结果上海市中学生抑郁情绪检岀率为364%,其中初中、高中和职高学生的抑郁率分别为364%、33.2%、46.3%。
调整相关因素后Logistic逐步回归结果显示，吸烟、饮酒是抑郁的危险因素，OR值和95%C/分别为7.455(7.370-7.342).7.378(1.163〜7.477)；过去8d 有7〜2d、3〜4d、0-8 d累计活动7h及以上是抑郁的保护因素，OR值和9%CI分别为0888(8578〜8478)、8573(8466〜8714)、8.263(8567〜8455)；过去7d有7〜2d、3〜4d、5〜7d进行中等强度体力活动者抑郁的风险较低，OR值和95%C分别为8767(8633〜8927)、8692(8569〜8447)、8782(854〜848)；每天睡眠时间7〜7h、^7h者较<7h者患抑郁的风险低，OR值和95%CI分别为8477(8654〜8SSO)、8733 (8784〜8435)；失眠者抑郁症状的风险是未失眠者的2426倍(95%CI：2509〜3134)。
结论上海市中学生的抑郁情况不容乐观，养成良好的健康行为习惯有利于减少中学生抑郁情绪的发生。
【关键词】学生；抑郁；健康行为；影响因素【中图分类号】R193【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1082-9932(2827)87-0827-86DOI：1816163/ki.issn.1(88-9932.2227.07.086Analysis on the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its related behavioral factors among middle school students id Shanghai CHE Bei-bei,GAO Jing-rong,CHEN De ,JIA Xiao-xian,XU Kun,WANG Jian,YANG Jian-jun,YU Jia-ming.Key Laboratoro of Health Technology Assessment—Mimstro of Health,Collaborative innovation Center o-Sociol Risks Governance Co Health,Schont of Public Health,FuUnn Universito,Shanghni200832,China[Abstract]Objective To understand the prevalence of depressive symptoms and itn related behavioral influencina factorn amoof miOdlv schorl students in Shanfhni,and to proviOv date support and suuiestiors foe ths preventior of depres-sior amoof miOdle school stuPents.Methods A totci of6177stuPents were selected from30jueive miOdle schools,20 senior high schools and18vocatiorcl high schools in Shanfhni by stratified mPti-stace cluster sampUnf method.The influen-cinf factors of depressive symptoms were analyzen by chi-square test and Looistic repressior.Resclts The detectior rate of depression amorf middle school students in Shanfhci was36.4%,and the rates of depression symptoms amorf junior mio-dle school stuPents-high miOdle school stuPents and vocatiord high school stuPents were36.8%,33.2%and46.3%respectively.Stepwise locisno repression resylts showed thnt smorinf and drindinf were risk factors for depression-with ORv V pc nd95%CI of1.455(1.154-4342)nd1.彳。
1995年考研英语真题及解析
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
医学英文缩写
全国百科百科词条成语词典百科书店百科目录汉语词典菜谱大全您当前的位置：中国百科网-> 百科词条-> 百科知识-> 文章内容:医学术语和名称英文缩略语医学术语和名称英文缩略语医学术语和名称英文缩略语A:adrenalin肾上腺素A:aortic second sound主动脉瓣第二音AA:amino acid氨基酸AA:aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血Ab:antibody抗体ABE:acute bacterial endocarditis 急性细菌性心内膜炎ACD:anemia of chronic disease慢性病贫血ACE:angiotensin converting enzyme血管紧张素转化酶A cell:accessory cell辅佐细胞（免疫）ACh:acetylcholine乙酰胆碱（神经递质）AChE:acetycholinest erase乙酰胆碱脂酶AChR:acetylcholine receptor乙酰胆碱受体ACTH:adrenocorticotropic hormone促肾上腺皮质激素ACV:acyclovir无环鸟苷（抗病毒药）AD:autosomal dominant常染色体显性AD:Alzheimer's disease阿尔茨海默氏病ADA:adenosine deaminase腺苷脱氨酶ADCC:antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity抗体依赖性细胞介导细胞毒作用ADD:attention deficit disorder注意缺陷障碍（即多动综合征）ADH:antidiuretic hormone抗利尿激素ADP:adenosine diphosphate二磷酸腺苷ADR:adverse drug reaction药物不良反应AFB:acid-fast bacilli抗酸杆菌AFP:alpha fetoprotein甲胎蛋白AG:anion gap 阴离子间隙A/G:albumin/globulin ratio白/球蛋白比率Ag:antigen抗原AGL:acute granulocytic leukemi a 急性粒细胞白血病AGN:acute glomerulonephritis急性肾小球肾炎AHF:antihemophilic factor抗血友病因子AI:aortic insufficiency主动脉瓣关闭不全AI:artificial insemination人工授精AID:artificial inseminati on with doner's semen非配偶间人工授精AIDS:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征，艾滋病AIH:artificial insemination with husband's semen配偶间人工授精AIHA:autoimmune hemolytic anemia自身免疫性溶血性贫血AISN:acute interstitial nephritis 急性间质性肾炎AKP:alkaline phosphatase碱性磷酸酶Ala:alanine 丙氨酸ALA:aminolevulinic acid氨基酮戊酸（卟啉前体）ALD:aldolase醛缩酶ALG:antilymphocyte glo bulin抗淋巴细胞球蛋白ALL:acute lymphoblastic leukemia急性淋巴细胞白血病ALP:alkaline phosphatase碱性磷酸酶ALS:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 肌萎缩性侧索硬化症ALS:antilymphocyte serum抗淋巴细胞血清ALT:alanine aminotransferase 丙氨酸转氨酶（即SGPT）AML:acute myeloblastic leukemia 急性原粒细胞性白血病AMMOL:acute myelomonoblastic leukemia 急性髓单核细胞性白血病AMOL:acute monoblastic leukemia 急性单核细胞性白血病AMS:acute mountain sickness急性高山病AMS:atypical measles syndrome非典型麻疹综合征AMY: amylase淀粉酶AN:analgesic nephritis止痛药肾炎ANA:antinuclear antibody抗细胞核抗体ANP:atrial n atriuretic peptide心房利钠肽（即心钠素）Anti-HBc:antibody to hepatitis B core antigen 抗乙型肝炎核心抗体Anti-HBe:antibody to hepatitis B e antigen抗乙型肝炎e抗体Anti-HBs:antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen抗乙型肝炎表面抗体（即AuAg）ANUG:acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎AP:alternate pathway旁路途径（补体活化）APB:atrial premature beat房性期前收缩APC:antigen-presenting cell抗原呈递细胞APC:acute pharyngoconjunctival fever急性咽结合膜热APP:acute-phase protein急性期蛋白APRT:adenine phosphoribosyltransferase腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（嘌呤回收途径）APTT:activated partial thromboplastin time活化部分凝血活酶时间APUD:amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation胺前体摄取和脱羧（细胞）AR:aortic regurgitation主动脉反流AR:autosomal recessive常染色体隐性AR A-A:adenine arabinoside阿糖腺苷（抗病毒药）ARA-C:cytosine arabinoside阿糖胞苷（抗癌药）ARAS:as cending reticular activation system上行网状激活系统ARC:AIDS-related complex艾滋病相关复合征ARD:acute respiratory disease急性呼吸道病ARDS:adult respiratory distress syndrome成人呼吸窘迫综合征ARF:acute renal failure急性肾功能衰竭ARF:acute rheumatic fever急性风湿热AS:aortic s tenosis主动脉瓣狭窄AS:ankylosing spondylitis强直性脊柱炎Arg:arginine精氨酸ASA:acetylsalicylic ac id乙酰水杨酸ASD:Alzheimer's senile dementia 阿尔茨海默氏老年性痴呆ASD:atrial septal defect房间隔缺损Asn:asparagine天门冬酰胺ASO:antistreptolysin O抗链球菌（溶血）素OAsp:aspartic acid天门冬氨酸AST:aspartate aminotransferase天门冬氨酸转氨酶（即SGOT）AT:angiotensin血管紧张素ATL:adult T cell leukemia成人T细胞白血病ATN:acute tubular necrosis急性肾小管坏死ATP:adenosine triphosphate三磷酸腺苷AuAg:Australia antigen澳大利亚抗原(即Anti-HBs)，澳抗AUC:area under concentration curve药－时曲线下面积AV:atrioventricalar房室AV:arteriovenous动静脉AVF:(augmented voltage，left leg) 加压单极左腿导联AVL:(augmented voltage，left arm) 加压单极左臂导联AVM:arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形AV node:atrioventricular node房室结AVP:arginine vasopressin精氨酸加压素AVR:(augmented voltage，right arm)加压单极右臂导联AZT:azidothymidine叠氮脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷BAEP:brain-stem auditory evoked potential 脑干听觉诱发电位BAL:British anti-lewisite(dimercaprol)英国抗路易士毒气剂（二巯基丙醇）BBB:bundle branch block束支传导阻滞BBB:blood-brain barrier血脑屏障BB P:bedside blood purification床边血液净化BBT:basal body temperature基础体温B cell:bone marrow-deri ved lymphocyte 骨髓源淋巴细胞BCG:bacillus Calmette-Guérin卡介苗BCNU:bis-chloroethyl-nitrosourea氯乙亚硝脲，卡氮芥（抗癌药）BE:base excess剩余碱BEAM:brain electrical activity mapping脑电位分布图BEE:basal energy expenditure基础能量消耗量BK:bradykinin缓激肽BME:biomedical engineering 生物医学工程BMF:bone marrow failure骨髓功能衰竭BMI:body mass index 体重指数（以体表面积为基数）BMP:bone morphogenic protein骨形态形成蛋白BMR:basal metabolic rate基础代谢率BMT:bone ma rrow transplantation骨髓移植BP:blood pressure血压BPH:benign prostatic hypertrophy良性前列腺肥大Bq:becquerel伯克（放射强度单位）BRM:biological response modulator 生物反应调节剂BSA:body surface area体表面积BSP:bromsulphalein酚四溴肽磺酸钠，磺溴肽钠（肝功能试验）BT:bleeding time出血时间BUN:blood urea nitrogen血尿素氮C:complement补体CABG:cor onary artery bypass grafting冠状动脉旁路移植术CAD:coronary artery disease冠状动脉病CAD:computer-aided diagnosis计算机辅助诊断CAH:c ongenital adrenal hyperplasia先天肾上腺增生cAMP:cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环一磷酸腺苷CAPD:continuous ambulatory peritnoeal dialysis持续性非卧床式腹膜透析CAT:calcium antagonist钙拮抗剂CAVH:continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration 连续动静脉血液滤过CAVHD:continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis 连续动静脉血液透析CAVHP:continuous arteriovenous hemoperfusion连续动静脉血液灌流CAVP:continuous arteriovenous plasmapheresis连续动静脉血浆换出CBC:complete blood count全部血细胞计数CBF:cerebral blood flow脑血流量CCK-P Z:cholecystokinin-pancreozymin 缩胆囊素－促胰酶素CCNU:cyclohexyl-chloroethyl-nitrosourea 氯乙环己亚硝脲（抗癌药）CCU:cardiac care unit心脏病监护中心CD:cluster of differentiation 免疫细胞表面分化抗原CDC:U.S.Centers for Disease Control 美国疾病监控中心C dyn:dynamic compliance动态顺应性CEA:carcinoembryonic antigen癌胚抗原CEI:converting enzy me inhibitor转化酶抑制剂CEP:chronic eosinophilic pneumonia慢性嗜酸细胞增多性肺炎CF:complement fixation补体结合CF:chemotactic factor趋化因子CF:cystic fibrosis囊性纤维化CFU:colony forming unit集落形成单位CGD:chronic granulomatous disease慢性肉芽肿病CGL:chr onic granulocytic leukemia 慢性粒细胞白血病CH:compromized host免疫力低下寄主C:constant domain of heavy chain重链稳定区(免疫球蛋白)CHD:coronary heart disease冠心病CHF:congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭CHO:carbohyd rate碳水化合物，糖CI:cardiac index心脏指数Ci:curie居里（放射强度单位）CIC:circulating immune c omplex循环免疫复合物CIE:countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis对流免疫电泳CIS:carcinoma in situ原位癌CISN:chronic interstitial nephritis 慢性间质性肾炎CK:creatine kinase肌酸激酶Cl:clearance清除率C:constant domain of light chain轻链稳定区(免疫球蛋白)CLL:chronic lymphocytic leukemia慢性淋巴细胞白血症C(L+T):compliance of lungs and thorax 肺-胸廓顺应性CMG:cystometrogram膀胱压力容积曲线CMI:cell-mediated immunity细胞介导免疫CML:chronic my elogenons leukemia慢性髓细胞白血病CMV:cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒CNS:central nervous system中枢神经系统CO:cardiac output心输出量CoA:coenzyme A辅酶ACO CP:CO combining power二氧化碳结合力COMT:catechol-O-methyltrans ferase 儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶COPD:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺疾病CP:classic pathway经典途径（补体活化）CP:cor pulmonale肺原性心脏病CPAP:continuou s positive airway pressure呼吸道持续正压结氧CPCR:cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation心肺脑复苏CPDD:cis-platinum-diamino dichloride顺铂CPPV:continuous positive pressure ventilation连续正压通气结氧CPR:cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复CPZ:chlorpromazine氯丙嗪Cr:creatinine 肌酐CR:complement receptor补体受体CREST:calcinosis，Raynaud's phenomenon，esophageal dysfunction，sclerodactyly，telangiectasia 钙质沉着－雷诺氏现象－食管功能失调－硬皮病指（趾）－毛细管扩张（综合征）CRF:chronic renal failure慢性肾功能衰竭CRP:C-reactive p rotein C反应蛋白CSD:cat scratch disease猫抓病CSF:cerebrospinal fluid脑脊液CSF:colony stimulating factor集落刺激因子C stat:static compliance静态顺应性CT:calcitonin降钙素CT:computed tomography 电子计算机断层成像CT:clotting time凝血时间CTL:cytotoxic T lymphocyte细胞毒T淋巴细胞CTX:c ytoxan环磷酰胺CV:closing volume闭合容积CVA:cerebrovascular accident脑血管意外CVID:common variable immunoglobulin deficiency常见变异性免疫缺陷CVP:central venous pressure中央静脉压CWP:coal worker's pneumoconiosis煤矿工人尘肺Cys:cysteine半胱氨酸D:ergocalciferol麦角骨化醇（维生素D）D:cholecalciferol胆骨化醇（维生素D）1,25-(OH)D:1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 1,25-双羟胆骨化醇DAG:diacylglycerol甘油二脂D&C:dilatation ＆curettage刮宫DDS:diaminodiphenylsulfon e氨苯砜DDT:dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane滴滴涕DDVP:dichlorvos敌敌畏DEC:diethylcarbamazine 乙胺嗪(海群生，抗丝虫药)DES:diethylstilbestrol乙烯雌酚DF:differentiation factor分化因子DHEA:deh ydroepiandrosterone脱氢表雄甾酮DHT:dihydrotestosterone二氢睾丸酮DI:diabetes insipidus尿崩症DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation弥漫性血管内凝血DIP:distal interphalangeal远指间（关节）DIT:diiodotyrosine二碘酪氨酸DJD:degenerative j oint disease退行性关节病（即骨性关节病）DKA:diabetic ketoacidosis糖尿病酮症酸中毒DLE:discoid lupus erythromatosus盘状红斑狼疮DM:diabetes mellitus糖尿病DM:dermatomyositis皮肌炎DNA:deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸D OC:11-deoxycorticosterone11-脱氧皮质酮Dopa:dihydroxyphenylalanine二羟苯丙氨酸，多巴DP:diastolic pressure舒张压DP:discharge precautions排出物隔离DPG:diphosphoglyceric acid二磷酸甘油酸DPN:dip hosphopyridine nucleotide二磷酸吡啶核苷酸（同NAD，即辅酶I）DSA:digital substraction angiography数字减影血管造影DSCG:disodium cromoglycate色甘酸钠（过敏反应介质阻释药）DSH:deliberate self harm蓄意自伤DSM:Di gnostic nd St tistic l M nu l of Ment l Disorders《精神障碍诊断统计手册》DST:dexamethasone suppression test地塞米松抑制试验DT:delirium tremens震颤谵妄DTH:delayed-type hypersensitivity迟发过敏DTIC:dimethyl imidazole carboxamide 氮烯咪胺（抗癌药）DTP:diphtheria tetanus pertussis白喉－破伤风－百日咳（三联疫苗）DUB:dysfunctional uterine bleeding功能失调性子宫出血DVT:deep vein thrombosis深静脉血栓形成D/W:dextrose in water葡萄糖液E:enzyme酶E:estr one雌酮E:estradiol雌二醇E:estriol雌三醇EABV:effective arterial blood volume有效动脉血容量EACA:epsilon-aminocaproic acid6-氨基己酸（纤溶酶激活剂抑制药）EAC-rosette:erythrocyte-antibody-complementrosette红细胞－抗体－补体玫瑰花结EAE:experimental allergic encephalomyelitis 实验性变应性脑脊髓炎EBA:epidermolysis bullosa acquisita 获得性大疱性表皮松解症EBP:eosinophilic basic protein嗜酸细胞碱性蛋白EBV:Epstein-Barr virus爱泼斯坦－巴尔二氏病毒ECF:extracellular fluid细胞外液ECF-A:eosinophil chemotactic factor ofanaphylaxis 过敏反应嗜酸细胞趋化因子ECG:electrocardiogram心电图ECHO:echocardiography超声心动图ECHOvirus:enteric cytopathogenic human orphanvirus人类肠道细胞病变孤儿病毒ECM:external cardiac massage胸外心脏按压ECM:erythema chronicummigrans 慢性游走性红斑(见LD)ECT:electroconvulsive therapy 电惊厥疗法，电抽搐疗法（即电休克疗法）ECT:emission computed tomography发射计算机断层成像EDD:expected date of delivery预产期EDTA:ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid 依地酸(金属解毒药)EEG:electroencephalogram脑电图EF:ejection fraction射血分数EFA:essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸EGD:esophagogastroduodenoscopy食管胃十二指肠镜检EGF:epidermal growth factor表皮生长因子EGRI:enterogastric reflux index肠胃反流指数EIA:enzyme immunoassay酶免疫测定EKC:epidemic keratoconjunctivitis 流行性角结膜炎EKG:electrocardiogram心电图ELISA:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附测验EM:electron microscope电镜EMB:ethambutol乙胺丁醇（抗结核药）EMG:electromyogram肌电图EMSS:emergency medical service system 急诊医学勤务系统END:endorphin内啡肽ENL:erythema nodosum leprosum麻风结节性红斑(反应)ENT:ear，nose and throat耳鼻喉EOP:endogeneous opioid peptide内源性阿片肽EP:epinephrine肾上腺素EP:electrophoresis电泳EP:endogenous pyrogen内源致热源EP:endorphin内啡肽EP:enteric precauti ons肠道隔离EPEC:enteropathogenic E.coli肠致病性大肠杆菌EPO:erythropoietin红细胞生成素（即RE F）EPS:expressed prostatic secretion前列腺按摩液ERCP:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影E-rosette:erythrocyte rosette红细胞玫瑰花结ERP:effective refractory period 有效不应期ERP:estrogen receptor protein雌激素受体蛋白ERPF:effective renal plasma flow有效肾血浆流量ERV:expiratory reserve volume补呼气容积ESR:erythrocyte sedimentation rate红细胞沉降率，血沉ESRD:end-stage renal disease终期肾疾病ETEC:enterotoxigenic E.coli产肠毒素大肠杆菌EXP:excret ion precautions排泄物隔离f:respiratory frequency呼吸频率F:folic acid叶酸Fab:antigen-binding fragme nt抗原结合片断（免疫球蛋白）FAD:flavin adenine dinucleotide 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（黄酶辅基）FAS:fetal alcohol syndrome胎儿酒精综合征Fc:crystalizable fragment 结晶片断（免疫球蛋白）FDA:U.S.Food and Drug Administration美国食物药品局FDP:fibrinogen degradation products 纤维蛋白降解产物FEV:forced expiratory volume in 1 second 第一秒用力呼气量FFA:free fatty acid游离脂肪酸FFM:fat-free mass不含脂肪物质FH:tetrahydrofolate四氢叶酸FIA:fluoroimmunoassay荧光免疫测定Flu:influenza流行性感冒FMD:foot and mouth disease口蹄疫F MF:familial mediterranean fever家族性地中海热FMN:flavin mononucleotide 黄素单核苷酸(黄酶辅基)FM S:fibromyalgia syndrome纤维肌痛综合征FN:fibronectin纤维粘连蛋白FNA:fine needle aspiration biopsy 细针吸取活检FRC:functional residual capacity功能残气量FSH:follicle-stimulating hormone促滤泡激素FTA-ABS:fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption 荧光螺旋体抗体吸收（试验）5-FU:5-fluorouracil5-氟尿嘧啶（抗癌药）FUO:fever of unkno wn origin无明热FVC:forced vital capacity用力肺活量G-:gram negative革兰氏阴性G+:gram positive 革兰氏阳性GABA:gamma-aminobutyric acidγ氨基丁酸GAG:glycosaminoglycan糖氨聚糖（即粘多糖）Gal:galactose半乳糖GALT:gut-associated lymphatic(lymphoid)tissue肠道相关淋巴组织GBS:Guillain-Barr syndrome 吉兰-巴雷二氏综合征GERD:gastroesophageal refux diseas e 胃食管反流病GF:growth factor生长因子GFR:glomerular filtration rate肾小球过滤率GGT:gamma-glutamyl transfera seγ-谷氨酰转移酶GH:growth hormone生长激素GI:gastrointestinal胃肠GIP:gastric inhibitory peptide抑胃肽Glc:glucose葡萄糖Gln:glutamine谷酰胺Glu:glutamic acid谷氨酸Gluc:glucuronic acid葡萄糖醛酸Gly:glycine甘氨酸GN:glomerulonephritis肾小球肾炎GN:glomerulonephropathy肾小球肾病GNB:gr am-negative bacilli革兰氏阴性杆菌GnRH:gonadotropin-releasing hormone 促性腺激素释放激素GP:glycoprotein糖蛋白G6PD:glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶GRH:GH-releasing hormone生长激素释放激素GSD:glycogen storage disease糖原贮积病GS H:glutathione(reduced)谷胱甘肽（还原型）GSSG:glutathione(oxidized)谷胱甘肽（氧化型）GTD:gestation al trophoblastic diseases妊娠性滋养细胞疾病GTT:glucose tolerance test葡萄糖耐量试验GU:genitourinary泌尿生殖GVH:graft-versus-host 移植物抗寄主（疾病）Gy:gray戈瑞（放射吸收剂量）HA:hemagglutination血细胞凝集HACE:high-altit ude cerebral edema高原脑水肿HACH:hypertensive atherosclerotic cerebralhemorrhage高血压性动脉硬化性脑出血HAI:hemagglutination-inhibition血凝抑制HA(N)E:hereditary angi oneurotic edema 遗传性血管神经性水肿HAPE:high-altitude pulmonary edema高原肺水肿HAT:hypoxanthine，aminopterin，thymidine 次黄嘌呤－氨基蝶呤－胸腺嘧啶核苷（培养基）HAV:hepatitis A virus甲型肝炎病毒HB:heart block心传导阻滞HbA:adult hemoglobin成人型血红蛋白HBcAg:hepatitis B core antigen乙型肝炎核心抗原HBE:His bundl e electrocardiogram希氏束心电图HBeAg:hepatitis B eantigen乙型肝炎e抗原HBIG:hepatitis B immune globulin乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白HbF:fetal hemoglobin胎儿型血红蛋白HbS:sickle hemoglobin 血红蛋白S,镰状细胞血红蛋白HBsAg:h epatitis B surface antigen 乙型肝炎表面抗原HBV:hepatitis B virus乙型肝炎病毒HCD:heavy chain disease重链病hCG:human chorionic gonadot ropin人类绒毛膜促性腺激素HCL:hairy cell leukemia毛细胞白血病HCT(Hct):hematatocrit血细胞比容（即PCV）HCV:hepatiti s C virus丙型肝炎病毒HD:Hodgkin's disease何杰金氏病，霍奇金氏病HD:hemodialysis血液透析HDL: high-density liporotein高密度脂蛋白HDN:hemolytic disease of newborn新生儿溶血病HDV:hepatitis D v irus丁型肝炎病毒HE:hematoxylin eosin苏木精伊红（染色剂）HE:hypertensive encephalopathy高血压性脑病HEV:hepatitis E virus戊型肝炎病毒HF:hepatic failure肝功能衰竭HF:Hageman factor哈格曼氏因子（凝血因子）HF:hemorrhagic fever出血热HFA:Health for All“人人享受健康服务”HFRS:hemorrhagi c fever with renal syndrome肾综合征出血热（即流行性出血热）HGG:human gamma globulin人丙种球蛋白HGPRT:hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase次黄嘌呤－鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（嘌呤回收途径）HHNK:hyperglycemic，hyperosmotic nonketotic coma高血糖高渗性非酮症性昏迷5-HIAA:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-羟基吲哚乙酸（5-羟色胺脱氨产物）His:histidine组氨酸HIV:human immunodeficiency virus人类免疫缺陷病毒（即HTLV-和LAV，为AIDS 病原体）HLA:human leukocyte antigen人白细胞抗原HLP:hyperlipopr oteinemia高脂蛋白血症HMG:human menopausal gonadotropin 人绝经期促性腺激素HMG-CoA:hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA3-羟-3-甲基-戊二酰辅酶A（合成酮体和胆固醇的中间产物）HMM:hexamethymelamine六甲密胺（抗癌药）HMP:hexos e monophosphate磷酸己糖（支路）HMWK:high molecular weight kininogen高分子激肽原hnRNA:heterogeneous nuclear RNA核异质核糖核酸HPA axis:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴HPETE:hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid 氢过氧二十碳四烯酸（合成白细胞三烯的中间产物）HPV:human papilloma virus人类乳头瘤病毒HR:heart rate 心率HS:heparin sulfate硫酸肝素HSE:herpes simplex encephalitis单纯疱疹脑炎HSP:Henoch-Sch nlein p urpura享舍二氏紫癜（即过敏性紫癜）5-HT:5-hydroxytrptamine(serotnin)5-羟色胺(血清素)HTLV:human T cell leukemia virus人类T细胞白血病病毒HTLV:human T lymphotropic virus嗜人T淋巴细胞病毒（同前，另名）HU:hydroxyurea羟基脲（抗癌药）HUS:hemolytic-uremic syndrome 溶血性尿毒症综合征HVA:homovanillic acid 高香草酸（多巴胺代谢产物）HX:histiocytosis X组织细胞增生症XH-Y:histoco mpatibility antigen组织相容性抗原Y（其结构基因位于Y染色体）HZ:herpes zoster带状疱疹IBD:inflammatory bowel disease炎症性肠道疾病IBS:irritable bowel syndrome肠道激惹综合征IC:inspiratory capacity深吸气量IC:immune complex免疫复合物ICD:intracranial pressure颅内压ICD:Intern tion l Cl ssific tion of Dise ses国际疾病分类ICF:intracellular fluid细胞内液ICG:indocyanine green 吲哚氰绿(试验)（肝排泌功能试验）ICS:immotile cilia syndrome纤毛不动综合症ICU:intensive care unit监护中心Id:idiotype独特型ID:intradermal皮内IDDM:insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus胰岛素依赖性糖尿病IDL:intermediate-density lipoprotein中等密度脂蛋白IDU:idoxuridine碘苷，疱疹净（抗病毒药）IE:infective endocarditis感染性心膜炎IEC:invasive E.col i侵袭性大肠杆菌IEP:immunoelectrophoresis免疫电泳IF:inhibiting factor抑制因子IFA:immune fluoresc ence antibody免疫荧光抗体IFA:indirect fluorescent antibody间接荧光抗体IGF-1:insulin-like growth fact or I胰岛素样生长因子I（即SMC）IgG:immunoglobin G G型免疫球蛋白IGT:impaired glucose tolerance糖耐量低减IHA:i ndirect hemagglatination间接血凝（试验）IL:interleukin白细胞介素ILD:interstitial lung disease肺间质病Ile:isoleucine异亮氨酸IM:infectious mononucleosis 传染性单核细胞增多症IM:intramuscular肌内IMD: immunologically mediated diseases 免疫机制介导疾病INH:isonicotinic acid hydrazide(isoniazid)异烟肼INQ:index of nutritional quality营养质量指标IPD:inflammatory pelvic disease盆腔炎IPF:idiopathic p ulmonary fibrosis 特发性肺间质纤维化IPH:idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症IPPV:intermittent positive pressure ventilation间歇正压通气给氧IQ:intelligence quotient智商Ir:immune response免疫应答（基因）IRD:immune renal disease免疫性肾病iRNA:informational RNA信息核糖核酸IRV:inspiratory reserve volume补吸气容积I s:immune suppressor免疫抑制（基因）ISG:immune serum globulin免疫血清球蛋白ITP:idiopathic thromb ocytopenic purpura 特发性血小板减少性紫癜ITP:inosine triphosphate三磷酸肌苷IU:international unit国际单位IUD:intra-uterine devic e宫内节育器IUI:intra-uterine insemination宫腔内人工授精IV:intravenous静脉内IVF:in vitro fertilizati on体外受精IVP:intravenous pyelogram静脉肾盂造影JCA:juvenile chronic arthritis青年慢性关节炎JE: Japanese encephalitis日本脑炎JEV:Japanese encephalitis vaccine日本脑炎疫苗JGA:juxtaglomerular apparatus近血管球复合体K cells:killer cells杀伤细胞Kb:kilobase纤碱基Km:Michaelis constant米氏常数1 7-KS:17-ketosteroid17-酮类固醇17-KGS:17-ketogenic steroid17-生酮类固醇KS:Kaposi's hemorrhagic sarc oma 卡波济氏出血性肉瘤KUB:kidney，ureter,bladder肾、输尿管及膀胱（平片）LABD:linear IgA bullous dermatosus线状免疫球蛋白A大疱性皮肤病LAH:left anterior hemiblock左前分支阻滞LAK cell:lymphokine activated killer cell 淋巴因子活化杀伤细胞LAT:latex agglutination test乳胶凝集试验LATS:long-acting thyroid stimulator 长效甲状腺刺激素LAV:lymphadenopathy-associated virus淋巴结病相关病毒（同HIV）LBM:lean body mass不计脂肪体重LBW:low birth weight低体重（儿）LC:Langerhan' s cell 郎格汉斯氏细胞(皮肤免疫细胞)，郎格汉斯氏细胞（妊娠滋养细胞）LC:Langhans'cell郎汉斯氏细胞多核巨细胞LCAR:late cutaneous allergic reactions晚期变态反应性皮肤反应LCAT:lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase 卵磷脂胆固醇乙酰基转移酶（催化胆固醇脂化）LCM:lymphocytic choriomeningitis淋巴脉络丛脑膜炎LD:Lyme disease莱姆病LD body:Leishman-Donovan body 利士曼-多诺万二氏小体LD:median lethal dose半数致死量LDCF:lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor淋巴细胞趋化因子LDH:lactate dehydrogenase乳酸脱氢酶LDL:low-density lipoprotein低密度脂蛋白LE:lupus erythematosus红斑狼疮Leu:leucine亮氨酸LGA:large-for-gestational-age大于胎龄（儿）LGV:lymphogra nuloma venerum性病性淋巴肉芽肿LH:leuteinizing hormone黄体生成素LL:lepromatous leprosy瘤型麻风LP:lumbar puncture腰椎穿刺LPAM:1-phenylalanine mustard左旋苯丙氨酸氮芥LPH:left posterior hem iblock左后分支阻滞β-LPH:β-lipotropic hormoneβ-促脂素LPL:lipoprotein lipase脂蛋白脂酶LPS:lipopol ysaccharide脂多糖LRI:lower respiratory illness下呼吸道病LS:life support生命支持LSD:lysergic aciddiethylamide赖瑟酸二乙胺（致幻剂）LT:leukotriene白细胞三烯LT:lymphotoxin淋巴毒素LUF syndrome:luteinized-unruptured follicle syndrome黄体化卵巢未破综合征LVSW:left ventricular stroke work左心室每搏功Lyb:lymphocyte antige n on B cells B淋巴细胞表面抗原（鼠）Lys:lysine赖氨酸Lyt:lymphocyte antigen on T cells T淋巴细胞表面抗原（鼠）βM:βmicroglobulinβ微球蛋白MAC:membrane attack complex 膜攻击复合物（补体活化产物）MAF:macrophage arming(activating)factor 巨噬细胞武装（活化）因子MAI:Mycob cterium vium-intr cellul re鸟－胞内分支杆菌MAMA:midarm muscle area中臂肌肉面积MAO:monoamine oxidase单胺氧化酶MAOI:monoa mine oxidase inhibitor单胺氧化酶抑制药MBC:minimal bactericidal concentration最低杀菌浓度MBC:maximal breathing capacity(MVV)最大换气量（同MVV）MBD:minimal brain damage轻微脑损伤（即多动综合征）MBF:myocardial blood flow心肌血流量MBP:myelin basic protein髓鞘碱性蛋白MIP:maximal inspir atory pressure最大吸气压力MCGN:mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎（同MPGN）MCH:mean corpuscular hemoglobin 平均红细胞血红蛋白含量MCHC:mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度MCLS:mucocutaneons lymph node syndrome皮肤粘膜淋巴结综合征（即川崎氏病）MCNS:minimal change nephrotic syndrome微小病变性肾病综合征MCP:metacarpophalangeal掌指（关节）MCTD:mixed connective tissue disease混合结缔组织病MCV:mean corpuscular volume平均红细胞体积MD:muscular dystrophy肌肉营养不良MDS:myelod ysplastic syndrome骨髓异常增生综合征MEA:multiple endocrine adenomatosis 多发性内分泌腺瘤（同MEN）MEFV:maximal expiratory flow volume 最大呼气流量MEN:multiple endocrine neoplasia多发性内分泌腺瘤（同MEA）MET:metabolic equivalent梅脱（代谢当量）Met:methione甲硫氨酸，蛋氨酸MetHb:methe moglobin高铁血红蛋白MF:myelofibrosis骨髓纤维化MF:mycosis fungoides蕈样霉菌病（即蕈样肉芽肿）MG:myasthenia gravis重症肌无力MGN:membranous glomerulonephritis 膜性肾小球肾炎MHC:major histoc ompatibility complex主要组织相容性复合物MI:mitral insufficiency二尖瓣关闭不全MI:myooardial infarction心肌梗死MIC:minimum inhi bitory concentration最低抑制浓度MIF:migration inhibitory factor (单核-巨噬细胞)移动抑制因子MIF:M llerian inhibitory factor 米勒氏管抑制因子MIG:measles immune globulin麻疹免疫球蛋白MIT:monoiodotyrosine一碘酪氨酸MLD:minimum lethal dose最小致死量MLR:mixed lymphocyte response混合淋巴细胞反应MM:myeloid metaplasia骨髓外化生MMEF:maximum mid-expiratory flow最大呼气中期流量MMM:myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia 骨髓纤维化伴髓外化生MoAb:monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体6-MP:mercaptopurine6-巯基嘌呤（抗癌药）MPG N:membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 膜增殖性肾炎（同MCGN）MPO:myeloperoxidase髓过氧化物酶MPS:mononuclear phagocyte system单核吞噬细胞系统MPS:mucopolysaccharidoses粘多糖病MR:mental retardation精神发育迟滞MR:mitral regurgitation二尖瓣反流MR:myelography脊髓造影MRI:magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成像MS:mitral stenosis二尖瓣狭窄MS:multiple sclerosis多发性硬化MSH:melanocyte-stimulating hormone促黑素细胞激素，促黑素MSOF:multiple system organ failure多发性系统器官衰竭MTP:metatarsophalangeal跖趾（关节）MTX:methotrexate氨甲蝶呤MVA:mevalonic acid甲羟戊酸（合成胆固醇的中间代谢物）MVV:maximal voluntary ventilation 最大通气量（同MBC）m:macrophage巨噬细胞N:neuraminidase神经氨酸酶NA:noradrenaline去甲肾上腺素NA:neutralizing antibody中和抗体NAD:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(oxidized)烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（同DPN，即辅酶）NADP:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(oxidized)烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（同TPN，即辅酶）NARES:non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia 嗜酸细胞增多性非变应性鼻炎NBT:nitroblue tetrazolium亚硝基蓝四氮唑NCF-A:neutrophil chemotactic factor ofanaphylaxis过敏反应嗜中性细胞趋化因子NDI:nephrogenic diabetes insipidus肾源性尿崩症NE:norepinep hrine去甲肾上腺素NEC:nerotizing enterocolitis坏死性小肠结肠炎NGU:nongonococcal urethritis非淋病性尿道炎NIDDM:noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病NIH:U.S.National Institutes of Health 美国国立卫生研究所NK cell:natural killer cells天然杀伤细胞NMR:nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振（同MRI）NPN:nonprotein nitrogen非蛋白氮NPT:nocturnal penile tumescence夜间阴茎勃起NREM:nonrapid-eye-mo vement非快眼动（睡眠）NS:nephrotic syndrome肾变综合征NSAID:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 非甾体抗炎药OA:osteoarthritis骨性关节炎OA:orotic acid乳清酸（合成嘧啶的中间产物）OAF:osteoclast activat ing factor破骨细胞活化因子OC:oral contraceptive口服避孕药OCG:oral cholecystography口服造影剂胆囊造影OGTT:oral glucose tolerance test口服糖耐量试验17-OH CS:17-hydroxycorticosteroid17-羟皮质类固醇OLD:obstructive lung disease阻塞性肺疾病OPV:oral(live attenuated virus)polio vaccine(Sabin)口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（萨宾氏）ORS:oral rehydration solution口服补水溶液OS:opening sn ap开瓣音OT:old tuberculin旧结核菌素OTC:over-the-counter非处方（药），柜台（药）P:atrial deplor ation(ECG wave)心房除极波（心电图）P:proline脯氨酸-p:short arm of chromosome染色体短臂P:properdin备解素（补体活化旁路途径）P :pulmonic second sound肺动脉瓣第二音PA:pernicous anemia恶性贫血P CO:arterial carbon dioxide p ressure动脉血三氧化碳分压PAF:platelet-activating factor血小板活化因子PAH:para-aminohippurate 对氨基马尿酸（肾血浆流量测定）PAM:pyridine aldoxime methiodide 解磷定（有机磷解毒药）PAM:primary amebic meningoencephalitis原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎PAM:pulmonary alveolar macrophage肺泡巨噬细胞PAN:polyarteritis nodosa结节性多动脉炎P CO:arterial oxygen pressure动脉血氧分压P O:alveolar oxygen pressure肺泡氧分压PAP:prostatic acid phosphatase前列腺酸性磷酸酶Pap:Papanicolaou巴氏（染色）（找瘤细胞）PAS:para-aminosalicylic acid对位氨基水杨酸PAS:periodic acid-Schiff(reaction)过碘酸希夫氏（反应）PAWP:pulmonary arterial wedge pressure肺小动脉嵌顿压PBC:primary biliary cirrhosis 原发性胆汁性肝硬变PBG:porphobilinogen卟吩胆色素原PBI:protein-b ound iodine蛋白结合碘PC:phosphatidylcholine磷脂酰胆碱PCA:passive cutaneous anaphylaxis 被动皮肤过敏反应PCD:plasma cell dyscrasia浆细胞病PCG:phonocardiography心音图PCH:paroxysmal cold hemoglobinu ria阵发性寒冷性血红蛋白尿PCM:protein-calorie malnutrition蛋白质能量营养不良PCO syndrome:polycystic ovarian syndrome多囊卵巢综合征PCP:Pneumocystis c rinii pneumonia卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎，卡氏肺囊虫肺炎PCR:polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链锁反应PCV:packed cell volume血细胞压积（同HCT）PD:peritoneal dialysis腹腔透析PDA:patent ductus arteriosus动脉导管未闭PDGF:platelet -derived growth factor 血小板源生长因子PDT:photodynamic therapy光动力学治疗PE:physical examination体格检查，体检PECT:positron emission computed tomography正电子发射计算机断层成像PEEP:positive end-expiratory pressure呼气终末正压给氧PEFR:peak expiratory flow rate呼气高峰流量PEG:pneumoencephalography气脑造影PET:positron emission tomography正电子发射断层成像PFNA:percutaneons fine needle aspiration经皮细针抽吸PG:prostaglandin前列腺素PGI:prostacyclin前列腺环素PGL:persistent generalized lymphadenopat hy持续性全身淋巴腺病（艾滋病）PGN:proliferative glomerulonephritis增殖性肾小球肾炎PH:portal hypertension门静脉高压PHA:passive hemagglutination被动血细胞凝集作用PHC:primar y health care初级卫生保健Phe:phenylalanine苯丙氨酸PI:phosphatidylinositol磷脂酰肌醇PI:protective i solation(reverse isolation)保护性隔离（反向隔离）PID:pelvic inflammatory disease盆腔炎PIE:pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia嗜酸细胞增多性肺浸润PIF:prolactin inhibiting factor泌乳素抑制因子PIH:pregnancy-induced hypertension妊娠高血压PIP:proximal interphalangeal近端指（趾）间（关节）PIT:plasma iron transport rate血浆铁周转率PKD:polycystic kidney disease多囊性肾病PK reaction: Prausnitz-K stner reaction普库二氏反应（同PCA）PKU:phenylketonuria苯丙酮尿症PM:polymyositis多发性肌炎PMA:progressive mu cular atrophy进行性肌萎缩PML:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy进行性多灶性脑白质病PMN:polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte多形核嗜中性白细胞PMR:polymyalgia rheumatica多发性风湿性肌痛PMS:premenstrual syndrome经前综合征PMT:premenstrual tension经前紧张症PMV:prolapse of mitral valve二尖瓣脱垂PN:polyarteritis nodos a结节性多动脉炎PNH:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 阵发性夜间血红蛋白尿PNS:partial nonprogressing stroke 非进行性部分中风PNS:peripheral nervous system周围神经系统PNT:papulonecrotic tuberculid丘疹坏死性结核疹P.O.:per os经口POMC:pro-opiomelanocortin内啡肽-促黑素－促皮质素前体POMR:problem-oriented medical record以问题为中心的医案记录PP:pellagra preventive抗糙皮病（因子）（即烟酰胺和烟酸）PP:periodic paralyses周期性麻痹PP:pancreatic polypeptide胰多肽PPD:purified protein derivat ive 纯蛋白衍化物（精制结核菌素）PPLO:pleuropneumonia-like organism类胸膜肺炎微生物PR interval:PR间期（心电图）PRA:plasma renin activity血浆肾素活性（同PRC）PRC:plasma renin concentration血浆肾素浓度（同PRA）PRF:prolactin releasing factor泌乳素释放因子PRIH:prolactin release-inhibiting hormone 泌乳素释放抑制激素PRIST:paper radio-immuno-sorbent test 试纸放射免疫吸附试验PRL:prolactin泌乳素Pro:proline脯氨酸PROM:premature rupture of the membrane胎膜早破PRP:progesterone receptor protein孕酮受体蛋白PRPP:phosphoribosy1 pyrophosphate焦磷酸磷酸核糖（合成嘌呤、嘧啶和辅酶＆的前体）PSA:psoriatic arthritis银屑病关节炎PSE:portal-systemic enceph alopathy门－体循环性脑病PSGN:poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis 链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎PSP:phenolsulfonphthalein酚磺肽，酚红PSS:progressive systemic sclerosis进行性系统性硬化症PST:phthalylsulfathiazole酞磺噻唑PS(V)T:paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia阵发性室上性心动过速PT:prothrombin time凝血酶原时间PTA:plasma thromboplastin antecedent(factorⅪ)血浆凝血活酶前体（凝血因子Ⅺ）PTC:plasma thromboplastin component(factorⅨ)血浆凝血活酶组分（凝血因子Ⅸ）PTC:percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram 经皮肝穿刺胆道造影PTCA:percutaneous transluminal coronaryangioplasty经皮穿刺冠状动脉管腔内成形术PTH:parathyroid hormone甲状旁腺素PTT:partial thromboplas tin time 部分凝血活酶时间PTU:propylthiouracil丙基硫氧嘧啶PV:plasma volume血浆容积PV:polycythe mia vera真性红细胞增多症PVR:peripheral vascular resistance周围血管阻力PWM:pokeweed mitogen美洲商陆有丝分裂原PXE:pseudoxanthoma elasticum弹性假黄瘤PZA:pyrazinamide吡嗪酰胺（抗结核药）PZI:protamine zine insulin鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素-q:long arm of chromosome 染色体长臂:perfusion rate肺血流灌注率Q fever:query fever疑向热，Q热QRS complex:ventricular depolarization(ECGwaves)心室除极波（心电图）QT interval: QT间期（心电图）R:roentgen伦琴（放射剂量单位）:rate o f drug elimination药物排泄率RA:rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎RA:refractory anemia难治性贫血rad:radiation absorbed dose 拉德（放射吸收剂量）RAI:radioactive iodine uptake test放射性碘摄取试验RANA:rheumatoid arthritis nuclear antigen 类风湿关节炎核抗原RAS:reticular activating system网状激活系统RAS:renin-angiotensin system肾素－血管紧张素系统RAS:renal artery stenosis肾动脉狭窄RAST:radio-allergo-sorbent test 放射－变应－吸附试验RAW:airway resistance气道阻力RBC:red blood cell红细胞RBF:renal blood flow肾血流量RC C:renal cell carcinoma肾细胞癌RDA:recommended daily allowance推荐膳食需要量RDS:respiratory distr ess syndrome 呼吸窘迫综合征RE system:reticulo-endothelial system 网状内皮系统REF:renal erythropoietic factor肾生血因子（即EPO）REM:rapid eye movement快眼动（睡眠）rem:roentgen equivalent of man雷姆，人体伦琴当量（放射剂量当量）RF:rheumatic fever风湿热RF:rheumatoid factor类风湿因子RF:releasing factor释放因子RFLP:restriction fragment length polymorphism 限制性内切片断长度多样性Rh:Rhesus group of red cell agglutinogen猕猴血型RH:releasing hormone释放激素RI:respiratory isolation呼吸道隔离RIA:radioimmunoassay放射免疫分析RIF:release inhibiting factor释放抑制因子RIH:release inhibiting hormone释放抑制因子RIND:reversibl e ischemic neurologic disability可逆性缺血性神经系统病RIP:radioimmunoprecipitation放射免疫沉淀RIST:radioimmunosorbent test放射免疫吸附试验RLD:restrictive lung disease限制性肺疾病RMP:rifampin利福平（抗结核及抗麻风药）RN A:ribonucleic acid核糖核酸RNP:ribonucleoprotein核蛋白RPGN:rapidly progressive glomerulonephripis 急进。
山东省济南市部分学校2025届高考考前模拟英语试题含解析
山东省济南市部分学校2025届高考考前模拟英语试题注意事项:1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。
2．答题时请按要求用笔。
3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
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第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．The boy was waving his stick in the street and it ________ missed the child standing nearby.A．closely B．narrowly C．nearly D．hardly2．Jack and Mike were found cheating in the exam, and_______by their teacher at the moment.A．were scolded B．are being scoldedC．have been scolded D．were being scolded3．The boy is having a fever. You’d better damp a towel and lay it ______ his forehead.A．across B．withinC．through D．beyond4．As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only _____A．anxiously B．occasionallyC．practically D．urgently5．I hope that we will be able to make it through the tough times and back to the business of working together ________ our common goals.A．on behalf of B．in honor of C．on top of D．in search of6．—________! Somebody has broken the vase!—Don’t look at me.A．Come on B．Hi,thereC．Thank goodness D．Dear me7．Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to ______ a good researcher.A．make B．turnC．get D．grow8．--- Dad, have you seen my Christmas card?--- ______ you painted last night? I’m afraid I haven’t seen ______.A．One ; one B．The one ; itC．One ; it D．The one ; that9．The differences the children’s achievements can not be completely explained ________ their social backgrounds. A．in front of B．in case ofC．in need of D．in charge of10．_______ a record-breaking seven Golden Globes, the musical La La Land surprisingly does not appeal to Chinese viewers.A．Winning B．WonC．Having won D．To win11．For the Chinese dream ______ at an earlier date, we must accelerate the pace of reform and opening up.A．being realized B．to realizeC．realizing D．to be realized12．A grand banquet was held by Elizabeth II _____ President Xi’s current state visit to the UK.A．in terms of B．in honor ofC．in favor of D．in memory of13．Kate was very sad over loss of the photos she had shot in China, ____this was a memory she especially treasured. A．if B．whenC．as D．which14．The driver could have survived but he the seat belt.A．had been wearing B．hadn't worn C．wasn’t w earing D．didn't wear15．The car accident happened _____ his car was out of order ___ I can’t drive.A．not that; but that B．not only; but alsoC．not because; but because D．not because; but as16．— How do you find your new classmate?— Oh, she is really ________ of a musician, who can not only sing very beautifully, but also compose skillfully. A．something B．somebodyC．everything D．everybody17．—What do you do, Rita？—I’m a clerk in a foreign company now．But I _____ English in a high school for 10 years．A．teach B．have taughtC．taught D．am teaching18．Despite the knowledge he has accumulated, He Jiang continues to be troubled by the question of the unequal_______ of scientific knowledge throughout the world.A．advocate B．distributionC．allocation D．division19．It s a good idea to get students to retell a story their own words．A．of B．in C．by D．through20．Mike was usually so careful, this time he made a small mistake.A．yet B．still C．even D．thus第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
临床免疫学检验技术题库单选题100题(附答案及解析)
以下是临床免疫学检验技术题库单选题100题（附答案及解析）：1.免疫系统的组成不包括以下哪项？A. 免疫器官B. 免疫细胞C. 免疫分子D. 免疫组织E. 免疫复合物答案：E解析：免疫系统由免疫器官、免疫细胞、免疫分子和免疫组织组成，免疫复合物是抗原与抗体结合的产物，不属于免疫系统的组成部分。
2.人体最大的外周免疫器官是：A. 骨髓B. 胸腺C. 脾脏D. 淋巴结E. 扁桃体答案：C解析：脾脏是人体最大的外周免疫器官，是对血源性抗体原生免疫应答的主要部位。
骨髓是中枢免疫器官，胸腺是T细胞分化、发育、成熟的场所，淋巴结是重要的外周免疫器官但不是最大的，扁桃体也是外周免疫器官之一。
3.以下哪种细胞不属于免疫细胞？B. 单核巨噬细胞C. 粒细胞D. 红细胞E. 树突状细胞答案：D解析：免疫细胞包括淋巴细胞、单核巨噬细胞、粒细胞、树突状细胞等，红细胞主要功能是运输氧气和二氧化碳，不属于免疫细胞范畴。
4.B淋巴细胞表面特有的标志是：A. CD3B. CD4C. CD8D. mIgE. TCR答案：D解析：mIg即膜表面免疫球蛋白，是B淋巴细胞表面特有的标志，可识别抗原。
CD3是T细胞表面标志，CD4是辅助性T细胞表面标志，CD8是细胞毒性T细胞表面标志，TCR是T细胞抗原受体。
5.T淋巴细胞分化成熟的场所是：A. 骨髓B. 胸腺C. 脾脏E. 法氏囊答案：B解析：T淋巴细胞来源于骨髓的淋巴样干细胞，在胸腺中分化、发育、成熟。
骨髓是B细胞分化成熟的场所，脾脏和淋巴结是免疫应答的场所，法氏囊是禽类B细胞分化成熟的场所。
6.以下哪种细胞具有抗原提呈作用？A. 中性粒细胞B. 嗜酸性粒细胞C. 嗜碱性粒细胞D. 树突状细胞E. 肥大细胞答案：D解析：树突状细胞是目前已知的功能最强的专职抗原提呈细胞，可激活初始T细胞。
中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和肥大细胞主要参与固有免疫应答，在炎症反应和免疫防御中发挥作用，但不具有专职抗原提呈功能。
2023届贵州省333高考备考诊断性联考(一)英语试题(含答案解析)
2023届贵州省333高考备考诊断性联考（一）英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解More than2,600enterprises gathered and presented their advanced products at the China International Import Expo(CIIE).And many innovative products have made their world premiere.Let’s have a look at three of them.Quick corona-virus test machineNucleic acid testing could be faster in the future.King Fisher Apex,made by the Finnish tech company Thermo Fisher Scientific,can complete the extraction of96nucleic acid samples in just15minutes.The tester can purify nucleic acid and protein automatically to save researchers’time spent on additional steps,significantly improving nucleic acid test efficiency.Also,the system eliminates manual intervention.The risk of exposure to harmful re-agents or biological samples,such as blood,is greatly reduced for medical staff.Myopic(近视)prevention glassesHere comes a lifesaver for teenagers with poor eyesight—a myopic control lens. Whether it’s a classroom blackboard or a tablet,an outdoor activity or a mobile phone game, the Stellest lens from Essilor,a French company,keeps the same control effect,with changeable viewing angles and constant visual clarity.The lens can create a beam in front of the retina that will slow down the increase of the eye axis.Therefore,the development of myopia can be contained.Portable kayakA folding,portable,18-kilogram“backpack”can be inflated into a kayak.The safe, lightweight ITIWIT X500Kayak,made by Decathlon,a French sports goods group,makes kayak racing accessible to the majority.It consists of five“air chambers”,so even if two of them don’t work,the inflatable kayak will help passengers safely return to land.To solve long-standing problems in the kayak industry—from lack of durability to overall insufficient performance—the company applied a special metal processing technology to its product. The ITIWITX500Kayak’s V-shaped bottom makes this product long-lasting and tough. 1．Whose safety is largely guaranteed by King Fisher Apex?A．The tester.B．Researchers.C．Medical staff.D．The COVID-19infected.2．What do we know about the Stellest lens?A．It is designed for people with poor eyesight.B．It can be a cure for adolescent myopia.C．Its control effect is mainly determined by viewing angles.D．It may keep teenagers from developing high myopia.3．Which part ensures the durability of the portable kayak?A．Its air chambers.B．Its V-shaped bottom.C．Its light weight.D．Its portable feature.Many artists draw with pens and brushes,but few“paint”with knives.Wang Jing,a woman from Shenyang city in northeast China’s Liaoning Province,has been engaged in this novel art form for27years.In1995,Wang was inspired by an accidental cut by a knife on a piece of red paper, which left a white line,and believed that she may have created something out of the ordinary. Using knives and paper,she then completed a painting of a pair of peacocks that later became a source of motivation for her27-year endeavor.Unlike traditional paintings,onto which colors are“added”,“knife painting”uses blades to take away colors on specially made coated paper.“Knife painters”apply varied pressure on the paper in different directions to create different colors and tones.“Painting on paper with knives is a delicate art and each line in the painting is as thin as a hair,”said Wang,adding that once the marks are left on the paper,they cannot be covered,so it requires the painter to be completely absorbed in the work.The novel art form was known to few people just after Wang created it.Even Wang herself was not expecting to make it something big at the beginning.But thanks to her huge enthusiasm for the art form,she has persisted with it for the past27years.So far,she has completed hundreds of paintings about auspicious Chinese culture,figures,landscape, flowers and birds,of which her favorite is a2.8-meter-long painting that depicts20lifelike egrets.Wang said she will continue working in the craft and make it known across the world. 4．What powers Wang in her27-year devotion to knife painting?A．The accidental cut.B．The white line.C．The painting of peacocks.D．The red paper.5．What can be learned about knife painting from paragraph3?A．It features using regular paper to create colors.B．It challenges knife painters’concentration.C．It bears no difference to traditional paintings.D．It requires painters to apply identical pressure.6．How does Wang feel about her achievements?A．Unexpected.B．Reasonable.C．Sufficient.D．Praiseworthy.7．Which can best describe Wang?A．Persistent and aggressive.B．Optimistic and caring. C．Enthusiastic and humble.D．Creative and ambitious.Agricultural pests that devour key food crops are advancing northwards in the US and becoming more widespread as the climate hots up,new research reports.The corn ear-worm is considered to be among the most common farm pests in the US,damaging crops such as maize,cotton,soya and other vegetables.It spends winter underground and is not known to survive in states beyond a latitude of40degrees north,but that is changing as soils warm and it spreads to new areas,according to research led by north Carolina State University.Researchers created maps that showed three distinct geographical zones across the US —the“southern range”where corn ear worms survive winter,a“transitional zone”where they may survive winter,and“northern limits”,where they are generally unable to survive winter because soil temperatures drop below freezing.Researchers already knew that warmer winter soils meant insects that live in the soil are more likely to survive.“As the climate changes,the overwintering zones are likely to shift northward,”said the coauthor Anders Huseth,an entomologist at North Carolina State University.The southern range has grown by3%since1981and is predicted to double in size by the end of the century,as the other zones get smaller,according to the report.This could result in increased use of pesticides and lower yields.“If intensive maize production does not also shift north with changing climate,we expect that corn ear worm will become a more frequent and important problem in these states,”said Dr.Douglas Lawton,a co-author of the report.“Organic growers have a major challenge controlling this pest and often accept significant crop losses when infestations are high,”he said.Monitoring soil temperaturescould help predict the spread of pests,helping farmers control them more effectively,the report suggests.Huseth said:“We’d like to come up with a letter forecasting tool for this pest,along with a risk-prediction model,in order to better inform growers of pest spread.Success here could reduce both costs for farmers and pesticide into the environment.”8．Why does the author mention the corn ear worm in paragraph1?A．To show they are harmful.B．To explain why they are changing. C．To echo the findings of a new research.D．To complain the change of the climate. 9．What can we learn about southern range?A．It will double in size in the future.B．It has increased to3%since1981. C．It is likely to advance southwards.D．It is larger than other zones. 10．What effect would“monitoring soil temperatures”have on growers? A．Predictable.B．Beneficial.C．Risky.D．Challenging. 11．What is the text mainly about?A．The effect of climate change on pest survival.B．The effect of the prediction model on pest spread.C．The effect of the use of pesticides on food security.D．The effect of global heating on pest spread.The mountain bongo antelope,one of the world’s most endangered animals,is likely to continue roaming in the wild of Kenya for longer due to intensified efforts to protect it from extinction.Following18years of conservation efforts,staff members from the Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy reached a milestone this year—the first baby mountain bongo born in the wild.One of the world’s most unique animals,the mountain bongo is the largest,heaviest and most colorful of the forest antelopes in Africa.Endemic to equatorial forests and only found in Kenya’s wild,this species has seen a dramatic decline in numbers in the last few decades from an estimated population of25,000to less than100,according to a recent wildlife census in Kenya.Before the beginning of this decline in the1960s,these critically endangered animals once roamed freely in Kenya’s high-altitude forests of the Aberdares, Mount Elgon and Mount Kenya.Its population decline was primarily human-driven.To reverse the decline,the Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy has geared up efforts inpartnership with the Kenyan government to save the mountain bongo from extinction through a breeding and rewinding program.Robert Aruho,head of Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy,said its aim is to restore Kenya’s heritage species.“As we speak,the mountain bongo antelope has suffered massive decline and we are left with less than100of the species in the wild.What makes this animal special is that it is only found in the wild in Kenya and its decline in this area therefore means its decline in the world,”said Aruho,adding that the animal is believed to be extinct in most of its natural habitats.“Our program has taken the animals through a series of adaptation measures to enable them to acclimatize to life in the wild as opposed to zoos.This involved getting used to local food and adapting to local parasites and diseases.This has enabled them to breed and produce offspring that are indigenous to this environment.”With the first phase of adaptation being complete,the conservancy will move to the second phase which entails introducing the antelopes to the wild.12．What does the underlined word“roaming”in paragraph1mean?A．Declining.B．Wandering.C．Struggling.D．Decreasing.13．What can be learned about the mountain bongo antelope?A．It can be only found in the wild in Kenya.B．It is unique to the subtropical rainforest.C．The decline of its population was caused by climate change.D．It is the largest and most colorful of the forest antelopes in the world.14．What will the staff members from the program probably do next?A．They will help the mountain bongo antelope get used to local food.B．They will assist the mountain bongo antelope in adapting to the local disease. C．They will put the mountain bongo antelope back to the zoo.D．They will bring the mountain bongo antelope to the wild environment in Kenya. 15．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．An Endangered Antelope B．The Kenyan ForestsC．Efforts Paying Off D．Harmony with NatureLosing Confidence?4Steps to Regain ConfidenceOh,those voices in our heads!You know the ones.They whisper words of judgment and doubt.____16____So,what can we do when we’re losing confidence?Step1:Figure out the root cause.____17____So,take the time to become aware of your environment and your relationships so that you can identify the negative influences that need to be addressed.Step2:____18____Humans tend to remember and reflect more on the negatives in life—past pains, experiences,or failures.So,for this exercise,you want to force yourself to write down things you have done in your past that have gotten you to where you are today.No moment is too small.Step3:Strike a pose.In the elevator,hallway,or the bathroom you visit on your way to whatever it is that has shaken your faith in you and your abilities,you do what she told me was called“the Wonder Woman pose”.Simply put,you stand straight,take up some space,put one hand on each hip,chin tilted upward,breathe in,and be present.____19____It’s one of the power poses by social psychologist Amy Cuddy.Step4:Just say“no”.Losing confidence means you’ve given your power away.And one of the fastest ways to take back your power is to utter a tiny two-letter word:NO.Start off small.____20____Then just say“no”to it.A．Hold this pose for a few minutes.B．Are you still feeling upset?C．Reflect more on the negatives in life.D．Is looking through your social media doing some damage to your mental state? E．Knowing why you’re losing confidence is key to regaining it.F．Everyone lacks confidence occasionally.G．Remember who you are.Ladies and gentlemen,I am honored and humbled to be speaking to you to remember the journalists and their support staff,who gave their lives to report from the war zones of the 21st century.I have been a war correspondent(战地记者)for most of my___21___life.It has always been a hard calling.But the need for front line,___22___reporting has never been more convincing.___23___a war means going to places___24___by destruction and death,and trying to bear witness.It means taking risks,not just for yourself but often for the people whowork___25___with you.The___26___on the ground has remained remarkably the same for hundreds of years. Burned houses.Women___27___for children and husbands.Men for their wives and mothers.Journalists reporting wars___28___great responsibilities and face difficult choices. Sometimes they pay the extreme___29___.Tonight we honor the49journalists and support staff who____30____the news to us people,but were killed.Our mission is to report wars with____31____and without prejudice.We always have to ask ourselves whether the level of risk is worth the____32____.Many of you here must have asked yourselves,____33____be asking yourselves now,is it worth the cost in lives,heartbreak,loss?Can we____34____make a difference?I____35____my eye in an ambush(伏击)in a war.I faced that____36____when I was injured.My answer then,and now,was that it is worth it.We go to remote war zones to report what is____37____.The public havea____38____to know the truth.We send home that first____39____draft of history.Our mission is to____40____the truth to the public.We do have the faith because we do make a difference.21．A．professional B．wonderful C．flexible D．miserable 22．A．imaginative B．objective C．creative D．impressive 23．A．Declaring B．Fighting C．Abolishing D．Covering 24．A．bent B．torn C．expanded D．settled 25．A．responsibly B．distantly C．closely D．hardly 26．A．scene B．building C．voice D．people 27．A．paying B．longing C．answering D．weeping 28．A．hand B．shoulder C．arm D．back29．A．share B．price C．tax D．attention 30．A．brought B．produced C．weaved D．broke 31．A．delight B．respect C．accuracy D．generosity 32．A．time B．life C．speech D．story 33．A．and B．but C．so D．or 34．A．merely B．barely C．really D．seemingly 35．A．rubbed B．lost C．feasted D．developed 36．A．challenge B．course C．question D．reason 37．A．occurring B．fading C．changing D．missing 38．A．value B．duty C．cause D．right 39．A．rough B．fake C．scheduled D．fashionable 40．A．devote B．apply C．expose D．relate四、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
产气柯林斯菌联合丁酸梭菌干预局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠的实验研究
产气柯林斯菌联合丁酸梭菌干预局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠的实验研究徐晓松,蔡祥胜,周辉,李瑞莹,陈小明,官煜彬摘要目的:探讨产气柯林斯菌及丁酸梭菌联合干预局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠模型的疗效㊂方法:48只无特定病原体(SPF)级8~ 10周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠,通过颈外动脉插线法建立局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠模型,随机分为对照组(12只)㊁生理盐水组(9只)㊁产气柯林斯菌悬液组(9只)㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组(9只)㊁混合菌悬液组(9只),生理盐水组㊁产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组每日分别给予生理盐水㊁产气柯林斯菌悬液㊁丁酸梭菌悬液㊁混合菌悬液灌胃1次,灌胃容积为0.1~0.2mL/10g,最大容积不超过0.8mL㊂分别于建模成功后2h㊁1周㊁2周观察各组美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及测定小鼠的脑卒中病灶体积,同时检测血清白细胞介素(IL)-1β及IL-6的含量并分析其与脑卒中病灶体积的相关性㊂结果:与对照组及生理盐水组比较,建模成功后2周,产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组NIHSS评分及IL-1β㊁IL-6水平均降低(P<0.05);与对照组及生理盐水组比较,在建模成功后1周,混合菌悬液组小鼠脑卒中病灶体积就已开始减小(P<0.05),建模成功后2周,产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组小鼠脑卒中病灶体积均减小(P<0.05)㊂IL-1β㊁IL-6浓度与小鼠脑卒中病灶体积呈正相关(r值分别为0.547,0.795,P<0.001)㊂结论:产气柯林斯菌及丁酸梭菌联合干预后可保护局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠的神经功能㊁缓解小鼠脑部炎症㊁减小小鼠脑卒中病灶体积㊂关键词局灶性缺血性脑卒中;产气柯林斯菌;丁酸梭菌;实验研究d o i:10.12102/j.i s s n.1672-1349.2023.11.012缺血性脑卒中是由于脑部血管发生暂时或永久性阻塞从而引发的组织损伤,具有致残率高及致死率高的特点,缺血性脑卒中的发生与高血压㊁糖尿病㊁心脏病㊁肥胖㊁血脂异常㊁代谢异常等因素有关[1-4]㊂脑梗死体积大小和神经系统功能受损程度与疾病发生后侧支血流循环的建立㊁血压灌注及药物的使用密切相关㊂目前,缺血性脑卒中的治疗手段主要以组织型纤溶酶原激活物溶栓为主,其中药物治疗以改善脑部血循环的抗血栓药物及脑神经保护药物为主[5-6]㊂但是,使用抗凝药时,要充分考虑药物之间的相互作用及其疗效等,而脑神经保护药物的疗效及安全性也有待进一步的观察与研究[6]㊂脑卒中后可引起肠道菌群失调,而肠道菌群的失调又可影响脑卒中的预后,研究表明,脑卒中发生前后相关生化指标浓度会发生变化[7-8]㊂改变肠道菌群结构特征可改善病人生理功能,延缓疾病进展[9]㊂因此,本研究拟通过建立局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠模型,观察经产气柯林斯菌及丁酸梭菌联合干预后,小鼠神经行为学㊁脑卒中后脑组织梗死体积及相关炎性指标的变化,探讨该特定菌群对缺血性脑卒中基金项目广东省医学科学技术研究基金项目(No.B2021146)作者单位广东药科大学附属第一医院(广州510080),E-mail:103300755@ 引用信息徐晓松,蔡祥胜,周辉,等.产气柯林斯菌联合丁酸梭菌干预局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠的实验研究[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志, 2023,21(11):1997-2002.的疗效㊂1材料与方法1.1实验材料1.1.1实验动物及分组无特定病原体(SPF)级8~ 10周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠48只,购自珠海百试通生物科技有限公司[生产许可证号:SCXK(粤)2020-0051]㊂所有小鼠均在SPF级动物房中分笼适应性饲养1周,室温(24ʃ2)ħ,每12h昼夜交替,自由饮水进食㊂随机分为对照组(12只)㊁生理盐水组(9只)㊁产气柯林斯菌悬液组(9只)㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组(9只)㊁混合菌悬液组(9只),生理盐水组㊁产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组每日分别给予生理盐水㊁产气柯林斯菌悬液㊁丁酸梭菌悬液㊁混合菌悬液灌胃1次,灌胃容积为10g(0.1~0.2mL),最大容积不超过0.8mL㊂1.1.2实验仪器及试剂生物安全柜(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司,BSC-1304ⅡB2)㊁低温冰箱(青岛海尔特种电器有限公司,海尔DW-25L262)㊁灌胃器(自制)㊁小鼠实验模型造模呼吸机(卡尔文公司,KW-10)㊁麻醉机(Matrx,7025)等㊂小鼠白细胞介素(IL)-1β㊁IL-6检测试剂盒(合肥莱尔生物科技有限公司),无菌生理盐水(购自石家庄四药有限公司),2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染液(Sigma公司)等㊂1.1.3实验菌种获取及配制将缺血性脑卒中病人粪便进行厌氧培养,筛选后进行多次增菌培养,获得产气柯林斯菌和丁酸梭菌并留取菌种备用,分别将产气柯林斯菌菌悬液和丁酸梭菌菌悬液按1ʒ1混合配制成含菌个数约为1ˑ1010菌落形成单位(cfu )/mL 的混合菌悬液㊂1.2 实验动物模型制备 采用吸入异氟烷诱导麻醉的方法对小鼠进行麻醉处理㊂采用颈外动脉插线法建立局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠模型[10],小鼠缺血2h 后抽出线栓形成脑部血管再灌注,期间保持小鼠肛温为(37.0ʃ0.5)ħ㊂1.3 实验方法1.3.1 IL -1β㊁IL -6检测 采用尾尖取血法采集各组小鼠建模成功后2h ㊁1周㊁2周0.3mL 血后离心,检测IL -1β㊁IL -6浓度㊂1.3.2 神经行为学评分及模型成功判定标准 对建模成功后2h ㊁1周㊁2周,根据Longa 神经行为学评分标准对相应模型进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS )评分㊂Longa 神经行为学评分标准如下:无神经功能损伤,小鼠表现正常计0分;提尾时,小鼠右前肢屈曲,伸直不完全计1分;小鼠向对侧转圈计2分;小鼠向右侧倾倒计3分;小鼠不能自发行走,意识丧失计4分㊂1~3分表明造模成功㊂1.3.3 脑卒中病灶体积测定 在上述相应实验时间段处死实验小鼠(对照组每次处死4只,其他各组每次处死3只)并取新鲜脑组织,低温冰冻后行冠状面连续切片并进行TTC 染色,采用Image J 软件测定脑卒中病灶体积㊂1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析㊂符合正态分布的定量资料以均数ʃ标准差(x ʃs )表示,采用单因素方差分析㊂采用Pearson 相关分析性法进行相关性分析㊂以P <0.05为差异有统计学意义㊂2 结 果2.1 各组小鼠NIHSS 评分比较 与对照组及生理盐水组比较,产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组建模成功后2周NIHSS 评分降低,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)㊂详见表1㊂表1 各组小鼠NIHSS 评分比较(x ʃs )单位:分 组别只数2h 1周2周对照组12 3.00ʃ0.71 2.50ʃ0.50 2.25ʃ0.43生理盐水组9 3.00ʃ0.82 2.67ʃ0.47 2.00ʃ0.00产气柯林斯菌悬液组9 2.67ʃ0.47 2.33ʃ0.47 1.00ʃ0.00①②丁酸梭菌悬液组9 3.00ʃ0.00 2.00ʃ0.82 1.00ʃ0.00①②混合菌悬液组93.00ʃ0.822.00ʃ0.000.67ʃ0.47①②与对照组同时间点比较,①P <0.05;与生理盐水组同时间点比较,②P <0.05㊂2.2 各组小鼠IL -1β㊁IL -6比较 与对照组及生理盐水组比较,产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组建模成功后2周L -1β㊁IL -6降低,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)㊂详见表2㊂表2 各组小鼠IL -1β㊁IL -6水平比较(x ʃs )单位:pg/mL组别只数 IL -1β 2h1周2周IL -6 2h1周2周对照组1237.90ʃ1.1938.09ʃ1.7632.30ʃ2.3926.39ʃ1.7833.49ʃ1.7225.42ʃ1.92生理盐水组937.85ʃ1.8538.11ʃ2.0731.70ʃ2.0626.73ʃ0.8231.12ʃ3.0024.61ʃ1.12产气柯林斯菌悬液组937.94ʃ2.2438.62ʃ1.5727.43ʃ1.04①②27.79ʃ2.2829.83ʃ3.9121.50ʃ1.86①②丁酸梭菌悬液组937.68ʃ1.0739.48ʃ1.4126.66ʃ1.03①②28.77ʃ2.6830.67ʃ1.8221.35ʃ1.71①②混合菌悬液组935.80ʃ2.3336.23ʃ2.2325.20ʃ1.68①②25.97ʃ1.5129.61ʃ2.1520.89ʃ1.82①②与对照组同时间点比较,①P <0.05;与生理盐水组同时间点比较,②P <0.05㊂2.3 各组小鼠脑卒中病灶体积比较 与对照组及生理盐水组比较,在建模成功后1周,混合菌悬液组小鼠脑卒中病灶体积已开始减少(P <0.05);建模成功后2周,产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组小鼠相对脑卒中病灶体积减小,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)㊂详见图1~图3及表3㊂图1各组小鼠建模成功后2h脑组织TTC染色图(白色为脑缺血组织,红色为正常脑组织)图2各组小鼠建模成功后1周脑组织TTC染色图(白色为脑缺血组织,红色为正常脑组织)图3各组小鼠建模成功后2周脑组织TTC染色图(白色为脑缺血组织,红色为正常脑组织)表3各组小鼠脑卒中病灶体积比较(xʃs)单位:%组别只数2h1周2周对照组442.08ʃ2.0459.45ʃ3.3446.12ʃ2.34生理盐水组341.30ʃ2.8654.50ʃ4.2042.57ʃ3.33产气柯林斯菌悬液组344.36ʃ4.6054.53ʃ2.2435.13ʃ2.84①②丁酸梭菌悬液组344.20ʃ3.3054.43ʃ1.5534.83ʃ3.48①②混合菌悬液组341.87ʃ2.5652.63ʃ3.23①27.13ʃ2.85①②③④与对照组同时间点比较,①P<0.05;与生理盐水组同时间点比较,②P<0.05;与产气柯林斯菌悬液组同时间点比较,③P< 0.05;与丁酸梭菌悬液组同时间点比较,④P<0.05㊂2.4各组小鼠不同时间点脑组织相对缺血体积与非缺血体积百分比比较与建模成功后2h比较,建模成功后1周,各组小鼠脑组织相对缺血体积均发生了增大的趋势,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);建模成功后2周,产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组小鼠脑组织相对缺血体积降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)㊂详见图4㊂图4各组小鼠脑组织相对缺血体积与非缺血体积百分比直方图2.5IL-1β㊁IL-6与小鼠脑卒中病灶体积的相关性IL-1β㊁IL-6与小鼠脑卒中病灶体积呈正相关㊂详见图5㊁图6㊂图5IL-1β与小鼠脑卒中病灶体积相关性的散点图图6IL-6与小鼠脑卒中病灶体积相关性的散点图3讨论研究显示,益生菌活菌制剂联合肠内营养可提升重症脑卒中病人的治疗效果㊁调节菌群平衡㊁降低不良反应发生率,具有较高的临床应用价值[11]㊂Liu等[12]采用灌胃的方法将多形拟杆菌移植到小鼠肠道内,发现小鼠的体重发生了变化,同时代谢途径及机体炎症状态得到显著改善㊂肠道微生物群中的丁酸梭菌可减少中枢神经功能损伤[13]㊂柯林斯菌为代谢产物,与中枢神经及免疫系统显著相关,可增强机体的抗氧化能力[14]㊂本研究结果显示,与对照组及生理盐水组比较,建模成功后2周,产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组NIHSS评分降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明产气柯林斯菌及丁酸梭菌单独或联合干预一定时间后均可对局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠的神经功能起保护作用㊂局灶性缺血性脑卒中是由于小鼠脑组织缺血㊁缺氧及缺血再灌注损伤导致相关区域神经组织细胞的部分死亡,从而表现出脑神经损伤及神经功能缺失等症状[15]㊂研究显示,丁酸梭菌可通过激活与细胞生长㊁凋亡密切相关的蛋白激酶B(AKT)通路,降低促凋亡相关蛋白含量及提高抗凋亡相关蛋白浓度,具有保护脑部神经组织细胞㊁减轻脑组织损伤的作用[16]㊂在一项动物研究中,经过相关药物有效治疗后的大鼠肠道中的短链脂肪酸(SCFA)产生菌-产气柯林斯菌的比例明显升高,且炎症显著改善[17]㊂SCFA是肠道细菌发酵纤维素产生的溶于水的游离脂肪酸,主要包括乙酸㊁丙酸㊁丁酸㊁异丁酸[18]㊂研究表明,SCFA产生菌可减轻缺血性脑卒中小鼠脑卒中后的神经功能障碍和炎症,同时也可提高肠道㊁大脑和血浆中的SCFA浓度[19]㊂本研究结果显示,与对照组比较,混合菌悬液组小鼠无论是在建模成功后1周或2周的时间点上,脑卒中病灶体积增大趋势均明显减缓(P<0.05),而产气柯林斯菌组及丁酸梭菌组建模成功后1周脑卒中病灶体积增大趋势暂未发现有明显减缓趋势(P>0.05)㊂进一步分析各组小鼠的脑卒中病灶体积百分比,相较于建模成功后2h,在建模成功后1周,各组小鼠脑卒中病灶体积均增大(P<0.05),但在建模成功后2周,与相应的建模成功后1周比较,各组小鼠脑卒中病灶体积缩小(P<0.05)㊂动物研究表明,缺血脑卒中大鼠缺血再灌注后第7天梗死灶体积最严重,第14天梗死灶有自发缩小趋势[20],这与本研究结果基本一致㊂然而,本研究发现,与对照组比较,产气柯林斯菌悬液组㊁丁酸梭菌悬液组㊁混合菌悬液组建模成功后2周小鼠脑卒中病灶体积明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但对照组和生理盐水组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)㊂本研究表明,产气柯林斯菌及丁酸梭菌联合干预对局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠的脑部神经组织损伤具有一定的保护作用㊂宿主的免疫炎性因子与肠道菌群结构特征相关, IL-1β㊁IL-6等相关因子具有神经保护作用,且与缺血性脑卒中的脑损伤程度相关[21-22]㊂丁酸梭菌可通过其代谢产物SCFA改善宿主的肠道通透性,减少炎性因子IL-1β及IL-6的分泌从而发挥抗炎㊁抗氧化的作用[23]㊂另有研究指出,柯林斯菌属可通过其代谢产物促进宿主体内的酶合成脱氧熊胆酸,从而提高宿主物质及能量代谢,发挥抗炎㊁抗氧化的作用[24]㊂减少缺血性脑卒中病人炎性因子IL-1β㊁IL-6的分泌,可改善病人的预后[25]㊂本研究结果显示,混合菌悬液组在混合菌悬液干预2周后,与对照组㊁生理盐水组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且IL-1β㊁IL-6水平与小鼠脑卒中病灶体积呈正相关㊂综上所述,本研究结果表明,产气柯林斯菌及丁酸梭菌联合干预2周后,对保护局灶性缺血性脑卒中小鼠的神经功能㊁缓解小鼠脑部炎症㊁减小小鼠脑卒中病灶体积均具有一定的作用㊂参考文献:[1]顾淑玮,李芬,万晓文.脑卒中发生与预后危险因素研究综述[J].中国初级卫生保健,2020,34(10):66-68.[2]LACKLAND D T,WEBER M A.Global burden of cardiovasculardisease and stroke:hypertension at the core[J].Can J 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[20]CHANG S J,CHERNG J H,WANG D H,et al.Transneuronaldegeneration of thalamic nuclei following middle cerebral arteryocclusion in rats[J].BioMed Research International,2016,2016:3819052.[21]李丹丹,马茜,王辛,等.IL-1β在缺血性脑卒中发病中的作用机制研究进展[J].山东医药,2015,55(35):91-93.[22]张美凤,金相任,潘如昕,等.肠道菌群对缺血性脑卒中影响的研究进展[J].医学综述,2017,23(18):3634-3637.[23]LI Y,GAO X,WANG J B.Human adipose-derived mesenchymalstem cell-conditioned media suppresses inflammatory bone lossin a lipopolysaccharide-induced murine model[J].Experimentaland Therapeutic Medicine,2018,15(2):1839-1846.[24]SHENG Q S,DU H X,CHENG X F,et al.Characteristics of fecalgut microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer at differentstages and different sites[J].Oncology Letters,2019,18(5):4834-4844.[25]崔晓,孙慧勤.丁苯酞注射液对急性脑梗死患者血清IL-6㊁IL-1β㊁TNF-α及预后的影响[J].中华脑血管病杂志(电子版),2020,14(1):55-58.(收稿日期:2022-08-20)(本文编辑邹丽)。
Welch Allyn Connex 电子生理指标文档说明书
OVERVIEW (/EN/MICROSITES/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM.HTML)ELECTRONIC VITALS DOCUMENTATIONRESPIRATORYMONITORING (/EN/MICROSITES/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM-RESPIRATORY-MONITORING.HTML)CONTACT-FREEMONITORING (/EN/MICROSITES/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM/CCS-WITH-CONTACT-FREE-MONITORING.HTML)CENTRALSTATION (/EN/MICROSITES/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM-CENTRAL-STATION.HTML)SERVICES (/EN/MICROSITES/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM-SERVICES.HTML)RESOURCES (/EN/MICROSITES/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM---RESOURCES.HTML)Welch Allyn Connex Clinical Surveillance System(/en.html)®Connex withElectronic Vitals DocumentationGive clinicians access to accurate vitals information anytime, anywhere®Documenting vitals today costs more than you think.Studies show that in a typical 200-bed hospital, manual documentation methods contribute to more than 10,000 errors* andconsume more than 8,000 staff hours or $250,000 in lost productivity every year. When vitals are captured and recorded on a piece of paper for manual entry into the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) later, it's easy to transcribe them incorrectly, enter them into the wrong patient's record—or never enter them at all.And even if data is entered correctly, there's a delay between the time they're captured and actually posted into the EMR. This can make staff less efficient—and force physicians to delay clinical decisions, or make them without the latest information.This compromises your investment in your EMR—and potentially puts patients and the facility at risk.(/projects/j101186501/open.cfm?code=%25%3A-F%40%5CJH%20%0A&sc=VEVTVFQ%3D&pturl=&job=MTAxMTg2NTAx&em=V0VC&ntsh=rftsiwzqwphttpQUICK TOOLSCONNEX EVD SYSTEM SUCCESS STORIESErie County Medical CenterLocation: Buffalo, NY // EMR Partner: Meditech Client Server // Profile: 550-bed regional facilityConnex with Electronic Vitals Documentation is an end-to-end solution that wirelessly delivers accurate patient information from the bedside directly into the patient record in your Electronic Medical Record (EMR). This process:Drastically reduces errors, delayed information or having the wrong information for your patients Saves a significant time so clinicians can spend more time with their patients and less time on paperwork Improves teamwork and staff satisfaction levels Improves patient identification to minimize risk Reduces litigation risks by accurate documentationGives clinicians immediate access to accurate patient information anytime, anywhereCaptures complete information at the point of care, including automatic measurements, manual parameters, and modifiers such as body position®See if Connex with Electronic Vitals is right for your facility.Are vital signs ever documented incorrectly, with typing errors orreadings entered for the wrong patient?Learn how an automatedsystem of uploading vitalsigns “helped promote aculture of patient safety”by reducing error rates.Read Now »(/lnc/CEArticle?an=00024665-201309000-00009&Journal_ID=54020&Issue_ID=1606476)Are patient changes ever missed, such as a suddentemperature spike or blood-pressure drop?Incomplete vitals documentation often precedes adverse patient event.Learn More »(/pubmed/19010579)Do nurses complain that they didn’t hear about abnormal readings that were taken by others?Learn more about the importance of vital signs —and communication between clinicians—in identifying patients’deterioration.Read Now »(/pubmed/17627836)Do users spend a lot of time documenting and searching for vital signs data?Wireless, automated vital sign documentation is not only more accurate than manualdocumentation, it saves significant timeDownload Now »(/content/dam/welchallyn/documents/upload-docs/Product-Literature/case-studies/Customer_Testimonial-20090811-Automated_Vital_Sign_Documentation_for_Medical_Surgical_Units.pdf)Do you ever hear user complaints about the vitals documentation process?Manual data entry into an EMR adds complexity and extra steps to clinical workflow, resulting in decreased staffsatisfaction and adoption of your EMR.®CHALLENGEImprove ECMC nursing productivityRESULTSReduced vitals documentation time by 95%"Patient care has improved, now that vitals assessments in the EMR are readily available to clinicians."Dawn Walters,Assistant Director of NursingREAD THE FULL STORY (/CONTENT/DAM/WELCHALLYN/DOCUMENTS/UPLOAD-DOCS/RESEARCH/CASE-STUDY/MC6105_REAPING-THE-REWARDS-OF-VITAL-SIGNS-CONNECTIVITY_CASE-STUDTrinity Medical CenterLocation: Steubenville, OH // EMR Partner: Meditech Magic // Profile: 470-bed facility in eastern OhioSt. Joseph's HospitalLocation: Syracuse, NY // Profile: 430-bed medical care facility in Central NY stateCHALLENGEReplace outdated manual vitals documentation system in new med/surg unitsRESULTSSaves 1,460 hours of labor per year on two floors (40 beds)"We have improved vital signs accuracy, along with significant savings in nursing time."Becky Piko, RN,Clinical ManagerREAD THE FULL STORY (/CONTENT/DAM/WELCHALLYN/DOCUMENTS/UPLOAD-DOCS/RESEARCH/CASE-STUDY/MC6754_TRINITY-MEDICAL-CENTER-ACHIEVES-ITS-VISION-OF-EFFICIENT-ANFor more testimonials click here. (/en/insights-and-research/case-studies/webinars.html)Connex with Electronic Vitals Documentation—improving patient safety and reducing your riskCHALLENGECompare accuracy and time efficiency of manual vital signs capture and documentation to an automated systemRESULTSDecreased errors by 75%"We found that the system saved time and was more accurate than manual documentation methods."Meg Meccariello and Jennifer Johnstone, RN MSREAD THE FULL STORY (/CONTENT/DAM/WELCHALLYN/DOCUMENTS/UPLOAD-DOCS/PRODUCT-LITERATURE/CASE-STUDIES/CUSTOMER_TESTIMONIAL-20090811-AUTOMATED_VITAL_SIGN_Meeting the Joint Commission's National Safety Goals:"Improve the accuracy of patient identification""Enhance the effectiveness of communication among caregivers""Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections""Improve recognition and response to changes in a patient's condition"Meeting stringent HIPAA patient privacy requirements:The broad privacy rule protects all individually identifiable patient information, whether contained in electronic, paper, or oral communications—and provides a daunting challenge for hospitals to comply.Connex is designed to address these issues:Two-way communication can automatically verify patient IDAutomating vitals capture provides immediate, accurate information to all staff anytime, anywhere Devices, stand, and accessories designed to minimize infection risk Immediate access to accurate data speeds and enhances clinical decisionsConnex Value Analysis ToolThis Value Analyzer helps you estimate your potential savings due to a range of potential benefits. The tool comes preloaded with exemplary values that should be reviewed to see how they might apply to your hospital settings.LEARN MORE (/EN/MICROSITES/CONNEX-CLINICAL-SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM/CONNEX-VALUE-ANALYSIS.HTML)®Access more information on Connex Vitals Management Software including specifications, configurations and how to purchase.LEARN MORE (/EN/PRODUCTS/CATEGORIES/PATIENT-MONITORING/CENTRAL-STATIONS-AND-SOFTWARE/CONNEX-VITALS-MANAGEMENT-SOFTWARE.HTML)*Calculations based on these sources; sample calculations available upon request. 1. Computers, Informatics, Nursing: September/October 2009 - Volume 27 - Issue 5 - pp 318-323, Connected Care: Reducing Errors Through Automated Vital Signs Data Upload, SMITH, LAURA B. MSN, RN; et al. 2. Automated Vital Sign Documentation for Medical Surgical Units: Saving Time and Increasing Accuracy: Fact or Fairytale? Meg Meccariello RN MS, Jennifer Johnstone RN MS, Presented at The Nursing Management Congress 2008 Las Vegas, NV. 3. Vital signs measurement frequency estimates from Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants: A Humanistic Approach to Caregiving" Pamela J. Carter - 2007 Page 292. 4. Hospital beds (most recent) by country estimates from , /graph/hea_hos_bed-health-hospital-beds 5. Population, Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division.Welch Allyn Connex. 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核酸疫苗pcdna3.1-eg95的构建及在绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞中的表达
1 材料和方法
1 1 细胞系及培养条件 绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞系为本实验室保存, 经原代
培养, 建系后继代培养, 使用 P2 P10代细胞。细胞培 养用 DMEM / F12培养 基 ( G ibco), 加入 10% 的 FBS (杭州四季青 )和 100 un its/mL 的青霉素, 100 mg /mL 的链 霉 素 ( S igm a )。 饲 养 条 件: 37 , 饱 和 湿 度, 5% CO2。 1 2 细粒棘球蚴原头蚴采集
பைடு நூலகம்关键词: 细粒棘球蚴 EG 95基因 核酸疫 苗
Construction of Nucleic A cid Vaccine of EG95 and Expression in Sheep Fetal Fibroblasts
Y ang Jiaofu1 W ang Zh igang1 G ao L ian shan2 H ao H u ifang1 L i Zh iw ei1 L i J ie1 Zh an Ku i1
K ey w ords: Echinococcus granulosus EG 95 gene Nuc le ic acid vacc ine
细粒棘球蚴病 ( echinooocoosis) 又称囊型包虫病 ( cystic echinooocoosis, CE ), 呈全球性 分布 [ 1] , 在我 国北方牧区和半牧区均有流行 [ 2, 3] , 是严重危害中
基础医学练习题库及答案
基础医学练习题库及答案一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.小肠上皮细胞的杯状细胞核顶部有丰富的A、高尔基复合体B、滑面内质网C、溶酶体D、线粒体E、粗面内质网正确答案：A2.治疗有机磷农药中毒,使用阿托品,这是利用了阿托品对有机磷农药的A、加强作用B、拮抗作用C、相加作用D、协同作用E、独立作用正确答案：B3.蛋白质变性是由于A、肽键的断裂B、辅基的脱落C、蛋白质的水解D、蛋白质空间构象的破坏E、蛋白质一级结构的改变正确答案：D4.关于垂体神经部,哪项正确A、分泌生长激素和催产素B、合成和分泌催乳激素和加压素C、下丘脑通过垂体门脉系统调节其分泌活动D、合成和分泌催产素和抗利尿激素E、贮存和释放抗利尿激素和催产素正确答案：E5.室内空气中的氡最可能来自A、室外污染B、建筑材料C、吸烟D、燃料燃烧E、烹调油烟正确答案：B6.关于组织液的生成,下列哪项是错误的A、静脉压升高时,组织液生成增多B、毛细血管通透性加大时,组织液生成减少C、毛细血管通透性加大时,组织液生成增多D、血浆胶体渗透压降低时,组织液生成增多E、小动脉收缩时,组织液生成减少正确答案：B7.细胞分裂时纺锤体的排列方向和染色体移动与下列哪个结构有关A、过氧化物酶体B、中心体C、核糖体D、溶酶体E、线粒体正确答案：B8.临床上常用于治疗痛风症的药物是A、阿托品B、青霉素C、胰岛素D、别嘌呤醇E、维生素 B1正确答案：D9.女性,20 岁,肺炎合并休克患者,治疗后血压 96/66mmHg,脉博 96 次/分,尿量 300ml/24 小时,尿比重 1.011,尿钠 41mmol/L,可能为A、心力衰竭B、水、电解质紊乱C、急性肾功能衰竭D、血容量不足E、休克基本纠正正确答案：C10.关于成骨细胞的特点,哪项错误A、转变为骨细胞B、体积较大,有多个核C、由骨祖细胞分化形成D、分泌类骨质E、粗面内质网和高尔基复合体发达正确答案：B11.精子的顶体是特殊的A、粗面内质网B、滑面内质网C、线粒体D、溶酶体E、中心粒正确答案：D12.管壁结构分为 4 层的是A、动脉B、胃C、气管D、输卵管E、子宫正确答案：B13.1994 年某县发现喘憋性肺炎的流行,暴露总人口数为 83271 人,经调查诊断发病例数共 1478 例,试问在资料分析时疾病的频率指标应选用A、罹患率B、感染率C、患病率D、续发率E、发病率正确答案：A14.婴幼儿腹泻最常见的病原是A、埃可病毒B、呼肠病毒C、轮状病毒D、腺病毒E、柯萨奇病毒正确答案：C15.能抑制 C1r 和 C1s 酶活性的物质是A、C8bpB、DAFC、C1INHD、S 蛋白E. C4bp正确答案：C16.关于支原体的生物学性状,下述错误的是A、有独特生活周期B、呈多形性C、无细胞壁D、细胞膜中胆固醇含量高E、能通过滤菌器正确答案：A17.在 A.B 两组人群中进行筛选,假定筛选试验的灵敏度和特异度是已知的,A 人群患病率为 10%,B 人群为 1%,则下列哪种结论是正确的?A、A 人群阳性结果者中真阳性的比例低于 B 人群B、A 人群中特异度低于 B 人群C、A 人群中可靠性高于 B 人群D、A 人群阳性结果者中假阳性者所占比例低于 B 人群E、A 人群中灵敏度高于 B 人群正确答案：D18.要制定某年某地恶性肿瘤男.女年龄别死亡率的统计分析表,则主要标志是A、死亡率B、年龄别C、性别和年龄别D、性别.年龄别和死亡率E、性别正确答案：C19.关于皮肤癣菌下述哪项是错误的A、通过直接或间接接触而感染B、一种皮肤癣菌仅能引起一种癣病C、在沙氏培养基上形成丝状菌落D、可根据菌丝孢子及菌落形态作出初步诊断E、主要侵犯皮肤毛发和指(趾)甲正确答案：B20.有关网膜的描述,正确的是A、与胃或十二指肠相连B、山单层腹膜构成C、不透明D、内含血管.神经.淋巴管及胃肠腺排泄管E、较厚正确答案：A21.胃液分泌的胃期,是由食物的机械性.化学性刺激引起,通过下述哪条途径完成A、迷走神经B、促胃液素C、内在神经丛D、蛋白质分解产物E、所有上述因素正确答案：E22.对于均数为μ.标准差为σ的正态分布,95%的变量值分布范围为A、μ-2.58σ~μ+2.58σB、μ-1.96σ~μ+1.96σC、-∞~μ+1.96σD、μ-σ~μ+σE、0~μ+1.96σ正确答案：B23.梗死灶的质地主要取决于A、栓子的大小B、梗死的部位C、坏死的类型D、含血量的多少E、栓子的类型正确答案：C24.下列哪种情况不能引起尿浓缩能力降低A、高蛋白质饮食B、肾髓质纤维化C、直小血管血流加速D、服用速尿等利尿药E、营养不良的患者蛋白质摄入减少正确答案：A25.下列哪个药物通过抑制 PDE 活性,增加血小板内 cAMP 发挥抑制抗血小板聚集A、噻氯匹定B、利多格雷C、双嘧达莫D、氯吡格雷E、阿昔单抗正确答案：C26.河豚毒素在下列哪些条件下可被破坏A、加碱处理B、煮沸C、盐腌D、加酸处理E、日晒正确答案：A27.有关胸导管的下列叙述,错误的是 ( )A、始于乳糜池B、收集左.右腰淋巴干的淋巴C、是淋巴的主要收集管D、注入左静脉角E、穿膈的食管裂孔入胸腔正确答案：E28.组蛋白在基因调节系统中的调节作用是A、参加 DNA 转录B、催化 DNA 转录C、激活 DNA 转录D、抑制 DNA 转录E、与 DNA 转录无关正确答案：D29.女性,27 岁,停经 2+月,不规则阴道流血 1 天,尿 HCG+,阴道 B 超示:宫腔内见“落雪状”图像,未见原始胚芽及胎心搏动,行刮宫后宫内物全为透明或半透明的薄壁水泡,内含清亮液体,有蒂相连,最有可能的诊断是A、完全性葡萄胎B、不完全性葡萄胎C、侵蚀性葡萄胎D、绒毛膜癌E、胎盘部位滋养叶肿瘤正确答案：A30.右主支气管的特点是A、细而长B、短而粗C、较长D、细而短E、长而粗正确答案：B31.某病人左侧舌前 2/3 味觉障碍,左舌下腺.左下颌下腺分泌障碍,左眼不能闭合,左额纹消失,左鼻唇沟消失,口角偏向右侧,该病人病变可能在( )A、左舌神经B、右侧皮质核束C、右侧大脑皮质D、左面神经核E、右面神经的管内处正确答案：D32.含有大量脂滴的细胞位于A、垂体远侧部B、甲状腺C、松果体D、肾上腺皮质束状带E、肾上腺髓质正确答案：D33.TCR 识别抗原的信号传递是通过下列哪个分子A、CD2B、CD3C、CD4D、Igα.IgβE、CD8正确答案：B34.正确描述肺段的是( )A、按支气管.肺动脉.肺静脉在肺内的分支分布把肺分为若干个肺段B、左肺有两个肺段,右肺有三个肺段C、各肺段均呈圆锥形,其底朝向肺门D、肺段支气管主干末端直接与肺泡相连E、肺段可视为一独立性结构单位正确答案：E35.各观察值同乘以一个既不等于零,也不等于 1 的常数后A、均数不变,标准差改变B、均数改变,标准差不变C、两者均不改变D、两者都改变E、均数不变,标准差不一定变正确答案：D36.下列属于人工主动免疫的是A、注射丙种球蛋白得到的免疫B、接种抗毒素得到的免疫C、患传染病后获得的免疫D、接种类毒素得到的免疫E、通过胎盘或初乳得到的免疫正确答案：D37.最重要的免疫细胞是A、浆细胞B、淋巴细胞C、肥大细胞D、中性粒细胞E、巨噬细胞正确答案：B38.肿瘤分级所依据的主要原则是A、肿瘤分化程度的高低、异型性大小和转移情况B、肿瘤的大小、异型性大小和转移情况C、肿瘤分化程度的高低、异型性大小和核分裂数的多少D、肿瘤的异型性大小、浸润的深度和核分裂数的多少E、肿瘤的大小、浸润的深度和转移情况正确答案：C39.结合肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的 Ig 是A、IgMB、IgGC、IgAD、IgDE、IgE正确答案：E40.主要存在胞质中的是A、触酶B、丙酮酸羧化酶C、苹果酸脱氢酶D、乳酸脱氢酶E、NADH-泛醌还原酶正确答案：D41.具有蛋白质分泌细胞结构特点是A、壁细胞B、主细胞C、杯状细胞D、吸收细胞E、E L 细胞正确答案：B42.特异性杀伤肿瘤的细胞是A、CTLB、NKC、MфD、LAKE、中性粒细胞正确答案：A43.急性纤维蛋白性炎时病灶中不见A、大量纤维蛋白B、大量成纤维细胞C、病原体D、坏死的细胞碎屑E、中性粒细胞正确答案：B44.“槟榔肝”是指:A、肝细胞萎缩B、肝硬变C、肝细胞水肿D、肝脂肪变性E、慢性肝淤血正确答案：E45.具有左手螺旋 DNA 结构的是A、G -四链体 DNAB、H 型-DNAC、B 型-DNAD、Z 型-DNAE、C 型-DNA正确答案：D46.下列关于肾的说法何者正确?A、肾被膜从外向内有纤维囊.脂肪囊和肾筋膜B、右肾比左肾略高C、十二肋斜过右肾中部,左肾上部D、由前向后出入肾门的是肾动脉.肾静脉和肾盂E、十二肋斜过右肾上部,左肾中部正确答案：E47.静息电位的大小接近于:A、锋电位与超射之差B、Na +平衡电位C、Na +平衡电位与 K +平衡电位之和D、K +平衡电位E、后电位正确答案：D48.下列属于大腿前群的肌是A、半膜肌B、股二头肌C、股四头肌D、半腱肌E、股薄肌正确答案：C49.关于肾盂肾炎的概念,下列哪项最确切?A、肾间质的化脓性炎B、以肾小管、肾盂、肾间质为主的化脓性炎C、肾盂黏膜的化脓性炎D、肾盂、肾间质、肾小管的非化脓性炎E、以上都正确正确答案：B50.肾远端小管的结构特点是A、游离面无刷状缘,基底部有纵纹B、管腔较大而规则,细胞界线不清楚C、游离面无刷状缘,基底部无纵纹D、游离面有刷状缘,细胞界线不清楚E、游离面有刷状缘,基底部无纵纹正确答案：A51.有关病毒感染的描述正确的是A、病毒在人群个体间的相互传播为水平传播,主要经皮肤和粘膜传播B、母亲将病毒传给其子女的感染为垂直传播C、病毒感染细胞造成的免疫病理损伤仅限于Ⅳ型变态反应D、慢发病毒感染就是病毒的慢性感染E、以上均对正确答案：A52.氯丙嗪可治疗A、抑郁症B、精神分裂症C、焦虑症D、晕动病呕吐E、癫痫大发作正确答案：B53.甲基的直接供体是A、甲硫氨酸B、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸C、N 5 - CH - FHD、胆碱E、肾上腺素正确答案：B54.受体激动时,可引起支气管平滑肌松弛的是A、M 受体B、α1 受体C、β1 受体D、β2 受体E、α2 受体正确答案：D55.关于非特异投射系统,下述错误的是A、其上行纤维需经脑干网状结构B、经丘脑非特异核群髓板内核群换神经元C、弥散性投射至整个大脑皮层D、损毁它并不影响具体感觉功能E、可维持大脑的清醒状态正确答案：E56.一个心动周期中,心室容积最大的时期是A、减慢充盈期末B、快速充盈期C、减慢射血期末D、房缩期末E、快速充盈期末正确答案：D57.转录因子是A、原核生物 RNA 聚合酶的组分B、含有 TATA 保守序列C、转录调控中的反式作用因子D、真核生物 RNA 聚合酶的组分E、由α,α,β’等多种亚基组成正确答案：C58.一个原核细胞的染色体含有A、一条 DNA 并与 RNA、组蛋白结合在一起B、一条 DNA 与组蛋白结合在一起C、一条 DNA 不与 RNA、组蛋白结合在一起D、一条以上裸露的 DNAE、一条以上裸露的 DNA 与 RNA 结合在一起正确答案：C59.可用于鉴定 Th1/Th2 细胞的单克隆抗体是A、抗 CD2B、抗 CD3C、抗 CD4D、抗 CD8E、抗 CD28正确答案：C60.缺氧是指A、供氧不足或用氧障碍B、吸入气中的氧含量减少C、血氧容量降低D、血氧分压降低E、血氧含量过低正确答案：A61.能产生志贺样毒素的大肠埃希菌是A、ETECB、EIECC、EPECD、EHECE、EAGGEC正确答案：D62.合成和分泌免疫球蛋白的细胞是A、成纤维细胞B、肥大细胞C、浆细胞D、淋巴细胞E、巨噬细胞正确答案：C63.应激性溃疡的发生与下列哪一项因素无关A、酸中毒时血流对粘膜内 H +的缓冲能力降低B、胃腔内 H +向粘膜内反向弥散C、粘膜缺血使能量供应不足及细胞再生能力降低D、胃粘膜合成前列腺素增多E、糖皮质激素分泌增多引起胃粘膜屏障受损正确答案：D64.影响氧化磷酸化的激素是A、肾上腺皮质激素B、甲状腺激素C、胰岛素D、胰高血糠素E、肾上腺素正确答案：B65.在 HLA 匹配的情况下,解决器官移植排斥反应的重点是A、除去移植器官内过路淋巴细胞B、除去受者体内天然抗体C、去除受体及移植物内的 T 淋巴细胞D、尽快地诱导和维持微嵌合状态的长期存在E、建立和维持受者免疫抑制状态正确答案：D66.细胞外液中的主要阴离子是A、HCO-B、SO2-C、Cl -D、HPO2-E、蛋白质正确答案：C67.下列哪一药物可引起锥体外系反应?A、neostigmineB、succinylcholine(scoline)C、indomethacinD、anisodamineE、chlorpromazine正确答案：E68.慢性肾功能衰竭的常见病因为A、慢性肾小球肾炎B、全身性红斑性狼疮C、肾小动脉硬化D、慢性肾盂肾炎E、尿路结石正确答案：A69.月经血不会发生凝固是因为A、孕激素阻止血液凝固B、子宫分泌前列腺素阻止血液凝固C、子宫内有大量的肝素D、雌激素阻止血液凝固E、子宫内有丰富的纤溶酶原激活物正确答案：E70.下列哪一项不属 morphine 的禁忌证?A、诊断未明的急腹症B、临产妇女分娩C、颅内压增高D、严重肝功能损害E、心源性哮喘正确答案：E71.高钾血症时,可使酸碱平衡状况出现A、细胞内外均酸中毒B、细胞内外均碱中毒C、细胞内酸中毒,细胞外正常D、细胞内碱中毒,细胞外酸中毒E、细胞内酸中毒,细胞外碱中毒正确答案：D72.大豆与谷类食物混食,主要补充谷类中最缺乏的必需氨基酸是A、亮氨酸B、赖氨酸C、异亮氨酸D、苏氨酸E、蛋氨酸正确答案：B73.在何种情况下脑组织主要利用酮体氧化供能A、轻型糖尿病B、饱食C、空腹D、剧烈运动E、长期饥饿正确答案：E74.破伤风抗毒素治疗破伤风的机制是A、抑制破伤风杆菌生长B、中和游离的外毒素C、在补体参与下溶解破坏破伤风杆菌E.减轻临床症状D、中和与神经细胞结合的外毒素正确答案：B75.呼吸系统的导气部始于鼻,止于A、呼吸性细支气管B、细支气管C、肺泡管D、小支气管E、终末细支气管正确答案：E76.胚泡开始植入的时间相当于月经周期A、第 9~10 天B、第 16~17 天C、第 20~21 天D、第 12~14 天E、第 27~28 天正确答案：C77.心肌细胞内 Ca 2+达到何种数值才达到心肌舒张的阈值A、10 -8mol/LB、10 -7mol/LC、10 -6mol/LD、10 -5mol/LE、10 -4mol/L正确答案：B78.下列哪些器官可发生出血性梗死?A、脾B、肾C、肺D、心E、脑正确答案：C79.在长期用药的过程中,突然停药易引起严重高血压,这种药物最可能是:A、肼屈嗪B、普萘洛尔C、哌唑嗪D、甲基多巴E、利血平正确答案：B80.关于病原菌致病性的构成因素,叙述最全面的是A、侵袭酶类+毒素+细菌数量B、毒力+侵入部位+细菌数量C、毒素+侵袭力+侵入部位D、侵袭力+侵入部位+细菌数量E、侵入部位+毒素+细菌表面结构正确答案：B81.反映全血或血浆中碱过多或碱缺失的指标是A、BEB、ABC、PaCO 2D、SBE、BB正确答案：A82.有机磷农药A、是酶可逆性抑制剂B、改变酶的分子结构C、是羟基酶抑制剂D、与活性中心外的基团结合E、是疏基酶抑制剂正确答案：C83.chlorpromazine 引起的锥体外系反应不包括下列哪一项?A、肌强直及运动增加B、静坐不能C、帕金森样综合征D、体位性低血压E、急性肌张力障碍正确答案：D84.下列哪种情况不常出现真性分流A、肺不张B、支气管扩张C、肺内动-静脉交通支开放D、肺实变E、肺水肿正确答案：E85.白色念珠菌常引起A、真菌中毒症B、毒血症C、皮肤粘膜内脏感染D、癣病E、皮下组织感染正确答案：C86.高血压伴心绞痛病人宜选用:A、肼屈嗪B、普萘洛尔C、卡托普利D、硝苯地平E、氢氯噻嗪正确答案：B87.以下关于 IgG 生物学特性的错误叙述是A、能通过胎盘B、能激活补体C、是参与 I 型超敏反应的主要 IgD、能发挥调理作用E、能发挥 ADCC 作用正确答案：C88.肝肾综合征患者的肾衰竭为A、早期是功能性肾衰竭,晚期可产生器质性肾衰竭B、器质性肾衰竭C、不可逆性肾衰竭D、功能性肾衰竭E、可逆性肾衰竭正确答案：A89.关于睾丸支持细胞结构的描述,哪项错误A、光镜下细胞轮廓不清B、细胞基部附于基膜,顶端达到腔面C、细胞核染色浅,核仁明显D、细胞界限清楚E、胞质弱嗜酸性正确答案：D90.可协助 I 因子裂解 C3b 作用的是A、H 因子B、DAFC、C4bpD、P 因子E、HRF正确答案：A91.计算平均潜伏期宜用A、算术平均数B、全距C、离均差积和D、中位数E、变异数正确答案：D92.蛋白质合成终止是A、核糖体到达 mRNA 分子的 3'末端B、释放因子识别终止密码子进入 A 位C、释放因子进入 P 位D、mRNA 出现发夹结构,核糖体无法移动E、特异的 tRNA 进入 A 位正确答案：B93.慢性支气管炎黏膜上皮容易发生的化生是A、杯状上皮化生B、肠上皮化生C、移行上皮化生D、黏液上皮化生E、鳞状上皮化生正确答案：E94.饮用水净化的主要目的是为了A、除去水中的有毒物质B、使水质达到卫生学要求C、降低水中的悬浮物质和胶体物质D、使水质达到细菌学检验项目的限值E、杀灭水中的病原微生物正确答案：C95.哪一项不是引起组织性缺氧的物质A、巴比妥B、氰化物C、苯乙双胍D、硫化物E、亚硝酸盐正确答案：E96.判断消毒灭菌是否彻底的主要依据是A、繁殖体被完全消灭B、芽胞被完全消灭C、鞭毛蛋白变性D、菌体蛋白变性E、以上都不是正确答案：B97.R 质粒中决定接合与自主复制的基因是A、转座子B、插入序列C、F 质粒D、耐药传递因子E、耐药决定子正确答案：A98.chlorpromazine 一般不发生以下哪一种不良反应?A、帕金森综合征B、内分泌系统紊乱C、体位性低血压D、严重呕吐E、急性肌张力障碍正确答案：D99.物质在细胞膜特殊蛋白质的帮助下,顺其浓度或电位差通过细胞膜的过程属于:A、入胞作用答案:B、主动转运C、单纯扩散D、出胞胞吐E、易化扩散正确答案：B100.凋亡细胞特征性的形态学改变是A、细胞肿胀B、线粒体嵴消失C、溶酶体破裂D、凋亡小体E、染色质边集正确答案：D。
新概念英语第一册第95课课文
新概念英语第一册第95课课文Translation of Lesson 95。
The Green Glass.I tried and tried to get some sleep, but it was hopeless. My mind was filled with thoughts. I could not shake off the feeling that the evil eye was upon me. In the darkness, I kept seeing that green glass, just as I had seen it through the keyhole.I had no choice but to get out of bed. I tiptoed to the window and looked out cautiously. The moon was shining brightly, and I could see everything clearly. The house where I had seen the green glass was dark and silent. There was no sign of life anywhere.I decided to go and investigate. I slipped out of my room and crept downstairs. I opened the front door and stepped outside. The night was cold and still. I could hearthe sound of my own footsteps as I walked along the deserted street.I soon reached the house where I had seen the green glass. I stopped outside the gate and looked up at the windows. They were all dark except for one on theверхний этаж. A faint light was shining through it.I walked up to the window and peered inside. The room was small and bare. There was a bed in one corner, and a desk in the other. On the desk was a lamp, and next to it was a book.Sitting at the desk was a girl. She was young and pretty, with long black hair and green eyes. She was wearing a green dress, and she had a green scarf around her neck. She was leaning over the book, reading intently.I watched her for a moment, fascinated by her beauty. Then I noticed something strange. Her eyes were fixed on a small green object that was lying on the desk. It was thegreen glass!I realized that the girl must be the one who had been watching me through the keyhole. I felt a surge of anger and fear. I wanted to go into the room and confront her, but I was afraid of what she might do.I turned and ran back to my house. I went straight to my room and locked the door. I got into bed and pulled the covers over my head. I lay there trembling, trying to calm myself down.But I could not get the girl out of my mind. I kept seeing her face, and I kept seeing the green glass. I knew that I would never be able to rest until I found out who she was and what she wanted.The next day, I went back to the house where I had seen the green glass. I knocked on the door, but there was no answer. I tried the doorknob, and it was unlocked. I opened the door and stepped inside.The house was empty. There was no sign of the girl or of the green glass. I searched every room, but I could find nothing. It was as if she had vanished into thin air.I went back to my room and collapsed on the bed. I was exhausted and confused. I did not know what to think.But one thing was clear: the girl with the green glass was not going to leave me alone. She was going to keep watching me, and she was going to keep tormenting me.I had to find a way to stop her. I had to find a way to break the evil spell that she had cast over me.。
利奈唑胺的临床应用策略ppt课件
Weigelt J, et al. Am J Surg. 2004;188:760-6.
*数据为大型试验的一个亚组. ME: 微生物学可评估疗效
利奈唑胺治疗手术部位感染的微生物清除率显著优于万古霉素*
原因之一PK中分布容积的差异
一、噁唑烷酮类抗菌药
（oxazolidinone）
——全新的化学结构
噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物是继磺胺类和喹诺酮类之后，新上市的一种结构全新的化学合成抗菌药物，有独特的作用机理和良好的抗菌活性，其抗菌谱覆盖了革兰阳性球菌，被认为是解决革兰阳性菌多药耐药的新方向和新希望。
二、利奈唑胺的化学结构
1. 关于万古霉素治疗的药效、剂量、监测、给药方式以及药物的毒性，以往一直存在争议。 Cruciani等人1996年报道：对于敏感葡萄球菌引起的肺炎，1小时静脉滴注万古霉素1g，肺内药物浓度持续超过MIC的时间<12小时。
临床疗效差异的原因之二
万古霉素的临床困惑
Goldstein FW, Kitzis M D. Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus sureus:no apocalypse now. Clin Microbiol Infect,2003,9(8)761
ELF: 上皮细胞衬液; ND: 没有资料*在每个患者进行剂量调整以达到血清谷浓度在1520 mg/L
利奈唑胺*1
万古霉素*2
穿透 (%)
100
18
ELF 平均浓度 (µg/mL)
ND
4.5
ELF峰浓度 (mg/L)
14.4
ND
ELF 谷浓度 (mg/L)
矿产
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。