语言学 形态学

e.g.
disappointment dis(＃)appoint (＃) ment dis appoint ment
√ × ×
Identification of Words
A minimum free form 最小的自由形式
This was first suggested by Leonard Bloomfield (1933). He advocated that sentence should be treated as “the maximum free form” and word “the minimum free form”. Word is the smallest unit that can be used, by itself, as a complete utterance. e.g. — May I have a look? — Sure. Expressions such as Hi, Darling, Bother, Yeah and others may function in the same way.
Morph
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. The morph is to a morpheme what a phone is to a phoneme.
e.g. Phonological: /ɪt ɪs 'bjuːtɪfʊl / Orthographic: It is beautiful.
Three Senses of Word
But in casual speech or writing, one would express the same idea in the following ways, respectively: Phonological: /ɪts 'bjuːtɪfʊl / Orthographic: It’s beautiful. Should they be identified as three words or two words?
Classification of Words
(1) Variable and invariable words
Variable words have inflective changes. That is, the same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant. e.g. follow follows following followed Invariable word do not have inflective endings. e.g. since, when, seldom, through, hello
What Is Word ?
Word is a unit of expression that native speaker may recognize by intuition, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.
Three Senses of Word
Classification of Words
(3) Closed-class words and open-class words
The membership of closed-class words is fixed or limited. One cannot easily add or deduce a new member. e.g. pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles The membership of open-class words is in principle infinite or unlimited. When new ideas, inventions, or discoveries emerge, new members are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
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Structurally, a word is not the smallest unit. It can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. e.g. decontextualization de- con- text -al -ize -ation These segment each has a meaning of its own, and they cannot be further divided；otherwise, they would not make any sense. These minimal meaningful units are morphemes.
Three Senses of Word
(2) Both as a general term and as a specific term
General term: boy, boys just one word Specific term: write, wrote, writing, written four words
Traditionally morphology is distinguished from syntax. Syntax deals with the rules governing the combination of words into phrases and sentences. Morphology overlaps with phonology, syntax and semantics as a word is a sound unit that has meaning and syntactic function.
Identification of Words
Relative uninterruptibility 相对连续性
By uninterruptibility, we mean that new elements should not be inserted into a word, even when there are several parts in a word. Nor is one allowed to use pauses between the parts of a word.
Morphology
雷小燕（Sarah）
Definition of Morphology
The branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Classification of Words
(2) Grammatical words and lexical words
Grammatical words are mainly work for constructing group, phrase, clause, clause complex, or even text. e.g. articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions Lexical words mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality. e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
(1) A physically definable unit
自然的有界限的对立单位
Language is produced as a continuous stretch of speech or writing, but one can still find pauses and blanks every now and then. Thus, word may be seen as a set of sound segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks.
Morpheme
In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as “the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words” (Crystal 1985) Syntactically, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis. e.g. studies studying studied -es, -ing and –ed are morphemes, and they express grammatical concept instead of deriving new words.
Classification of Words
(4) Word class
noun pronoun adjective Verb Article Auxiliary determiner Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection particle Pro-form
Most morphemes are realized by one morph, and they coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called mono-morphemic words. e.g. bird tree green sad want Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph in relation to their phonological context in a word. e.g. the morpheme of plurality ｛-s｝has a set of morphs in different sound context. /s/ in cats /z/ in bags /iz/ in matches
Identification of Words
Stability 稳定性
Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure. Generally speaking, it is hard for us to rearrange the internal structure of a complex word into a different order. e.g. nothingness chairman ≠ ≠ nessnothing manchair
Three Senses of Word
(3) A grammatical unit
The grammar of a language contains a set of layers, and word is one of them. clause complex clause phrase word morpheme