[英语学习]胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四章From word to t

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Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal来自一个地区的 classifications) to classify languages in the world:
SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order.

The ______ smiles. man boy girl
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It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
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Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.

If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.

The
strong man tallest boy pretty girl
smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
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He went there

This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic聚合 Relations by Hjemslev.

To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations.
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What is the relation of cooccurrence?
Is the relation syntagmatic or paradigmatic?
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What are the three basic syntactic relations?
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1. Syntactic relations

Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds:
relations of position relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence
Chapter Four From Word to Text
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Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
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Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations (组合关 系)observed by F. de Saussure.

They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations.
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1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence

It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.

For example,
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The boy kicked the ball
*Boy the ball kicked the *The ball kicked the boy


The teacher saw the students The students saw the teacher

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What is relations of substitutability? What are the other names?
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1.2 Relation of Substitutability

The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.

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What is positional relation? What are the other names for it? What happens if the word order is changed?
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1.1 Relations of Position


For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause. The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject Object