初中英语现在完成时详解

现在完成时

一、现在完成时构成

构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.

现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：

1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。

My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。

I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。

She has arrived. 她到了。

2、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如：

I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。

We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。

They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。

She has been with us since Monday.

①for+时段

②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）

③since+时段+ago

④since+从句（过去时）

⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）

Mary has been ill for three days.

I have lived here since 1998.

注意：

since和for的区别

since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there

for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。

3、表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：

He has come here for 2 weeks. ×

The old man has died for 4 months. ×

They have left only for 5 minutes. ×

4、has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别

Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到)

Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai.

Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）

My father has been to Shanghai.

Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）

My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.

5、现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。不能与when连用。

现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用

例如：

She has already come. 她已经来了。

I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。

I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。

Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。

I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。

They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。

I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。

三、现在完成时的标志

1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:

* 以already, just和yet为标志

He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。

He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。

He hasn't come back yet.他还没有回来。

* 以ever和never为标志

This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。

He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。

* 以动作发生的次数为标志

He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。

* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before

He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。

She has passed the exam so far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。

2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。

①for+时段②since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志

四、瞬间动词

buy, die, join, come，go ,leave, join ……不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词

buy----have borrow -----keep

come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in

go out----be out leave ----be away

begin-----be on finish----be over

open----be open close -----be closed

die----be dead

1、have代替buy

My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

2、用keep或have代替borrow

I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.

3、用be替代become

How long has your sister been a teacher?

4、用have a cold代替catch a cold

Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.

5、用wear代替put on