自考英语词汇学_第1章课件

Chapter 1
What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。 1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound 3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释 词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者 说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？ 1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple 多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和–ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 可以划分为 black 和 mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning? 1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds. What is relationship between sound and form? 1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.
Classification of Words (本课重点) What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics? Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary By notion 可划分为：1) Content word2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (Functional words 的别 称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you
What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter tore present each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.
研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学，wife；纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？
Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization英Leabharlann 词汇学Introduction
Lexicology 这门课是哪一种学科的分支?lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography
什么叫borrowed words? Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed. 什么叫Denizens? Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F). 什么叫Translation-loans ? Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫Semantic-loans ? words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.
What are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national
character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability 要把握住‘All national character’词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通词 稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？ e.g. man, woman , fire, water „e.g. machine, video, telephone „e.g. bow, cha riot , knightStability is relative, not absolute. 根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？ 1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着 Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ?Answer : Content words What is native words?