2014年职称英语考试 卫生类 新增文章汇总 完整版 字典版 可以直接打印
2014年职称英语考试：卫生类概括大意常考文章1
2014年职称英语考试：卫生类概括大意常考文章（1）Breaking the News about Your Diagnosis1 When I was diagnosed with breast cancer nearly a year ago, I found myself at a loss for words at first. Over time, however, I developed some pointers (点子), which I hope willhelp others.2 During the first few weeks of emotional "aftershocks" (余悸) from the diagnosis, I found myself unable to utter the word "cancer". Still, I wanted to share the news with my relatives and friends who already knew that I'd had a biopsy (活检) and were anxiously awaiting my telephone call. I did the best I could, which is all anyone can do in this situation. WhenI called them, I said, "What we feared has happened." They immediately knew what I meant.3 Nearly a year after my diagnosis, I find myself more comfortable telling people "1 was diagnosed with cancer" instead of saying '"1 have cancer." On some deep level, I don't want to "own" this illness. Choose language that suits you when you share your news. And keep in mind that there is no one "right" way of doing this.4 Most people, after hearing your announcement, will be curious about the next step.They may wonder if you will be undergoing radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy (化疗).They may wonder where and when you will have surgery. Answer their questions as best you can, but keep in mind that "1 don't know right now" or "I'm still in too much shock to think about that" are good answers.5 Wait until the initial wave of strong emotions has passed before telling the children in your life. Don't overwhelm (使不知所措) very young children with too much information. Assure them that, even if you will be in the hospital for a while, they will see you every day and they will be cared for. Older children may already fear the word "cancer", so be prepared to reassure them. Emphasize the positive steps that doctors will be taking to treat your illness.23 Paragraph 2____________.24 Paragraph 3____________.25 Paragraph 4____________.26 Paragraph 5____________.A Break the news as calmly as possible to childrenB Break the news at your own paceC Share the good news with your friendsD Choose language that suits youE Follow your doctor's adviceF Be prepared for people's curiosity27 You can break the news about your diagnosis without saying____________.28 When breaking the news about your diagnosis, you can have____________.29 After hearing about your diagnosis, people will ask questions____________.30 Very young children won't feel comfortable____________.A your own choice of wordsB the word "cancer"C the positive stepsD about the next stepE on too many answersF with too much information答案：23 B 24 D 25 F 26 A 27 B 28 A 29 D 30 F。
2014年职称英语考试 卫生类 完形填空 全 字典版 重点预测标注版 正反打印
6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIVIn January the New England Journal of Medicine5 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill. There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV7 ExerciseWhether or not exercise addsto the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial. How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take isquestion hard _to answer. Individual variability istoo great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.9 The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. Hence ，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home prescribe it. By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.10 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,” “being pushed, kicked or hit,” and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,” were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.11 Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems。
2014年职称英语真题22篇文章来自考试用书
2015年学派网职称英语课程导学课程链接：/kecheng/english/zhicheng/一、2014年职称英语考试命题原则重大调整往年职称英语考试命题原则和规律：阅读理解有一篇来自教材中的阅读理解（15分）（一般不跨类别和级别）；完形填空来自教材中的完形填空（15分）（一般不跨类别和级别）。
2014年职称英语真题9套试卷中共有22篇来自教材详见下表：二、2014年职称英语考试命题原则总结1. 真题中至少有一篇阅读理解文章来自教材同级别的文章阅读判断、补全短文、概括大意与完成句子。
2. 真题中的完形填空文章来自教材同级别阅读理解、补全短文。
3. 文章本身没有做大的改动，只是改变了出题形式（如阅读判断改为阅读理解出题形式——跨题型）。
4. 个别有跨级别跨类别的现象，但是文章也是来自难度较低的级别。
三、学派网重建2015职称英语课程体系2015年学派网职称英语还是由学派名师王霞主讲。
试题的命题原则和方向决定了我们的课程体系，随着出题思路的变化，我们的课程也做出了重大调整。
以下是学派网2015年职称英语课程设计。
1. 词汇微课针对词汇量小的学员设计的课程，我们根据对职称英语教材和历年真题的总结筛选出300来个高频词，这些词汇对于理解文章的内容起到关键的作用，有时还是重要的出题点。
也就是说这些词是我们阅读职称英语文章的必备词汇。
首先通过典型例句帮你理解单词的基本含义；词源解析帮你从词根角度更容易的记住单词，举一反三，联想记忆。
最后老师还列举了与此有关的对比词，派生词和近义词。
2. 语法微课1）最基本的语法知识2）历年真题间接考到的语法知识3. 教材精讲首先从教材筛选出重要的文章，（不仅限于阅读理解），逐字逐句的阅读和讲解，这样就能帮助学员把握住教材中的复习重点，其实通过大量的阅读之后，也能提升大家的阅读理解能力。
4. 答题技巧针对词汇选项、阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子、阅读理解、补全短文与完形填空六大题型在答题过程中我们可以利用的答题思路和技巧进行详细的讨论和讲解；结合历年真题分析这六种题型基本的出题形式、常见的考点、常见的陷阱，以及应对办法。
2014年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章译文及解析
2014年职称英语（卫生类）新增文章译文及解析——阅读理解第十六篇Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life,but it’s not much fun—and it might not even be necessary.We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks.The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse,but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives,and fed another three on half-rations3.Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3for a month when they were34months old—equivalent to about70human years.The researchers checked the activity of11,000genes from the mouse livers,and found that46changed with age in the normally fed mice.The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health.In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27of those46genes continued to behave like young genes.But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from70per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,”says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D.C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice,but Spindler is hopeful.“There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,”he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver.As we get older,our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs,for example.A brief period of time of dieting,says Spindler,could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it.“The mice get less disease,they live longer,but they’re hungry,”he says.“Even seeing what a diet does,it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say:‘I can only eat half of that,.”Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all.His company,Lifespan Genetics in California,is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.词汇：meager adj.不足的youthful adj.有青春活力的vigor n.精力，活力metabolize vt.使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程genetic adj.基因的rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童注释：1.hang on to：继续保留。
2014全国职称英语等级考试卫生类 补全短文译文
第五部分补全短文第一篇身材苗条的女性可能很早就为体重发愁身材瘦削的女性自认为身体肥胖的原因有很多，但是一项新析研究表明态度通常与童年的经历有关。
研究者发现在他们调查的2，400名身材瘦削的女性中，有将近10%的人认为她们太重了。
童年的经历有可能造成对身体形象存有不正确的态度，其中包括：父亲或者母亲生病，或是年幼时便开始酗酒或是过性生活。
以哥本哈根丹麦癌症协会的Susanne Kruger Kjaer博士为首的研究者认为,社会认为的“理想”女性身材趋向偏瘦型身材。
研究者指出，很多体重正常的女性希望体重再减轻—些。
为了调查身材瘦削女性心目中的身体形象，研究者给2,443名27岁到38岁、体重指数在正常值下限的女性发放了问卷。
这些女性被问及从童年经历到目前的运动习惯等因素。
总的来说，大约10%的女性认为她们太胖了。
那些童年或青少年时代经历过某种”严重的生活事件”的人更容易对身体形象存有不正确的态度，这些事件如父亲或者母亲生病或受教育的希望破灭。
那些还不到15岁就有性生活或开始酗酒的女性也同样如此。
与此形成对照的是，研究者报告说，成年后的痛苦事件，例如严重的疾病或严重的婚姻问题，与不正确的身体形象观无关。
加尔和她的同事们写道：“我们的研究结果表明，对自己体型的不满可能在人生根早的时候就产生了。
”第二篇尿床每天晚上全世界会有数百万的孩子尿床。
尿床现象如此普遍，以至于你们班里也可能有别的孩子也尿床。
大多数孩子不会把自己尿床的事告诉朋友，因此很容易感到你是独自一人，好像全世界只有你一个人尿床。
但你并不是一个人。
尿床的学名是夜间遗尿。
遗尿在家族中代代相传.也就是说，如果你有尿床的毛病，很可能你的近亲小的时候也尿床：正如你的那双蓝眼睛可能遗传白你母亲，或者你的两条长腿遗传自你的叔叔，你尿床也可能是遗传所致。
很重要的一点是没有人会故意尿床。
尿床并不意味着你懒惰或是粗俗。
这是件身不由己的事。
因为某些原因，尿床的孩子感觉不到他膀胱已满而起来去上厕所。
2014年职称英语教材卫生类补全短文word版下载-精
第一篇Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim WomenThere is a range of reasons1 why thin women think they‘re too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest.Researchers found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. 1According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, society‘s "ideal" female body is moving toward an un derweight physique. 2To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index2 was at the low end of normal3. 3Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. 4In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. 5词汇：distort /d?'st??t/ vt.扭曲,歪曲Danish /'deini?/ adj.丹麦的underweight /?nd?'we?t/ adj.重量不足的physique /f?'zi?k/ n.体形questionnaire /,kwest??'ne?; ,kestj?-/ n.调查表dash /d??/ vt.使（希望、计划等）破灭,挫败traumatic /tr??'m?t?k; tra?-/ adj.使人不快的,令人痛苦而难忘的adulthood /'?d?lth?d/ n.成年marital /'m?r?t(?)l/ adj.婚姻的;夫妇间的注释：1.a range of reasons ：一系列原因2.body mass index：体质指数3.at the low end of normal：正常值的下限4.The same was true of...：……也同样如此练习：A. The same was true of4 women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old.B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image.C. "Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one‘s) own body weight may be established early in life," Kjaer and her colleagues write.D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less.E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it.F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.答案与题解:1.B文章第一段已经提到,使身体瘦削的女性自认为身体肥胖的原因有很多,但一项新的研究表明,对身体形象所存有的不正确的态度有可能与儿时的经历有关。
2014职称英语卫生类押题字典版
第二篇 A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer. Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from flying become restless when it is time for the trip，but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These cells tell a person when to awaken, when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.It can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production.第九篇The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug , the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials for4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn’t get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys— terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. Hence , no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cauti ons any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passp ort didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note—and won’t leave home without it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.第十四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit mea ns that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen，” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength . We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgr enska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case6, physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life . Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs. SaunaC has various formsB Saunas with smoke.D curing asthmaA pores are cleaned by sweatD All of the above.“Don’t Drink Alone”Gets New MeaningA who drink alcohol outside of mealsurC It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.A 3 drinks.B Laryngeal cancer.D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.Eat to LiveD We have to begin dieting since childhood.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.A The mice that started dieting in old age.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.。
2014职称英语卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文
1 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is FoundThe World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。
2014年职称英语卫生类新增文章阅读判断(一)
2014职称英语卫生类新增文章：阅读判断第十四篇第十四篇：Azeri Hills Hold Secret of Long LifeYou can see for kilometers from the mountains where Allahverdi Ibadovherds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow, red, and purple wildflowers,The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border isspectacular, but Mr: Ibadov barely gives it a second glance.Why should he? He's been coming here nearly every day for 100 years.According to his carefully preserved passport, Mr. Ibadov, whose birthwas not registered until he was a toddler,is at least 105 years old. His wife,who died two years ago, was even older.They are among the dozens of people inthis beautiful, isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives.Mr. Ibadov's eldest son has just turned 70. He lost count long ago ofhow many grandchildren he has. 1,, I'm an old man now I look after the sheep,and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. "A lifetime of toil, it seems, takes very few people to an early grave inthis region. Scientistsadmit there appears to be something in theAzeri mountains that gives local people a longer,healthier life than most.Miri Ismailov's family in the tiny village of Tatoni are convinced thatthey know what it is.Mr. Ismailov is 110, hisgreat-great-grandson is four. They share one proud boast:Neither has been to adoctor. "There are hundreds of herbs on the mountain, and we use them allin our cooking and for medicines" ;explained Mr. Ismailov's daughter,Elmira. "We know exactly what they can do.We are our own doctors. "There is one herb for high blood pressure, another for kidney stones,and a third for a hacking cough. They are carefully collected from the slopessurrounding the village. Experts from the Azerbaijan Academy of Science believethe herbs may be part of the answer. They have been studying longevity in this region foryears. It began as a rare joint Soviet-American project in the1980s, but these studies are not beingfunded any more.Azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron unique to the southernmountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity. Another plant, madeinto a paste, dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are ableto produce. "Now we have to examine these plants clinically to find outwhich substances have this effect," said Chingiz Gassimov, a scientist atthe academy.The theory that local people have also developed a geneticpredisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group ofRussian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago. 2 The Russians'life span is much shorter than that of the indigenousmountain folk -- though it is appreciablylonger than that of their ancestors left behind in theRussian heartland."Over the decades, I believe local conditions have begun to have apositive effect on the new arrivals", Professor Gassimov said. "It'sbeen slowly transferred down the generations. "But Mr. Ismailov, gripping his stout wooden cane, has been around fortoo long to getoverexcited. "There's no secret,"he shrugged dismissively. "I look after the cattle and I eat well.Life goes on. "∙∙注释：1.He lostcount long ago of how many grandchildren he has.他很久以前就数不清他有多少个孙辈孩子。
2014 年职称英语综合类阅读理解 33 篇(横版)
2014 年职称英语综合类阅读理解50 篇（含答案）必中1-2 篇B级考生只需掌握前33篇文章，其中第八篇、第十一篇、第三十篇、第三十三篇2012年、2013年已经考过（已删，如需要请联系）每页尾端和段落之间留白，方便打印做条，防止出现一道题在两张纸上的情况不需要中文翻译的（如不出原题，换一种问法或换一种答案说法，帮助理解）请自助删除亦可变小字体、缩印每个段首“第几篇”字样可删除建议一篇文章做一个条，按标题字母首拼A—Z顺序排列第三篇、第五篇、第二十九篇为2014年新增内容重点复习第十七篇——第三十二篇（段首带*符号的）重点复习第一篇Telling Tales about People传记类文学作品1、This passage is mostly about_thecharacteristics of autobiographies,memoirs, and biograph这篇文章主要是关于自传、回忆录和传记的特点2、Helen Keller wrote anautobiography海伦﹒凯勒写了一部自传3、Autobiography writers are notalways objective because they want topresent themselves in a good light自传作者有时是不客观的，因为他们想展示自己好的一面4、The writer introduces eachcategory in the passage by defining it.本文的作者通过定义每个类型绍每种类型的非小说文学作品5、Diverse means__varied ordifferent_. Diverse的意思是多种多样的或者不同的第二篇Outside -the-classroom LearningMakes a Big Difference 课外学习带来很大不同1、An extracurricular activity likeraising a fund of $300,000 is riskybecause most student leaders Willnot take an interest in it.一项课外活动像募集30 万美元资金很冒险，因为大多数的学生干部不感兴趣2、American students join campusorganizations mostly for Buildingfriendship美国学生参加校园组织主要为了建立友谊3、Who is Katie Rowley? She's asenior student. 谁是K.R? 她是一个大四的学生4、What do student leaders need tocarry an activity through to asuccessful end? Passion.学生干部如果要成功的贯彻一个活动需要什么？热情5、The phrasal verb fatten up inparagraph 6 could be best replaced byPolish第六段的动词性短语“fattenup”可以被下面哪个单词替换？polish（润色；上光；抛光）第三篇Shark Attack! 小心鲨鱼！1、After Craig Rogers fell into thewater, the shark wam away.CraigRogers 落水之后，鲨鱼自己游走了2、It is difficult for the author tounderstand why great whites often lethumans escape作者很难理解为什么大白鲨常常让人类逃脱3、Which of the following is closest inmeaning to make up in line 2 ofparagraph 4? are.下面哪个单词最接近第四段第二行斜体标出的词组“make up”的意思？是4、The word their in line 2 ofparagraph 4 means great whites'第四段第二行的单词“their”指什么？大白鲨5、What is the main idea of the fourthparagraph? We now know great whitesdon't mistake humans for other animals.第四段的主要内容是什么？我们现在知道大白鲨不会把人类误以为是其他动物第四篇Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福1、On Halloween, children in the United States often dress up as Ghosts. 在万圣节上，孩子打扮成魔鬼2、When are turkey and pumpkin pie eaten? On Thanksgiving.什么时时候吃火鸡和南瓜饼？感恩节上3、Thanksgiving is the time for the American people to thank God for Providing them with comfortable and happy lives. 感恩节上美国人感谢上帝为其提供舒适快乐的生活4、Many children in the United States like Thanksgiving because They can stay with their parents at home and eat a lot of nice food.美国孩子喜欢感恩节的原因是能够与父母呆在一起，吃许多好吃的食物5、The first pilgrims settled in the United States in 1620第一批定居到美国的人是在1620 年第五篇The Travels of Ibn Battuta伊本白图泰游记1、What is the passage mainly about?The adventures of Ibn Battuta.这篇文章主要是讲什么的？伊本白图泰历险记2、Which of the following is closest inmeaning to set off for in line 5? left togo to.哪个词组最接近第五行中“setoff ”意思？出发3、The Sultan of Delhi gave IbnBattuta a position of judge becauseIbn Battuta had studied in Mecca德里的苏丹王给伊本白图泰安排了法官的工作是因为伊本白图泰在麦加的学习经历4、Which of the following would thewriter of this passage most likely agreewith? Ibn Battuta should be betterknown in the West today.下面哪个观点是这篇文章的作者最认同的？在现今的西方世界，伊本白图泰应该会比以前更有名5、Why did Ibn Battuta finally returnto his home? The Sultan of Moroccoasked him to return.为什么伊本白图泰最后回到了他的家乡？摩洛哥的苏丹王要求他回家第六篇TV Shows and Long Bus Trips看电视与长途汽车旅行1、According to the passage, what dothe passengers usually see when theyare on a long bus trip? Advertisementson the board.根据本文，长途汽车旅行中乘客通常可以看到什么？路两边的广告2、What is the purpose of this passage?To talk about the similarities betweenlong bus trips and TV shows.本文的写作目的是什么？对坐公共汽车长途旅行的看法。
2014全国职称英语卫生类新增A级文章及答案详解
第十三篇Stage Fright1（A级）Fall down as you come onstage. That‟s an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3 Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don‟t deny that you‟re jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile,‟‟ she says. “And not one of these …please don‟t kill me‟ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you woul d communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.” She doesn‟t want performers to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought,… If I have to go through this to play music, I think I‟m going to look for another job.”5 Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz‟s nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,” Sopran o Renata Scotto recalled.Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when you‟re scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don‟t have any expectations,” Soprano June Anderson said. “There‟s less to lose. Later on, when you‟re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until I‟ve sung my last note.”词汇：veteran / 'vetərən / adj．经验丰富的jittery / 'dʒɪtəri / adj．紧张不安的mentor / 'men'tɔ: / n．指导者soprano / sə'prprɑ:nəʊ / n．女高音；女高音歌手cellist/ 'tʃelɪst / n．大提琴演奏家abdominal / æb'dɔmənəl / adj．腹部的fallible/ 'fæləbəl / adj．易犯错误的tenor /'tenə/ n．男高音注释：1．Stage Fright：舞台恐惧2．The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic…资深大提琴家Mstislav Rostropovich故意把Vladimir Feltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症。
2014职称英语卫生类完形填空字典版小抄
1Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization1estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs.Two million people die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.2 A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what sicentists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the folwers should open, It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, skeep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example,that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight, In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white,The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from flyin become restless when it is time for the trip, but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks.An American researcher,Martin Moorhead,said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions, These cells tell a oerson when to awaken,when to sleep and when to seek food, Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr.Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.It Can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers ,He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory`s production.3 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official”stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there’s a good reason to keep the virus—just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.4 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity . play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided ifnobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers .Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.5 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it often," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don't tell __ and__ we don't ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them "The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse , such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __violence in thepast five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and older,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of womenMen who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.*6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIVIn January the New England Journal of Medicine5 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says theeffectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV*7 ExerciseWhether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.*8 Old And ActiveIt is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem．The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.*9 The Case of Disappesr Fingerprinttics(新增) One usefui anti-cancer durg can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks thatGive people their distinctive fingerprints.Losing them could become troublesome.A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan,a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine’ to treat his nasophaeyngeal cancer.After three yeas on the drug,the patient decided to visit U.S.relatives last Decmber. But he was stopped by U.S.customs officials for4 hours after entering the country when those officials coulden’t get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger.U.S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years,Tan says.Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country, Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler,one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads,Hence ,no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine,”Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the durg to provide their patients with a doctor`s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually,the Singaoute traveler made it into the United States I guess the name on his passport didn`t taise any res flags. But he`s also now got the explanatory doctory dostor`s note—and won`t leaue home without it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration,which approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine, The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects, But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.*10 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without_ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common probleing Fingerprintsm cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,”“being pushed, kicked or hit,”and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,”were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.+11 Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attractedoil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2 it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.+12 DreamsEveryone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books availableon the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．+13 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only get into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use in a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.+14 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores(新增)Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ`and are more likely to go on to university, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hopital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS).The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research groupanalysed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test.The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension,But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test,and not strength,”Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen,”says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahogrenska University Hospital.”This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength .We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.”By analysing data for twins,the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental facors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,”says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre.”This being the case, physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men latter in life,Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.+15Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred YearsA hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often high infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today,90 and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factor shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadingto more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.。
2014年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类C级)真题及详解[视频讲解]【圣才出品】
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2014年全国职称英语等级考试（卫生类C级）真题及详解[视频讲解]第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. Lack of space forbids further treatment of the topic here.A. receivesB. deservesC. preventsD. accepts【答案】C【解析】句意：因篇幅所限，本文不便对此话题做进一步阐述。
forbid禁止，阻止。
prevent阻止。
二者意思相近，可相互替换。
receive接收。
deserve应得。
accept接受。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
2. His knowledge of French is fair.A. very usefulB. very limitedC. quite goodD. rather special【答案】C【解析】句意：他的法语知识很不错。
fair相当好。
quite good 相当好。
二者意思相近，可相互替换。
very useful 很有用。
very limited 很有限。
rather special 相当特别。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
3. The new service helped boost pro-tax profits by 10%,A. returnB. increaseC. realizeD. double【答案】B【解析】句意：这项新的服务帮助提高了l0％的税前利润。
boost提高。
increase增加。
二者意思相近，可相互替换。
return归还。
realize意识。
double加倍。
因此，本题的正解答案为B。
4. He made a number of rude remarks about the food.A. commentsB. signsC. mannersD. noises【答案】A【解析】句意：他对这里的食物作了许多无礼的评论。
2014年职称英语卫生类教材阅读理解背诵模版
2014年职称英语（卫生类）阅读理解中英文背诵模板第一篇Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the Poor文章名称问题答案Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the Poor Bringing nanotechnology to health care for the poor（卫C）1)Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?2)How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?3)How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?4)The following developing countries are doing very well scientificresearch on nanotechnology EXCEPT5)Which of the following is the possible risk in using nano materials mentioned in thepassage?Bringing nanotechnology to health care for the poor（卫C）1)To produce better and lighter building materials.2)By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.3)By making a drug target the focus of a disease.4)Iran5) D They may behave differently in the body and the environment.纳米保健技术走向贫困国家1. 纳米保健技术走向贫困国家（卫C）①关于纳米技术的用途下面哪一个文中未提及？②怎样能使量子点被应用于确认疾病？③纳米技术如何被用于提高疗效？④下述发展中国家在纳米技术方面没有做很好的科学研究的是。
2014职称英语等级考试a级卫生类 补全短文
LeukemiaLeukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow.___ Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made.___A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight infection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don’t work the way they’re supposed to. ___They don’t protect the person from infections very well.___The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control1, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells to form. Other blood cells — such as red blood cells (that carry oxygen in the blood to the body’s tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot) — are also crowded out2 by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up3. Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs. ___The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid’supper chest.__Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better.Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy, too. __ Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells.__If the cancer isn’t getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then kid with leukemia will probably need more treatment —with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kid’s bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells. So, doctors will then give a kid — or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working —normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. __This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia.__白血病白血病是儿童所得癌症中最普遍的一种病症，不过这种病仍然是很少的。
2014年职称英语教材新增文章汇总
2014年职称英语教材新增文章汇总第十篇：How Deafness Makes It Easier to HearMost people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle tocomposing music. However, he producedhis most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completelydeaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will overadversity, but hisbiographer, Maynard Solomon, takes adifferent view. 1 . In his deaf world Beethovencould experiment, free from the sounds ofthe outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies. Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicianswho become deaf. Theycontinue to"hear" music with asmuch, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing itbeing played. 2 . He described a fascinating phenomenonthat happened within three months:" my former musical experiences began toplay back to me. I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and realhearing. 2 After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to theseplaybacks, to ' hear' music which is new to me and to find many quietaccompaniments for all of my moods. "How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both"out there" and at the same time within us? There is no betterexample of this connection between external stimulus and internal perceptionthan the cochlear implant. 3 . However, it might be possible to use thebrain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implantproduces.When Michael Edgar first" switched on" his cochlear implant,the sound's he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, hebegan to identify everyday sounds. For example," The insistent ringing ofthe telephone became clear almost at once. "The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication withothers. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices "coming throughlike a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection. " But when itcame to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. 4 . He said," I play the piano as Iused to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers andthe feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head. ''Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is notperfect, but which canchange their lives. 5 . Even the most amazing cochlear implantswould have been useless to Beethoven ashe composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.注释：1.the triumphof will over adversity：the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力成功战胜不幸2.I couldn’tdifferentiate between what I heard and real hearin9.我不能分辨我听到的和真实的声音有什么不同。
2014年职称英语教材卫生类补全短文word版下载
第一篇Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim WomenThere is a range of reasons1 why thin women think they‘re too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest.Researchers found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. 1According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, society‘s "ideal" female body is moving toward an un derweight physique. 2To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index2 was at the low end of normal3. 3Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. 4In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. 5词汇：distort /d?'st??t/ vt.扭曲,歪曲Danish /'deini?/ adj.丹麦的underweight /?nd?'we?t/ adj.重量不足的physique /f?'zi?k/ n.体形questionnaire /,kwest??'ne?; ,kestj?-/ n.调查表dash /d??/ vt.使（希望、计划等）破灭,挫败traumatic /tr??'m?t?k; tra?-/ adj.使人不快的,令人痛苦而难忘的adulthood /'?d?lth?d/ n.成年marital /'m?r?t(?)l/ adj.婚姻的;夫妇间的注释：1.a range of reasons ：一系列原因2.body mass index：体质指数3.at the low end of normal：正常值的下限4.The same was true of...：……也同样如此练习：A. The same was true of4 women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old.B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image.C. "Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one‘s) own body weight may be established early in life," Kjaer and her colleagues write.D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less.E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it.F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.答案与题解:1.B文章第一段已经提到,使身体瘦削的女性自认为身体肥胖的原因有很多,但一项新的研究表明,对身体形象所存有的不正确的态度有可能与儿时的经历有关。
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