2019年上海高考英语各类体裁概要写作技巧(素材)

上海高考英语概要写作技巧

Rubrics for summary writing (2016-9-14)

评分标准:

1. 本题总分为15分, 其中内容10分, 语言5分。（这部分还有待最终确认，可能是5+5）

2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。

3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。

各档次给分要求:

内容部分

A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。

B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。

C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。

D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。

E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。

F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。

语言部分

A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。

B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。

C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。

D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。

E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。

F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。

把握文体特点

记叙文：what who when where why how

议论文：opinion/ idea+ argument (supporting ideas / reasons)

说明文：phenomenon/ problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)

新闻：a focus on the first paragraph, and the first or last sentence of the other paragraphs

样题解读

Dirt

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.

A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the

attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground. （299W）

解析：

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.

A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.

One possible version：

People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点 3) However/ Nevertheless, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点 4)

观点表达型议论文:

1. 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about

attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精炼。

2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2 “For a long time in history, 。。。.”很好地总结了这些要点。

3. 第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“…since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea…可得出要点3“However, people began to change 。。。.”

4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On the contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to。。。.”表达很恰切。

文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However/ Nevertheless。

第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的) 第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住), open up (打开), upon (……之后；立即) 第三段：long-lived (长期存在的), sell the idea (说服某人接收某个观点) 第四段：warn sb off (警告某人不要靠近), position (观点), gain some ground (取得优势)

记叙文

The V oice in the Box

When I was quite young, my family had one of the first telephones in the neighborhood. I remember well the polished wooden case fastened to the wall on the lower stair landing. But my first personal experience with this genie-in-the-receiver came one day while my mother was visiting a neighbor. Amusing myself at the tool bench in the basement, I hurt my finger with a hammer. The pain was terrible, but there didn’t seem to be much use crying, becaus e there was no one home to offer sympathy. I walked around the house, and finally arrived at the stairway. The telephone! Quickly I ran for the footstool and dragged it to the landing. Climbing up, I unhooked the receiver and held it to my ear. “Information Please,” I said into the mouthpiece just above my head.

A click or two, and a small, clear voice spoke into my ear, “Information.”

“I hurt my finger—” I cried into the phone. The tears came readily enough, now that I had an audience.

“Isn’t your mother home?” came the question.

“Nobody’s home but me,” I sobbed.

“Are you bleeding?”

“No,” I replied. “I hit it with the hammer and it hurts.”

“Can you open your icebox?” she asked. I said I could. “Then break off a little piece of ice, and hold it on your finger. That will stop the hurt. Be careful when you use the icepick (冰锥),” she said. “And don’t cry. You’ll be all right.”

After that, I called Information Please for everything. I asked her for help with my geography, and she told me where Philadelphia was, and the Orinoco, the romantic river that I was going to explore when I grew up. She helped me with my arithmetic, and she told me that my pet chipmunk—I had caught him in the park just the day before—would eat fruit and nuts.

范文

这是一篇记叙文，考生需要在文中找到人、时、地、事情的起因、经过、结果等主要信息。参考答案：

One day I hurt my finger when alone at home. It occurred to me that I could use the telephone to call the operator. She gave me detailed instructions and comforted me. I later turned to the magic device for help with almost everything.

能力目标：

【读】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意

【写】能用自己的语言概括所读材料

another version：

The author tells us a story about her experience of using the telephone to ask for help. One day, she got her finger hurt but there was no one at home to turn to. Then the telephone caught her eye, and she picked up the receiver and talked to the operator. Luckily, she was told how to deal with the injured finger.

说明文样题

Could fast food make it harder to stop and smell the roses? (放慢脚步享受人生)

A new study from the University of Toronto suggests that fast food might make it harder to stop and smell the roses. Researchers pointed out that Americans have gained more and more leisure time, yet they aren’t any happier. The problem could be that modern conveniences make us more impatient, and therefore less able to appreciate small moments of joy.

To test the theory, the University of Toronto researchers carried out a few different tests focused on fast foods, the typical American “symbols of the culture of impatience,” and happiness. In one of the tests, researchers told 257 people to rate pictures based on whether they were suitable for ads. Participants saw a series of pictures: One group saw fast food in regular packaging while the other group saw the same food set out on ceramic tableware (瓷器餐具). Afterward, some of the participants were shown photographs of “scenic natural beauty” and then were asked to rate their happiness. Others rated their happiness without seeing the pictures. The researchers found that people who saw the fast food before viewing the nature photos tended to rate their happiness lower. Yet those who simply rated their happiness without seeing the nature shots beforehand were actually a little happier if they’d seen fast food in advance. Researchers said that su ggests fast food doesn’t directly cause unhappiness but decreases the ability to enjoy things.

Researchers cautioned, however, that much more research was needed to determine exactly how fast food and happiness are correlated (相互关联) and how strong the relationship really is.

参考答案：

A study from the University of Toronto shows fast food will affect people’s ability to enjoy things, thus making them less happy. In one test, among the 257 participants, those who saw pictures of natural beauty after being s hown fast food rated their happiness lower than those who didn’t. But researchers said more research was needed to confirm the findings.

能力目标：

【读】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意

【写】能用自己的语言概括所读材料

议论文样题：

Four-day Workweek

In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. If a law required companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay, it would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional pay the company has to prepare for these people, because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone (容易出错的) employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.

Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.

参考答案：

Working for four days a week with less pay would be beneficial at three levels. First, companies could hire more energetic and alert employees without increasing pay-related costs. Second, the country would have lower unemployment rates with more people at work. Finally, employees would live a better quality of life with more free time.

能力目标：

【读】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意

【写】能用自己的语言概括所读材料

附录：

记叙文概要模版

1. The passage is about...

2. The author tells us a story about...

3. The passage is a story about...

4. In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of...

议论文概要模版

1. The article gives the view that... should...

2. The passage highlights the importance of...

3. The author argues/ maintains/ holds the view that...

说明文概要模版

A 现象揭示类

1. This article points out the common phenomenon that...（主题）, which...（补充解释）

B 利弊对比

1. The article compares the benefits/ disadvantages of A and B. A... while B...

2. The passage discuss the impact of...

C 研究调查

The study reveals that...

The purpose of the report is to show that...