上海大学考研答案
上海大学综合英语考研真题,上海大学考研,英语专业考研
上海大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试综合英语试题Section 1: Reading Comprehension (36 points)Directions: In this section, you will find two passages each of which is followed by some questions. Read the passages carefully and then answer the questions in our own words on the answer sheet. Remember that each answer should be limited to less than ten words in order to be valid.Question1-9Perhaps the earliest forerunner of writing is a system of clay counting tokens used in the ancient Middle East. The tokens date from 8000 to 3000BC and are shaped like disks, cones, spheres, and other shapes. They were stored in clay containers marked with a nearly version of cuneiform writing, to indicate what tokens were inside. Cuneiform was one of the first forms of writing and was pictographic, which symbols representing objects. It developed as a written language in Assyria from 3000 to 1000BC. Cuneiform eventually acquired ideographic elements associated with it.The oldest known examples of script-style writing date from 3000BC; papyrus sheets from 2700 to 2500BC have been found in the Nile Delta in Egypt bearing written hieroglyphs, another pictographic-ideographic form of writing.Chinese began as a pictographic-ideographic written language perhaps as early as the 15th century BC. Today, written Chinese includes some phonetic elements as well. The Chinese writing system is called logographic because each of the full symbols or characters represents a word. Cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs eventually incorporated phonetic elements. In syllabic systems, such as Japanese and Korean, written symbols stand for spoken syllable.The alphabet, invented in the Middle East, was carried by the Phoenicians to Greece, where vowel sounds were added to it. Alphabet characters stand for phonetic sounds and can be combined in an almost infinite variety of words. Many modern languages, such as English, German, French, and Russian, are alphabetic languages.1.When and where did the earliest form of writing probably originate?2.What does the ter m〝pictographic〞most probably mean?3.What characterizes an ideographic language?4.What is a hieroglyphs?5.What is cuneiform?6.Do written symbols represent spoken syllable sounds in Korean?7.Is Chinese mostly a pictographic or logographic language?8.Who invented the alphabet?9.What characterizes an alphabetic language?Question 10-18The centenary the birth of William Faulkner, one of the great modern novelists, was celebrated in September, 1997, Faulkner wrote about the southern states of the United States of America where he grew up, and where his family had an important part to play in the history of that region. His work became a touchstone for insights into the troubled issues of southern American identity, race relations, and the family interrelationships of the old-time southern gentry, Faulkner was also atechnically advanced writer, introducing a narrative seen form several points of view in his novel. The Sound and the Fury and using an imaginative approach of 59 monologues by various characters in As I Lay Dying.When Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950, it was due recognition for a writer with a long and productive career. Faulkner had already produced such major works as the novels Flag in the Dust (1929), The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Sanctuary (1931), Light in August (1932), Absalom, Absalom(1936), followed by three novels about the Snopes family, short stories, including Faulkner’s most reprinted wor k〝The Bear〞, and a novel focused on race issues, Intruder in the Dust (1948)When Faulkner accepted the Nobel Prize for Literature in Stockholm in December 1950, his speech emphasized that he wished to continue writing, but in a positive way that affirmed the power of humanity to prevail over adverse circumstances. As he said in his speech, he still felt that, despite the threat of nuclear war then hanging over the world, the central concern of the writer should be“the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”.He wanted the tensions and problems that he had cast the spotlight on in the southern states of America to be resolved by the life-affirming attitudes and actions of his characters.In the years following that speech, Faulkner’s work often adopted a lighter, more conciliatory tone. His story A Fable(1954), an allegory which placed Jesus Christ at the heart of World WarⅠ, won for the 57-year-old writer a Pulitzer Prize, an award he also received for his novel The Reivers(1962). The Reivers was Faulkner’s last novel, published in the year that he died after injuring himself in a fall from a horse. He was admitted to hospital in Oxford and died aged 64 on July 6, 1962 of a heart attack.Like playwright Tennessee Williams, Faulkner was a major voice who spoke for the troubled heart of the southern states of America. His achievement is all the more remarkable because, as a schoolboy, he was not only a frequent truant but also reportedly failed to each pass grades in English classes. His collected short stories, novels, allegorical stories and other writing form a legacy of literature which casts profound illumination on the special culture of the South.10.In which year was William Faulkner?11.Where are the most of Faulkner’s novels set?12.Why do we say Faulkner was also a technically advanced writer?13.What does the world “touchstone” most probably mean?14.What is a monologue?15.Why Faulkner awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950?16.According to Faulkner, what should be the greatest concern of a writer?17.For which novel was Faulkner awarded a Pulitzer Prize?18.What can we infer about Tennessee William?Section 2: Cloze (34 points)Direction: In this section, you will find two passages with 34 words missing. Read each passage carefully and then fill in each of the blanks with one suitable word. Remember to write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage1Stress just seems to be a “must”＿1＿all modern men: the Olympic skiers, the track-and-field runners, the athletes, the singers and dancers, the writers and music ＿2＿, even the husbands and wives all seem to compete ＿3＿stresses with great willingness. When a husband comes homelate, for instance, the ＿4＿seems to have butterflies in her ＿5＿and comes down on him like a ton of bricks, demanding that he should tell her where he had been. The husband, on the other ＿6＿, would feel nervous when he sees that another man is chatting his wife up in a ＿7＿of a street. Modern marriage seems to carry a mythic significance and spouses seem to ＿8＿on each other as if they’d be happy to get the goods on the other for any unfaithful act. Not ＿9＿does love bring a lot of stresses, money seems fertile ＿10＿for the development of all sorts of stresses. Never before have men so longed for ＿11＿as they do today. Those who are tightening their ＿12＿and cutting corners actually have itching palms and can’t ＿13＿envying others who are making bundles or rolling in it. To these people, money seems to be more valuable than anything ＿14＿. But strange ＿15＿, once they’ve got the money they want, they seek new stresses by splashing it about on things that are usually frowned upon. They use it to gamble, to splash out＿16＿girls or lavish it on drinking or drugs. But one thing is ＿17＿: they never stop seeking newer stresses.Passage 2Few of us may realize that life is a＿18＿. In gambling, there are only two possibilities:＿19＿and losing. On the bright side of the coin, we win. So long as we gamble ＿20＿destiny, the odds are usually in our favor, especially when we use common ＿21＿. A woman, for instance, who does not have the charm to win the love of a man may ＿22＿herself on the success of her career, without even regretting about having plain Jane ＿23＿. There are great women who do not yield to men’s dominance or refuse to be at the ＿24＿of their fate. The result is usually ＿25＿they enjoy some other forms of happiness which other women find missing in their lives. To many of us, gambling is, in most cases, a nontoxic drug ＿26＿boredom and apathy, and may well help preserve good temper, patience and optimism, all of which will ＿27＿us a world of good. On the whole, the gambling instinct is a characteristic of all forms of life. Those who dare to gamble will certainly have a better ＿28＿to win than those who ＿29＿hot and cold or get stuck in two minds. Of course, those who take no ＿30＿will have to be satisfied with nothing exciting at all. But one point which they should keep in ＿31＿is that they have no right to smite with their tongues or to foam at the ＿32＿at those who have achieved something through gambling. As a matter of fact, few of us have the right to condemn ＿33＿as few of us can say they never gamble---even if it is only ＿34＿a few pence a week in a football sweep or a “lucky dip”.Section 3: Translation (30 points)Part A: English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write down your translation on the answer sheet.The Internet has come a long way from its origins as a research network. Today users routinely listen to radio broadcasts across the net, download short videos from the World Wide Web and access information from thousands of government and private databases. But the fortuitous success and growth of the Internet has severely strained the functional limits of the Internet protocol as well as the underlying router network. Of even greater concern are the new applications in the offing which require far more facilities than the network now provides. Internet commerce, gigabyte file transfer, live video transmission, secured email/data and voice/video conferencing are just a few of the applications that Internet service providers are coming out with.The smorgasbord promises to choke an already overloaded network. Simply adding bandwidth to the Internet backbones is not an answer. It will only raise the cost of admission for everyone. Fortunately, there is a way to clear up the Internet’s current bandwidth bottleneck while providing a rich platform for tomorrow’s services. The solution is ATM. To see how A TM can facilitate the evolution of the Internet, we will look at the challenges the Internet currently faces and consider how ATM can play a role in overcoming themPart B: Chinese-English TranslationDirection: Translate the following passage into English and write down your translation on the answer sheet.清晨往松林里去散步，我在林荫树畔发现了一束被人遗弃的蔷薇。
上海大学研究生网络阅读六级训练部分答案 完整版整理
Helicopter Moms vs. Free-Range KidsWould you let your fourth-grader ride public transportation without an adult? Probably not. Still, when Lenore Skenazy, a columnist for the New York Sun, wrote about letting her son take the subway alone to get back to "Long story short:my son got home from a department store on the Upper East Side, she didn't expect to get hit with a wave of criticism from readers.1.When Lenore Skenazy's son was allowed to take the subway alone, he ________.b.enjoyed having the independence2. Lenore Skenazy believes that keeping kids under careful watcha.hinders their healthy growth3.Skenazy's decision to let her son take the Subway alone has net with________.d.protect children's rights4.Skenazy started her own blog to ________.a.promote sensible parenting5.According to the author, New York City ________.b.is much safe than before6.Parents today are more nervous about their kids' safety than previous generations because________.c.their fear is amplified by media exposure of crime7. According to child experts, how and when kids may be allowed more freedom depends on ________.d.their maturity and personal qualities8. According to Gallagher and Skenazy, children who are watchful will be better able to stay away from _unsafe situation____.9. Being able to find out where a child is anytime helps lessen parents' _anxiety____.10. Nowadays with the help of GPS cell phones, parents can ___track their children's movements__ from a distance.For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water's edge11.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.b.efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying out12.What does the author mean by "Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness" (Line 1, Para. 2)?d.The turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.13.What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Griffin?b.Unregulated commercial fishing.14.How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?a.It threatens the sandy beaches on which they lay eggs.15.The last sentence of the passage is meant to ________.c.call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles' survivalThere are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.16.What's the opinion of economists about going to college?c.College education is rewarding in spite of the startling costs.17. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20th century, ________.d.the gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed18. Students who attend an in-state college or university can ________.a.save more on tuition19. In this consumerist age, most parents ________.d.consider college education a consumer product20. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?b.A satisfying experience within their budgets.Bosses Say "Yes" to Home WorkRising costs of office space, time lost to stressful commuting, and a slow recognition that workers have lives beyond the office-all are strong arguments for letting staff work from home.1. What is the main topic of this passage?b.Relations between employers and employees.2. From the research conducted by the communications provider Inter-Tel, we learn that .c.more businesses have adopted remote working solutions3. What development has made flexible working practices possible according to Andy Poulton?c.Availability of the VoIP service.4. What is Neil Stephenson's advice to firms contracting internet services?b.They contact providers located nearest to them.5. Internet-based telecoms facilitates remote working by __________.a.offering sophisticated voice services6. The accountancy firm Wright Vigar promoted teleworking initially in order to __________.d.reduce operational expenses of a second office7. According to marketing director Jack O'Hern, teleworking enabled the company to __________.b.reduce recruitment costs8. Wright Vigar's practice of allowing for more flexible working hours not only benefits the company but helps improve employees' _home life____ .9. With fast, wireless internet connections, employees can still be____productive_____ while traveling.10. Single mother Lynne Hargreaves decided to work at home mainly to __increase her own productivity________.There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type. So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation's schools singled out those in the smugly（自鸣得意的）green village of Berkeley,11. What does a recent investigation by USA Today reveal?d.Parents in Berkeley are over-sensitive to cancer risks their kids face.12. What response did USA Today's report draw?c.Widespread panic.13.How did parents feel in the face of the experts' studies?a.They felt very much relieved.14. What is the view of the 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics?b.Daily accidents pose a more serious threat to children.15. Of the dangers in everyday life, the author thinks that people have most to fear from __________.d.unhealthy foodCrippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.16. The author's chief concern about the current U.S. health care system is __________.b.the declining number of doctors17. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that __________.c.visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health18. Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to __________ .d.see more patients at the expense of quality19. Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career?d.They think working in emergency rooms tedious.20. What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?a.Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians. Obama's success isn't all good news for black AmericansAs Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls.1. How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obama's victory in the election?b.Victorious.2. Before the election, Erin White has been haunted by the question of whether ______.b.she could go as far as she wanted in life3. What is the focus of Ashby Plant's study?d.The dual character of African Americans.4. In their experiments, Ray Friedman and his colleagues found that ______.a.blacks and whites behaved differently during the election5. What do Brian Nosek's preliminary results suggest?c.Website visitor's opinions are far from being reliable.6. A negative side of the Obama effect is that ______.c.people are now less ready to support policies addressing racial inequality7. Cheryl Kaiser holds that people should be constantly reminded that ______.c.racial inequality still persists in American society8. According to Effron, if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, there would also have been a negative effect on __our views of women____.9. It is possible that the Obama effect will be short-lived if there is a change in people's __political sentiment____.10. The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial __stereotypes____.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States-we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.11. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?a.America is now the only developed country without the policy.12. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?d.The opposition from business circles.13. What is Professor Anne Alstott's argument for parental support?d.Children need continuous care.14. What does the author think of America's large body of family laws governing children's welfare?b.The fail to provide enough support for parents15. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?d.It is basically a social undertaking.A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts University shows that today's youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations, and a 2008 study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activistssupport traditionally liberal causes.16. What is the finding of a new study by CIRCLE?a.More young voters are going to the polls than before.17. What is a main concern of the writers of Generation O?c.Whether young people will continue to support Obama's policy.18. What will the Generation O bloggers write about in their posts?d.Their lives in relation to Obama's presidency.19. What accounts for the younger generation's political strength according to Professor Henry Flores?c.Their utilization of the Internet.20. What can we infer from the passage about Generation X?d.They are indifferent to politics.Supersize surpriseAsk anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that it’s al down to eating too much and burning too few calories. That explanation appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it yet obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with it.1. What is the passage mainly about?c.New explanations for the obesity epidemic2. In the US Nurse’ Health Study, women who slept an average of 7 hours a night_______.a.gained the least weight3. The popular belief about obesity is that___________.b.it causes sleep loss4. How does indoor heating affect our life?d.it contributes to our weight gain5. What does the author say about the effect of nicotine on smokers?c.it suppresses their appetite6. Who are most likely to be overweight according to Katherine Fergal’s study?d.those who quit smoking7. According to the US National Center for Health Statistics, the increased obesity in the US is a result of_______.b.the rising proportion of minorities in its population8. According to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers’ children tend to be obese remains _not entirely clear_________.9. According to Michael Symonds, one factor contributing to the obesity epidemic is decrease of ___family size________.10. When two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because obesity is ____partly genetic_________.Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult toquestion either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.11. How do people often measure progress in agriculture?b.By its sustainability12. Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in________.d.the decrease of biodiversity13.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?c.They are not necessarily sustainable14.What will agriculture be like in the 21st centurya.It will go through radical changes15. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?d.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture isThe percentage of immigrants(including those unlawfully present) in the United states has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid1920s16.How were immigrants viewed by U.S. Congress in early days?a.They were of inferior races.17.What does the author think of the new immigrants?b.They can do just as well as their predecessors.18.What does Edward Tellers’ research say about Mexican-Americans?d.They may forever remain poor and underachieving.19.What should be done to help the new immigrants?c.prevent them from being marginalized.20.According to the author, the burning issue concerning immigrating is_______.b.how to help immigrants to better fit into American societyMinority ReportAmerican universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is another matter.1.What is the author's main concern about American higher education?b.The low graduation rates of minority students.2. What was the pride of President Barry Mills of Bowdoin College?d.Its increased enrollment of minority students.3. What is the risk facing America?b.The rising generation will be less well educated than the previous one.4. How many African-American students earned their degrees in California community colleges according to a recent review?c.Fifteen percent.5. Harvard, Yale, and Princeton show almost no gap between black and white graduation rates mainly because _____.b.they recruit the best students6. How does Amy Wilkins of the Education Trust view minority students' failure to get a degree?a.Universities are to blame.7. Why do some students drop out after a year or two according to the author?b.They cannot afford the high tuition.8. To tackle the problem of graduation gap, the University of Wisconsin-Madison helps minority students get over the stereotype that ___that they are less qualified__.9. For years, private colleges such as Princeton and MIT have provided minority students with_some preparatory cources____ during the summer before freshman year.10. Washington and Lee University is cited as an example to show that the gap of graduation rates between whites and minorities ca n __be closed___.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy.11.What can we learn from the first paragraph?d.The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration.12. In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?b.They can get consumer goods at lower prices.13. Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?c.They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.14. What is the chief concern of native high-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?d.It may place a great strain on the state budget.15. What is the irony about the debate over immigration?c.People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact. opinions.Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you'll geta completely different impression.16. What characterises the business school student population of today?a.Greater diversity.17. What is the author's concern about current business school education?b.It will produce business leaders of a uniform style.18. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?c.Attitude and approach to business.19. What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?c.Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.20. What does Mannaz say about the current management style?d.It is shifting towards more collaborative models.Google's Plan for World's Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy Or Act of Piracy?In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books.1.Google claims its plan for the world's biggest online library is _____.b.to encourage reading around the world2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google's book-scanning project will _____.b.help the broad masses of readers3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world's books should be controlled by _____.C) multinational companies4. Google has involved itself in a legal battle as it ignored _____.d.the differences of in-print and out-of-print books5. Google defends its scanning in-copyright books by saying that _____.b.it is willing to compensate the copyright holders6. What do we learn about the class action suit against Google?b.It was settled after more than two years of negotiation.7. What remained controversial after the class action suit ended?d.The commercial provisions of the settlement.8. While __Providing information for free___, Google makes money by selling advertising.9. Books whose copyright holders are not known are called _orphan works____.10. Google's entrance into digital bookselling will tremendously _change the world’s book market____ in the future.What's the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China! India! Brazil! How about trade!When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.11. How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?d.It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.12. What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?a.It indicates that economic activities in the U.S. have increased.13. Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?c.Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.14. What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?C) Slack trade activities.15. What is the author's advice to U.S. companies and individuals?b.To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.16. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialisation?a.They fail to convert knowledge into money.17. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities' performance in commercialisation?b.It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.18. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that "policy interventions" (Line 1, Para.4) refers to _____.ernment aid to non-research-oriented universities19. What does the author suggest research-led universities do?a.Publicise their research to win international recognition.20. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK's economic growth?c.By promoting technology transfer and graduate school education.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity anda warning for the best higher-education system in the world.1. Why did Hartwick College start three-year degree programs?a.To create chances for the poor.2. By quoting Stephen Trachtenberg the author wants to say that .b.the summer vacation contributes to student growth3. The author thinks the tenure system in American universities .c.guarantees academic freedom4. What is said about the new three-year degree program at Hartwick?a.Its students have to earn more credits each year.5. What do we learn about Judson College’s three-year degree program?b.It is open to the brightest students only.6. What changes in high schools help students earn undergraduate degrees in three years?b.More students have Advanced Placement credits.7. What is said to be a drawback of the three-year college program? Students have to cope with too heavy a workload.8. College faculty members are afraid that the pretext of moving students into the workforce might pose a threat to __the core curriculum____.9. Universities are increasingly aware that they must adapt to a rapidly changing world in order to __stay competitive and relevant____.10. Convenient academic schedules with more-focused, less-expensive degrees will be more attractive to _bright, motivated students_____.As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That's partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.11. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?d.The goals most people set are unrealistic.12. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?a.Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.13. How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?b.They competed with one another to attract more customers.14. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research?b.It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.15. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?16. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?d.Free market plus government intervention.17. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem” (line4, Para. 3)?b.Many social problems arise from government’s inefficiency.18. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?b.Cooperation between the government and businesses.19. What is the author’s suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit?d.They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.20. What’s the problem with the European Un ion?d.Excessive borrowing.Welcome,Freshmen. Have an iPod.Taking a step that many professors may view as a bit counterproductive, some colleges and universities are doling out Apple iPhones and Internet-capable iPods to their students.1. Many professors think that giving out Apple iPhones or Internet-capable iPods to students a.updates teaching facilities in universitiesd.may not benefit education as intended2. In the author’s view, being equipped with IT products may help colleges and universitiesa.build an innovative image3. The distribution of iPhones among students has raised concerns that they will_________ .c.further distract students from class participation4. Naomi Pugh at Freed-Hardeman University speculated that professors would_________ .b.have to work harder to enliven their classes5. Experts like Dr. Kyle Dickson at Abilene Christian University think that________ .a.mobile technology will be more widely used in education6. What do we learn about the University of Maryland at College Park concerning the use of iPhones and iPods?d.It is proceeding with caution.7. University officials claim that they dole out iPhones and iPods so as to_________ .c.facilitate students’ learning outside of class8. Ellen Millender at Reed College in Portland is concerned that technology will take the place of___teaching or analysis______9.Professor Robert Summers at Cornell Law School banned laptop computers from his class because he thinks qualified lawyers need to possess a broad array of__complex reasoning abilities required of good lawyers___.The experience at Duke University may ease some concerns because the students have used iPods for active__interaction___.'Depression'' is more than a serious economic downturn. What distinguishes a depression from a harsh recession is paralyzing fear--fear of the unknown so great that it causes consumers, businesses, and investors to retreat and panic. They save up cash and desperately cut spending.11. Why do consumers, businesses and investors retreat and panic in times of depression?d.They don't know what is going to happen in the future.12. What does Christina Romer say about the current economic recession?b.Its initial blow to confidence far exceeded that of 1929.13. Why didn’t the current recessi on turn into a depression according toChristina Romer?a.The government intervened effectively.14. What is the chief purpose of all the countermeasures taken?b.To curb the fear of a lasting free fall.15. What does the author think of today’s economic sit uation?c.It has not gone from bad to worse.Usually when we walk through the rain forest we hear a soft sound from all the moist leaves and organic debris on the forest floor,” says ecologist Daniel Nepstad. “Now we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That’s the sound of a dying forest.”16. We learn from the first paragraph that _______.d.the sound of a forest signifies its health condition17. In the second paragraph, the author challenges the view that _______.a.the collapse of rain forests is caused by direct human interference18. The author argues that the rising carbon levels in rain forests may _______.a.turn them into a major source of greenhouse gases19. What has made it easier to turn some rain forests into farmland?ck of rainfall resulting from global warming.20. What makes Brazil one of the world’s top five contributors to greenhouse gases?b.Its practice of burning forests for settlement and development,。
上海大学研究生网络阅读六级训练部分答案 完整版整理
Helicopter Moms vs. Free-Range KidsWould you let your fourth-grader ride public transportation without an adult? Probably not. Still, when Lenore Skenazy, a columnist for the New York Sun, wrote about letting her son take the subway alone to get back to "Long story short:my son got home from a department store on the Upper East Side, she didn't expect to get hit with a wave of criticism from readers.1.When Lenore Skenazy's son was allowed to take the subway alone, he ________.b.enjoyed having the independence2. Lenore Skenazy believes that keeping kids under careful watcha.hinders their healthy growth3.Skenazy's decision to let her son take the Subway alone has net with________.d.protect children's rights4.Skenazy started her own blog to ________.a.promote sensible parenting5.According to the author, New York City ________.b.is much safe than before6.Parents today are more nervous about their kids' safety than previous generations because________.c.their fear is amplified by media exposure of crime7. According to child experts, how and when kids may be allowed more freedom depends on ________.d.their maturity and personal qualities8. According to Gallagher and Skenazy, children who are watchful will be better able to stay away from _unsafe situation____.9. Being able to find out where a child is anytime helps lessen parents' _anxiety____.10. Nowadays with the help of GPS cell phones, parents can ___track their children's movements__ from a distance.For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water's edge11.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.b.efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying out12.What does the author mean by "Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness" (Line 1, Para. 2)?d.The turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.13.What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Griffin?b.Unregulated commercial fishing.14.How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?a.It threatens the sandy beaches on which they lay eggs.15.The last sentence of the passage is meant to ________.c.call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles' survivalThere are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.16.What's the opinion of economists about going to college?c.College education is rewarding in spite of the startling costs.17. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20th century, ________.d.the gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed18. Students who attend an in-state college or university can ________.a.save more on tuition19. In this consumerist age, most parents ________.d.consider college education a consumer product20. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?b.A satisfying experience within their budgets.Bosses Say "Yes" to Home WorkRising costs of office space, time lost to stressful commuting, and a slow recognition that workers have lives beyond the office-all are strong arguments for letting staff work from home.1. What is the main topic of this passage?b.Relations between employers and employees.2. From the research conducted by the communications provider Inter-Tel, we learn that .c.more businesses have adopted remote working solutions3. What development has made flexible working practices possible according to Andy Poulton?c.Availability of the VoIP service.4. What is Neil Stephenson's advice to firms contracting internet services?b.They contact providers located nearest to them.5. Internet-based telecoms facilitates remote working by __________.a.offering sophisticated voice services6. The accountancy firm Wright Vigar promoted teleworking initially in order to __________.d.reduce operational expenses of a second office7. According to marketing director Jack O'Hern, teleworking enabled the company to __________.b.reduce recruitment costs8. Wright Vigar's practice of allowing for more flexible working hours not only benefits the company but helps improve employees' _home life____ .9. With fast, wireless internet connections, employees can still be____productive_____ while traveling.10. Single mother Lynne Hargreaves decided to work at home mainly to __increase her own productivity________.There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type. So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation's schools singled out those in the smugly（自鸣得意的）green village of Berkeley,11. What does a recent investigation by USA Today reveal?d.Parents in Berkeley are over-sensitive to cancer risks their kids face.12. What response did USA Today's report draw?c.Widespread panic.13.How did parents feel in the face of the experts' studies?a.They felt very much relieved.14. What is the view of the 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics?b.Daily accidents pose a more serious threat to children.15. Of the dangers in everyday life, the author thinks that people have most to fear from __________.d.unhealthy foodCrippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.16. The author's chief concern about the current U.S. health care system is __________.b.the declining number of doctors17. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that __________.c.visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health18. Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to __________ .d.see more patients at the expense of quality19. Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career?d.They think working in emergency rooms tedious.20. What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?a.Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians. Obama's success isn't all good news for black AmericansAs Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls.1. How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obama's victory in the election?b.Victorious.2. Before the election, Erin White has been haunted by the question of whether ______.b.she could go as far as she wanted in life3. What is the focus of Ashby Plant's study?d.The dual character of African Americans.4. In their experiments, Ray Friedman and his colleagues found that ______.a.blacks and whites behaved differently during the election5. What do Brian Nosek's preliminary results suggest?c.Website visitor's opinions are far from being reliable.6. A negative side of the Obama effect is that ______.c.people are now less ready to support policies addressing racial inequality7. Cheryl Kaiser holds that people should be constantly reminded that ______.c.racial inequality still persists in American society8. According to Effron, if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, there would also have been a negative effect on __our views of women____.9. It is possible that the Obama effect will be short-lived if there is a change in people's __political sentiment____.10. The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial __stereotypes____.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States-we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.11. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?a.America is now the only developed country without the policy.12. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?d.The opposition from business circles.13. What is Professor Anne Alstott's argument for parental support?d.Children need continuous care.14. What does the author think of America's large body of family laws governing children's welfare?b.The fail to provide enough support for parents15. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?d.It is basically a social undertaking.A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts University shows that today's youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations, and a 2008 study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activistssupport traditionally liberal causes.16. What is the finding of a new study by CIRCLE?a.More young voters are going to the polls than before.17. What is a main concern of the writers of Generation O?c.Whether young people will continue to support Obama's policy.18. What will the Generation O bloggers write about in their posts?d.Their lives in relation to Obama's presidency.19. What accounts for the younger generation's political strength according to Professor Henry Flores?c.Their utilization of the Internet.20. What can we infer from the passage about Generation X?d.They are indifferent to politics.Supersize surpriseAsk anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that it’s al down to eating too much and burning too few calories. That explanation appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it yet obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with it.1. What is the passage mainly about?c.New explanations for the obesity epidemic2. In the US Nurse’ Health Study, women who slept an average of 7 hours a night_______.a.gained the least weight3. The popular belief about obesity is that___________.b.it causes sleep loss4. How does indoor heating affect our life?d.it contributes to our weight gain5. What does the author say about the effect of nicotine on smokers?c.it suppresses their appetite6. Who are most likely to be overweight according to Katherine Fergal’s study?d.those who quit smoking7. According to the US National Center for Health Statistics, the increased obesity in the US is a result of_______.b.the rising proportion of minorities in its population8. According to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers’ children tend to be obese remains _not entirely clear_________.9. According to Michael Symonds, one factor contributing to the obesity epidemic is decrease of ___family size________.10. When two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because obesity is ____partly genetic_________.Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult toquestion either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.11. How do people often measure progress in agriculture?b.By its sustainability12. Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in________.d.the decrease of biodiversity13.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?c.They are not necessarily sustainable14.What will agriculture be like in the 21st centurya.It will go through radical changes15. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?d.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture isThe percentage of immigrants(including those unlawfully present) in the United states has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid1920s16.How were immigrants viewed by U.S. Congress in early days?a.They were of inferior races.17.What does the author think of the new immigrants?b.They can do just as well as their predecessors.18.What does Edward Tellers’ research say about Mexican-Americans?d.They may forever remain poor and underachieving.19.What should be done to help the new immigrants?c.prevent them from being marginalized.20.According to the author, the burning issue concerning immigrating is_______.b.how to help immigrants to better fit into American societyMinority ReportAmerican universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is another matter.1.What is the author's main concern about American higher education?b.The low graduation rates of minority students.2. What was the pride of President Barry Mills of Bowdoin College?d.Its increased enrollment of minority students.3. What is the risk facing America?b.The rising generation will be less well educated than the previous one.4. How many African-American students earned their degrees in California community colleges according to a recent review?c.Fifteen percent.5. Harvard, Yale, and Princeton show almost no gap between black and white graduation rates mainly because _____.b.they recruit the best students6. How does Amy Wilkins of the Education Trust view minority students' failure to get a degree?a.Universities are to blame.7. Why do some students drop out after a year or two according to the author?b.They cannot afford the high tuition.8. To tackle the problem of graduation gap, the University of Wisconsin-Madison helps minority students get over the stereotype that ___that they are less qualified__.9. For years, private colleges such as Princeton and MIT have provided minority students with_some preparatory cources____ during the summer before freshman year.10. Washington and Lee University is cited as an example to show that the gap of graduation rates between whites and minorities ca n __be closed___.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy.11.What can we learn from the first paragraph?d.The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration.12. In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?b.They can get consumer goods at lower prices.13. Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?c.They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.14. What is the chief concern of native high-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?d.It may place a great strain on the state budget.15. What is the irony about the debate over immigration?c.People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact. opinions.Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you'll geta completely different impression.16. What characterises the business school student population of today?a.Greater diversity.17. What is the author's concern about current business school education?b.It will produce business leaders of a uniform style.18. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?c.Attitude and approach to business.19. What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?c.Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.20. What does Mannaz say about the current management style?d.It is shifting towards more collaborative models.Google's Plan for World's Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy Or Act of Piracy?In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books.1.Google claims its plan for the world's biggest online library is _____.b.to encourage reading around the world2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google's book-scanning project will _____.b.help the broad masses of readers3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world's books should be controlled by _____.C) multinational companies4. Google has involved itself in a legal battle as it ignored _____.d.the differences of in-print and out-of-print books5. Google defends its scanning in-copyright books by saying that _____.b.it is willing to compensate the copyright holders6. What do we learn about the class action suit against Google?b.It was settled after more than two years of negotiation.7. What remained controversial after the class action suit ended?d.The commercial provisions of the settlement.8. While __Providing information for free___, Google makes money by selling advertising.9. Books whose copyright holders are not known are called _orphan works____.10. Google's entrance into digital bookselling will tremendously _change the world’s book market____ in the future.What's the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China! India! Brazil! How about trade!When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.11. How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?d.It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.12. What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?a.It indicates that economic activities in the U.S. have increased.13. Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?c.Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.14. What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?C) Slack trade activities.15. What is the author's advice to U.S. companies and individuals?b.To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.16. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialisation?a.They fail to convert knowledge into money.17. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities' performance in commercialisation?b.It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.18. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that "policy interventions" (Line 1, Para.4) refers to _____.ernment aid to non-research-oriented universities19. What does the author suggest research-led universities do?a.Publicise their research to win international recognition.20. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK's economic growth?c.By promoting technology transfer and graduate school education.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity anda warning for the best higher-education system in the world.1. Why did Hartwick College start three-year degree programs?a.To create chances for the poor.2. By quoting Stephen Trachtenberg the author wants to say that .b.the summer vacation contributes to student growth3. The author thinks the tenure system in American universities .c.guarantees academic freedom4. What is said about the new three-year degree program at Hartwick?a.Its students have to earn more credits each year.5. What do we learn about Judson College’s three-year degree program?b.It is open to the brightest students only.6. What changes in high schools help students earn undergraduate degrees in three years?b.More students have Advanced Placement credits.7. What is said to be a drawback of the three-year college program? Students have to cope with too heavy a workload.8. College faculty members are afraid that the pretext of moving students into the workforce might pose a threat to __the core curriculum____.9. Universities are increasingly aware that they must adapt to a rapidly changing world in order to __stay competitive and relevant____.10. Convenient academic schedules with more-focused, less-expensive degrees will be more attractive to _bright, motivated students_____.As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That's partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.11. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?d.The goals most people set are unrealistic.12. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?a.Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.13. How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?b.They competed with one another to attract more customers.14. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research?b.It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.15. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?16. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?d.Free market plus government intervention.17. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem” (line4, Para. 3)?b.Many social problems arise from government’s inefficiency.18. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?b.Cooperation between the government and businesses.19. What is the author’s suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit?d.They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.20. What’s the problem with the European Un ion?d.Excessive borrowing.Welcome,Freshmen. Have an iPod.Taking a step that many professors may view as a bit counterproductive, some colleges and universities are doling out Apple iPhones and Internet-capable iPods to their students.1. Many professors think that giving out Apple iPhones or Internet-capable iPods to students a.updates teaching facilities in universitiesd.may not benefit education as intended2. In the author’s view, being equipped with IT products may help colleges and universitiesa.build an innovative image3. The distribution of iPhones among students has raised concerns that they will_________ .c.further distract students from class participation4. Naomi Pugh at Freed-Hardeman University speculated that professors would_________ .b.have to work harder to enliven their classes5. Experts like Dr. Kyle Dickson at Abilene Christian University think that________ .a.mobile technology will be more widely used in education6. What do we learn about the University of Maryland at College Park concerning the use of iPhones and iPods?d.It is proceeding with caution.7. University officials claim that they dole out iPhones and iPods so as to_________ .c.facilitate students’ learning outside of class8. Ellen Millender at Reed College in Portland is concerned that technology will take the place of___teaching or analysis______9.Professor Robert Summers at Cornell Law School banned laptop computers from his class because he thinks qualified lawyers need to possess a broad array of__complex reasoning abilities required of good lawyers___.The experience at Duke University may ease some concerns because the students have used iPods for active__interaction___.'Depression'' is more than a serious economic downturn. What distinguishes a depression from a harsh recession is paralyzing fear--fear of the unknown so great that it causes consumers, businesses, and investors to retreat and panic. They save up cash and desperately cut spending.11. Why do consumers, businesses and investors retreat and panic in times of depression?d.They don't know what is going to happen in the future.12. What does Christina Romer say about the current economic recession?b.Its initial blow to confidence far exceeded that of 1929.13. Why didn’t the current recessi on turn into a depression according toChristina Romer?a.The government intervened effectively.14. What is the chief purpose of all the countermeasures taken?b.To curb the fear of a lasting free fall.15. What does the author think of today’s economic sit uation?c.It has not gone from bad to worse.Usually when we walk through the rain forest we hear a soft sound from all the moist leaves and organic debris on the forest floor,” says ecologist Daniel Nepstad. “Now we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That’s the sound of a dying forest.”16. We learn from the first paragraph that _______.d.the sound of a forest signifies its health condition17. In the second paragraph, the author challenges the view that _______.a.the collapse of rain forests is caused by direct human interference18. The author argues that the rising carbon levels in rain forests may _______.a.turn them into a major source of greenhouse gases19. What has made it easier to turn some rain forests into farmland?ck of rainfall resulting from global warming.20. What makes Brazil one of the world’s top five contributors to greenhouse gases?b.Its practice of burning forests for settlement and development,。
上海大学物理学专业-612普通物理(一)考研复习全书- 资料- 真题-大纲-考研淘宝网
上海大学物理学专业-612普通物理（一）考研复习全书- 资料- 真题-大纲-考研淘宝网报考上海大学物理学专业考研专业课资料的重要性根据考研淘宝网的统计，87.3%以上报考上海大学物理学专业考研成功的考生，尤其是那些跨学校的考研人，他们大多都在第一时间获取了上海大学物理学专业考研专业课指定的教材和非指定的上海大学物理学专业内部权威复习资料，精准确定专业课考核范围和考点重点，才确保了自己的专业课高分，进而才才最后考研成功的。
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上海大学考研真题612普通物理(一)
4.光的偏振性.折射和反射起偏,双折射现象,偏振光的相干性.
重点:
1.单折射球面和薄透镜成像规律.
2.杨氏双缝、薄膜的干涉.麦克尔孙干涉仪的工作原理.
3.相干光的光强分布特征,干涉条纹的可见度.
4.单缝夫琅禾费衍射的半波带分析法,光栅衍射谱线的分布规律.
5.光栅的分辨本领,普通助视仪的分辨本领.
6.线偏振光的获得和检验方法,布儒斯特定律、马吕斯定律、双折射现象中的o、e光,波片及其应用.
近代物理基础
1.狭义相对论中的时空观.
2.狭义相对论中的动力学关系.
3.光的波粒二象性,实物粒子的波粒二象性.
4.波函数及其统计解释,一维定态薛定谔方程.
5.氢原子和一维深势阱的量子理论.能量、角动量、角动量的空间量子化.
4.简单系统的电容量、自感系数、互感系数的计算.
5.动生电动式)的物理意义.
7.带电粒子或电偶极子在电场中、载流导体或载流线圈在磁场中受力或所受力矩.
光学
1.几何光学的基本定律和近轴光线成像的分析方法.
2.光的干涉.分波面和分振幅干涉的特征及其规律.
5.热力学第二定律及其统计意义、态函数熵.
重点:
1.理想气体的压强、温度和内能.
2.麦克斯韦速率分布函数和三种特征速率.
3.热力学第一定律对理想气体准静态过程的应用,循环及其效率.
4.气体分子的平均碰撞频率及平均自由程.
5.可逆与不可逆过程,熵和熵增原理.
电磁学
1.静电场的性质及其基本规律.
2.有导体和电介质时,静电场的基本规律.
5.同方向简谐振动的合成及其规律.
6.平面简谐波波函数的建立,波动的能量关系.
上海大学MTI考研真题完整回忆
上海大学MTI考研真题完整回忆感谢凯程郑老师对本文做出的重要贡献【1】翻译硕士英语篇今年前面的选择有三十题，与往年一样，一题一分。
今年是二十道词汇十道语法，题目不难，专四的难度，还是比较注重基础的。
阅读有六篇，但都很短，没有专八长，难度专四的样子，前面四篇是选择，一题一分，后面两篇是问答，一题两分。
一共是四十分。
作文题目是The Role of a Translator 【2】英语翻译基础篇今年上大真是奇怪，考前看了好多热词，结果拿到卷子一个都没有，忽悠人阿这是，估计是全国最独特的学校了，前面三十分是两个问答题，一个十五分，而且是用中文提问的，表示真的不知道该用中文答还是英文答。
(第一问)：说出几个翻译方法与策略并加以比较(第二问)：写出你认为国内五个比较有代表性的翻译家及其作品英译汉60分，前面50分是文章翻译，文章好长，估计有700字，是关于一个诗人的。
后面10分是个诗歌：Two Little Dragon汉译英关于随着人民生活水平提高，对生态环境的要求更高了，中国也在采取一系列措施建设生态文明。
篇幅不长，四百多字的样子。
【3】汉语写作与百科知识1、孔子所说宜者三友是指什么：友直友谅友多闻2、梨园是戏曲届的别称，那么杏园是指什么：医学界3、跆拳道所讲的以柔克刚与谁的思想不谋而合：老子4、疏影横斜水清浅，暗香浮动月黄昏中“暗香”是指什么话;梅花5、马太效应：强者愈强，弱者愈弱6、老舍最为人称道的长篇小说：骆驼祥子7、哪种工具所用动力与第一次工业革命联系最紧密：汽船8、按天干地支计算，2015年是什么年：乙末(2014是甲午年，甲后面是乙，选项只有一个前面是乙，那肯定就是这个啦) 9、马拉松的名字原本是指什么：地名10、在《群英会》中，周瑜的行当是：小生11、下列哪位不是千古文章四大家之一：王安石12、下列匾额与宫名对应正确：A：贡院明镜高照B：武侯还我河山C：关帝庙万世师表D：乾清宫正大光明(选D)13、海明威《丧钟为谁而鸣》的背景：西班牙内战14、古代女子说年逾花信，“花信”是指多少岁：24 15、下列四句诗中哪句不是说元宵的16、外国人说中国人用发明改变了世界的面貌，一是文学、二是战争、三是航海，那么是用什么改变世界文学面貌的：A 印刷术B 造纸术C 儒家学说17、先秦两汉哪部以记人为主的著作影响最大：史记18、《水经注》的作者：郦道元19、中国人说的大陆法系又称日耳曼•罗马法系，这里的大陆是指：欧洲大陆20、牛顿第二定律：加速度定律21、三权分立是谁提出的：孟德斯鸠22、古代对于母亲的雅称：楦堂23、六一居士是指：欧阳修24、下列哪个不属于造字六法：形象25、下列哪个不是北宋书法家：颜真卿应用文：关于召开MTI教学研讨会的通知(不超过400字) 大作文：我想圆个梦。
上海大学895现代经济学08-18年真题及详解(除14.16)(14.16-18回忆版)
目 录
2008年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题
2008年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题及详解2009年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题
2009年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题及详解2010年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题
2010年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题及详解2011年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题
2011年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题及详解2012年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题
2012年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题及详解2013年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题
2013年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题及详解2014年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题（回忆版）2015年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题
2015年上海大学882现代经济学考研真题及详解
2016年上海大学890现代经济学考研真题（回忆版）
2017年上海大学895现代经济学考研真题（回忆版）
2017年上海大学895现代经济学考研真题（回忆版）及详解2018年上海大学895现代经济学考研真题（回忆版）
2018年上海大学895现代经济学考研真题（回忆版）及详解。
上海大学2017年生物化学858考研真题及解析
（第一页仅供预览）上海大学2017年攻读硕士学位入学考试试题考试科目：生物化学试题编号：858上海大学2017年攻读硕士学位入学考试试题考试科目：生物化学试题编号：858注：试卷解析所依据的参考书包括：《生物化学》（朱圣庚第4版）、《生物化学简明教程》（张丽萍第5版）（以下简称简明生化）、《生物化学原理》（杨荣武第2版）、《生物化学习题解析》（陈均辉杨荣武等第4版科学出版社）一、名词解释（每题3分，共30分）1．碱性氨基酸2．变性3．呼吸链4．β氧化5．底物水平磷酸化6．联合脱氨基7．中心法则8．启动子9．cDNA 10．质粒【注】β氧化——P生物化学习题解析195。
二、判断题（每题1分，共20分）1．同一种单糖的α和β构型是对映体。
【解析】错。
同一种单糖的α-型和β-型不是对映体，而是异头体，它们仅仅是异头碳（半缩醛碳）原子上的不同构型。
两种旋光异构体（D型和L型）互为不能重合的镜像，互称对映体。
参见P生化第4版上册14页和331页。
2．皂化价高表示含相对分子质量低的脂肪酸少。
【解析】错。
皂化值高，则相对分子质量（Mr）低。
参见P简明生化101。
皂化值低表示低相对分子质量的脂肪酸含量多。
3．正常情况下，膜内在蛋白比膜外在蛋白疏水性强。
【解析】对。
膜内在蛋白的跨膜结构域表面富含疏水性氨基酸，以通过疏水作用与脂双层的疏水核心相互作用。
膜外在蛋白为水溶性蛋白，表面富含亲水性氨基酸。
4．沉淀和变性存在必然的联系。
（×）【解析】蛋白质变性不一定沉淀。
在碱性溶液中，或有尿素、盐酸胍等变性剂存在时，则变性蛋白仍保持溶解状态，参见P生物第四版135。
沉淀的蛋白质也不一定变性，例如盐析的蛋白质通常不会变性。
5．提高盐浓度可使Tm值升高。
【解析】对。
离子强度（盐浓度）高时，Tm较高。
原因：溶液中的阳离子可以中和或屏蔽DNA主链上磷酸根的负电荷，减弱两条链之间的排斥作用。
参见简明教程P74、杨荣武生化P115。
上海大学考研试题及答案详解
上海大学考研试题及答案详解模拟试题：上海大学考研试题及答案详解一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是上海大学的主要教学特色？A. 国际化B. 研究型C. 工程化D. 文科主导答案：D2. 上海大学成立于哪一年？A. 1922年B. 1949年C. 1983年D. 2000年答案：C3. 上海大学的校训是什么？A. 求实创新B. 厚德载物C. 自强不息D. 知行合一答案：A4. 上海大学下列哪个学院不属于其主要学院？A. 经济学院B. 法学院C. 医学院D. 材料科学与工程学院答案：C5. 上海大学提供的研究生教育中，以下哪项不是其主要研究方向？A. 纳米科学与技术B. 人工智能C. 文化遗产保护D. 航空航天工程答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）6. 上海大学在以下哪些领域有显著的研究成果？A. 材料科学B. 机械工程C. 生物医药D. 环境科学答案：A, B, C7. 上海大学提供的研究生课程包括哪些类型？A. 全日制B. 非全日制C. 在线课程D. 函授课程答案：A, B8. 下列哪些是上海大学研究生入学考试的科目？A. 政治理论B. 外国语C. 业务课一D. 业务课二答案：A, B, C, D9. 上海大学研究生招生时，以下哪些因素会被考虑？A. 学术成绩B. 面试表现C. 推荐信D. 个人陈述答案：A, B, C, D10. 上海大学对于研究生的培养注重哪些方面？A. 理论知识B. 实践能力C. 创新思维D. 团队合作答案：A, B, C, D三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 简述上海大学研究生教育的特点。
答案：上海大学研究生教育的特点包括：- 强调国际化视野，与多个国家和地区的高校建立了合作关系。
- 重视研究能力的培养，鼓励学生参与前沿科研项目。
- 采用多元化的教学方法，结合理论学习和实践操作。
- 强调跨学科学习，鼓励学生在不同领域进行知识融合。
12. 上海大学研究生招生过程中，面试环节主要考察哪些方面？答案：面试环节主要考察以下方面：- 学生的学术背景和专业知识掌握程度。
上海大学大比较文学与世界文学考研历年真题[修改版]
![上海大学大比较文学与世界文学考研历年真题[修改版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6ac9c938da38376bae1fae98.png)
第一篇：上海大学大比较文学与世界文学考研历年真题11比较文学与欧美文学（亚欧部分的文学史不在考试范围内）：一、名词解释。
（1个4分；共20分）1、湖畔派（英国浪漫主义）2、魔幻现实主义（现代主义or后现代主义）3、母题（比较文学内部研究概念）4、象征主义（现代主义or后现代主义）5、比较文学（概念）二、简答题。
（1个15分；共45分）1、古希腊三大悲剧诗人及作品，古希腊悲剧特点。
（古希腊文学）2、结合作品，分析你知道的五位若贝尔文学奖获得者的创作特点。
（变相考后现代主义）3、写出影响研究的代表人物和作品。
三、论述题。
（1个30分；共60分）1、论述19世纪欧美文学中的人道主义思想。
（19世纪现实主义文学及承前文艺复兴人文主义）2、结合你读过的中外文学作品，比较以下主题：城市主题、乡村主题、城乡关系。
（城乡研究为上大的研究领域、可结合主题学作答）12比较文学与欧美文学一、名词解释。
（1个5分；共25分）1、大学才子派文艺复兴2、狂飙突进18世纪3、荒诞派戏剧后现代4、译介学比较文学内部研究概念5、主题学比较文学内部研究概念1、试析《俄狄浦斯王》中的人与神的关系（古希腊文学肖友志）2、存在主义的主要特征，列举代表作家，就其作品以简要分析。
（后现代主义又出现作家集锦评析；存在主义也是一个重要考点）3、何谓比较文学？它与传统文学的研究方法有何不同？（比较文学的概念为重点）三、论述题。
（1个30分；共60分）1、何谓批判现实主义？它与人道主义有何关系？请结合19世纪欧洲代表作家及作品加以论述。
（19世纪现实主义文学及其文学思潮）2、中国小说在现代时期发生了怎样的转变？这种转变与西方小说的输入有和关系？请结合具体作家的作品加以论述。
（文学思潮与文学流派的比较研究、译介学研究）13比较文学与欧美文学一、名词解释。
（1个5分；共25分）1、但丁《神曲》2、文艺复兴3、理性主义4、古典主义5、形象学二、简答题。
（1题15分；共45分）1、结合狄更斯的作品分析创作主题（19世纪现实主义文学、主题学）2、俄狄浦斯王中俄狄浦斯形象分析（古希腊悲剧）3、主题学含义及其研究方法（比较文学内部研究）1、何为现代，现代化，现代派？结合作品分析现代派与现代社会的关系。
(NEW)上海大学《816中国古代文学史》历年考研真题及详解
② 采用寓言故事形式，富有幽默讽刺的意味，对后世文学语言有很 大影响；
③ 文学性与哲学性相结合，运用丰富的想象力和超乎常人的笔力， 讲述极具哲理性的文学故事。
2．辛弃疾《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》 楚天千里清秋，水随天去秋无际。遥岑远目，献愁供恨，玉簪螺 髻。落日楼头，断鸿声里，江南游子。把吴钩看了，栏杆拍遍，无人 会，登临意。 休说鲈鱼堪脍，尽西风，季鹰归未？求田问舍，怕应羞见，刘郎才 气。可惜流年，忧愁风雨，树犹如此！倩何人唤取，红巾翠袖，揾英雄 泪！
（2）艺术特色：
① 《离骚》反映了屈原对楚国黑暗腐朽政治的愤慨，和他热爱宗国 愿为之效力而不可得的悲痛心情，也抒发了自己遭到不公平待遇的哀
怨。全诗缠绵悱恻，感情十分强烈，他的苦闷、哀伤不可遏止地反复迸 发，从而形成了诗歌形式上回旋复沓的特点。
② 《离骚》最引人注目的是它的两类意象：美人、香草。美人的意 象一般被解释为比喻，或是比喻君王，或是自喻。香草作为一种象征 物，它一方面指品德和人格的高洁；另一方面和恶草相对，象征着政治 斗争的双方。总之，《离骚》中的香草美人意象构成了一个复杂而巧妙 的象征比喻系统，使得诗歌蕴藉而且生动。
4．套数 答：元代以来，北曲的曲牌按宫调归类，各个宫调的曲牌按照一定 的习惯次序联缀起来，称为“套数”，今人称套曲。初见于元代燕南芝庵 《唱论》：“有尾声名‘套数’，时行小令唤‘叶儿’。”本指北曲，但后人 相袭沿用，把南曲的套曲也称为套数。
(NEW)上海大学经济学院《434国际商务专业基础》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇编(含部分答案)
![(NEW)上海大学经济学院《434国际商务专业基础》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇编(含部分答案)](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/72a347ce561252d380eb6eea.png)
目 录2012年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）2012年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）及详解2014年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）2014年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）及详解2015年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）2015年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）及详解2016年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）2016年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）及详解2017年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）2017年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）及详解2018年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）2018年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）及详解2019年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）2012年上海大学经济学院434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）一、名词解释。
并说明关系、原因、区别。
（6＋6＋9＋9＝30分）1商务伦理和伦理策略2国际直接投资流量和国际直接投资存量3H-O理论和里昂惕夫悖论4贸易创造和贸易转移二、简答题（12×4＝48分）1外汇风险分类。
2并购的缺点。
3生产分布除了考虑国家因素还应考虑哪两个因素，哪些应该分散，哪些应该集中？4国际直接投资为什么向服务转移？三、论述题（20×2＝40分）1生产和物流是创造收益的主要形式，简述企业进行生产和物流的战略目的。
2以筹资者和投资者角度分析其各自在全球资本市场的目的。
中国企业在国内资金流动性差时，有哪些方法筹资？并分析，在目前人民币处于升值通道，有什么投资建议？四、分析题（32分）案例是个国际非股权合约。
最后是iPhone在富士康生产代工的例子。
上海大学历年考研真题及期末考试真题
上海大学2009～2010学年冬季学期试卷B
课程名：模拟电子技术 课程号： 07275003学分： 5 应试人声明：
我保证遵守《上海大学学生手册》中的《上海大学考场规则》，如有考试违纪、作弊行为，愿意接受《上海大学学生考试违纪、作弊行为界定及处分规定》的纪律处分。
应试人 应试人学号 应试人所在院系 成
绩
上海大学2010～2011学年冬季学期试卷B
课程名：模拟电子技术 课程号：07275003学分： 5 应试人声明：
我保证遵守《上海大学学生手册》中的《上海大学考场规则》
，如有考试违纪、作弊行为，愿意接受《上海大学学生考试违纪、作弊行为界定及处分规定》的纪律处分。
应试人
应试人学号 应试人所在院系 题号
一 二 三 四 五 六 七 得分
成
绩。
2022年上海考研英语一试题真题及答案
2022年上海考研英语一试题真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishThe idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was ____1____ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be ____2____ to intelligence in animals. ____3____ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that ____4____ consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it ____5____ so greatly from that of animals that so-called ____6____ of plants’intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have ____7____ that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, ____8____ “a plant nervous system, ____9____ to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They ____10____ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command cent ers’ at their root tips.”This ____11____ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ____12____ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. ____13____, the signaling in a plant is only ____14____ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold ____15____ of complexity and capacity is required,” he ____16____.” Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the ____17____ that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from ____18____, so investing energy in a body system which ____19____ a threat and can feel pain would be a very ____20____ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1. [A] coined [B] discovered [C] collected [D] issued2. [A] attributed [B] directed [C] compared [D] confined3. [A] Unless [B] When [C] Once [D] Though4. [A] coped with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended to5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation7. [A] doubted [B] denied [C] argued [D] requested8. [A] adapting [B] forming [C] repairing [D] testing9. [A] analogous [B] essential [C] suitable [D] sensitive10. [A] just [B] ever [C] still [D] even11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing13. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise14. [A] temporarily [B] literally [C] superficially [D] imaginarily15. [A] list [B] level [C] label [D] load16. [A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added17. [A] chances [B] risks [C] excuses [D] assumptions18. [A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D] control19. [A] represents [B] includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes20. [A] humble [B] poor [C] practical [D] easy答案解析：1. [A] coined2. [C] compared3. [D] Though4. [C] hinted at5. [D] differs6. [B] evidence7. [C] argued8. [B] forming9. [A] analogous10. [D] even11. [C] perspective12. [B] reducing13. [A] However14. [C] superficially15. [B] level16. [D] added17. [A] chances18. [A] danger19. [D] recognizes20. [B] poorSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens”because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preser ve … will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in ______.[A] maintaining their plastic items[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits[D] classifying their plastic collections22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are ______.[A] immune to decay[B] improperly shaped[C] inherently flawed[D] complex in structure23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to ______.[A] keep them from hurting visitors[B] duplicate them for future display[C] have their ingredients analyzed[D] prevent them from further damage24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is ______.[A] costly[B] unworthy[C] unpopular[D] challenging25. In Ferreira’ s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts ______.[A] will inspire future scientific research[B] has profound historical significance[C] will help us separate the material ages[D] has an impact on today’s cultural lifeSection II Reading Comprehension答案解析：21. [A] maintaining their plastic items22. [C] inherently flawed23. [D] prevent them from further damage24. [D] challenging25. [B] has profound historical significanceText 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: ‘I am a geographer’ or ‘I am a classist’. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.26. The author suggests that Generation Z should ______.[A] be careful in choosing a college[B] be diligent at each educational stage[C] reassess the necessity of college education[D] postpone their undergraduate application27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect ______.[A] Millennial’s opinions about work[B] the shrinking value of a degree[C] public discontent with education[D] the desired route of social mobility28. The author considers it a good sign that ______.[A] Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree[B] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers[C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees[D] parents are changing their minds about education29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should ______.[A] make an early decision on their career[B] attend on the job training programs[C] team up with high-paid postgraduates[D] further their studies in a specific field30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?[A] Lifelong learning will define them.[B] They will make qualified educators.[C] Degrees will no longer appeal them.[D] They will have a limited choice of jobs.答案解析：26. [C] reassess the necessity of college education27. [B] the shrinking value of a degree28. [C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees29. [D] further their studies in a specific field30. [A] Lifelong learning will define them.Text 3Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learn ing.” One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communic ation Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the “visual stu dies” in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups need to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.31. According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have ______.[A] caught the attention of critics[B] received favorable responses[C] promoted academic publishing[D] sparked heated public disputes32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that ______.[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science[B] science can help with the expression of emotions[C] public participation in science has a promising future[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership ______.[A] their role may be underestimated[B] their reputation may be impaired[C] their creativity may be inhibited[D] their work may be misguided34. What does the author say about CAVS?[A] It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.[B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.[C] Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.[D] Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations ______.[A] are likely to go beyond public expectations[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition[C] should do more than communicating science[D] are becoming more popular than before答案解析：31. [B] received favorable responses32. [A] art can offer audiences easy access to science33. [A] their role may be underestimated34. [B] It exemplified the valuable art-science alliances.35. [C] should do more than communicating scienceText 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International P erspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to ______.[A] punish dubious corporate practices[B] improve traditional hiring procedures[C] exempt employers from certain duties[D] protect the rights of ordinary workers37. It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may ______.[A] hinder business development[B] undermine managers’ authority[C] affect the public image of the firms[D] worsen labor-management relations38. Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?[A] Imposing reasonable wage restraints.[B] Enforcing employment protection laws.[C] Limiting the powers of business owners.[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.39. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?[A] Highly paid managers lose their jobs.[B] Employees suffer from salary cuts.[C] Society sees a rise in overall well-being.[D] Employers need to hire new staff.40. It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia ______.[A] has secured managers’ earnings[B] has produced undesired results[C] is beneficial to business owners[D] is difficult to put into practice答案解析：36. [D] protect the rights of ordinary workers37. [A] hinder business development38. [D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.39. [B] Employees suffer from salary cuts.40. [D] is difficult to put into practicePart B题目要求暂无，需要考生总结人物观点然后选择正确选项，类似英语二信息匹配题。
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第一章习题参考答案1描述晶体与非晶体的区别，从结构、性能等方面。
晶体中的原子或原子集团都是有规律地排列的。
晶体有一定的凝固点和熔点；晶体具有各向异性。
2何谓空间点阵，简述晶体结构与空间点阵的区别。
晶体中原子或原子集团被抽象为规则排列的几何点，且其沿任一方向上相邻点之间的距离就等于晶体沿该方向的周期。
这样的几何点的集合就构成空间点阵（简称点阵），每个几何点称为点阵的结点或阵点。
3 对于图1-4（n）的面心立方点阵，如果在该点阵的上下两个底面的面中心各添加一个阵点，请问，新的结构是属于14种空间点阵的哪一种。
体心正方。
4在简单立方晶系中，（1）作图表示下述的晶面和晶向；（2）判断其中哪些晶面与晶向是垂直的，哪些是平行的，并指出垂直或平行的条件。
()()()[][][]211,110,111,201,011,111(111)与[111]垂直，（111）与[11-2]平行，（201）与[11-2]平行。
5 请写出简单立方晶系中{111}的等价晶面，<110>的等价晶向。
并在图中画出。
{111}=（111）+（11-1）+（1-11）+（-111）<110>=[110]+[1-10]+[101]+[10-1]+[011]+[01-1]6 试在六方晶系的晶胞上画出)(2110晶面、[]0211和[]1011晶向。
7、分别对面心立方A1和体心立方A2的（100）、（110）、（111）面，请问：（1）计算上述晶面的紧密系数，指出最紧密排列的晶面。
（2）画出上述晶面的原子排列方式。
（3）计算上述晶面的晶面间距（点阵常数为a，公式见附录）。
8、分别对面心立方A1和体心立方A2的[100]、[110]、[111]晶向，请计算上述晶向中相邻两个注意：需要将原子排列密度分开。
（原子数/长度）9、铁有两种结构，分别为体心立方A2（称为α－Fe或铁素体）和面心立方A1（称为γ－Fe 或奥氏体），铁的原子半径分别为0.127nm，问：（1）哪种结构更致密。
（2）两种结构中，四面体间隙和八面体间隙中可以容纳的原子的最大半径是多少？（3）碳原子的半径为0.077nm，当碳原子进入上述结构的间隙时，铁的结构会发生怎样的变化？(1)面心立方结构更紧密。
（3）当碳原子进入间隙时，将挤开周围的铁原子，使铁原子偏离平衡位置。
10、11 由表1－3可见，A1（面心立方）和A3（密排六方）结构具有相同的紧密系数，为0.7404。
数学家曾经证明，若将相同直径的硬球，在空间进行堆积，其最大的紧密系数就是0.7404。
所以，A1和A3结构都是最紧密堆积的结构。
问题（1）请指出A1和A3堆积结构的差异。
（提示：请先分析A1以（111）晶面进行的堆积，A3以（0001）晶面进行的堆积，再讨论两者之间的差异。
）A1：ABCABCABC…..A3：ABABAB……..问题（2）请指出，A1结构经过怎样的变化，可以变成A3结构。
抽掉C（即引入一个弗兰克位错）12 铜为面心立方结构，X射线衍射测定a=0.3615nm，（1）按刚球密堆模型计算最近邻原子中心距离是多少？以任一原子为中心，这样距离的原子数目是多少？（2）原子密排面和密排方向是什么？堆垛顺序如何？（3）原子密排面{hkl}和密排方向<uvw>组成的{hkl}<uvw>（注意：[uvw]须位于(hkl)面上）共有多少组？（1）√2a/2=0.2556，12个（2）（111）[110]，ABCABC……（3）12组：（111）×[1-10]，（111）×[10-1]，（111）×[01-1]；（11-1）×[1-10]，（11-1）×[101]，（11-1）×[011]；（1-11）×[110]，（1-11）×[10-1]，（1-11）×[011]；（-111）×[110]，（-111）×[101]，（-111）×[01-1]。
第二章习题参考答案1 简述波尔理论和波动力学理论分别是如何描述原子核外电子的运动轨道。
波尔理论认为核外电子是在确定的轨道上运动的，符合牛顿定律。
波动力学认为电子具有波粒二象性，电子有可能出现在核外的各个位置，只是出现在不同位置的几率不同。
2 粒子具有波粒二象性，请计算下列粒子的波长。
A，质量为20g，速度为1000m/s的子弹；B，质量为10-15kg，速度为0.01m/s的尘埃；C，质量为9.1×10-31kg，速度为106m/s的电子。
λ＝h/mu，λ1＝6.62×10－34/[0.02×1000]=3.2×10－35m;λ2＝6.5×10－17m; λ3＝7.1×10-10m。
3 何谓结合键；简述离子键、共价键、金属键、分子键和氢键与电子分布的关系；指出形成离子键、共价键、金属键、分子键和氢键时键合作用力的来源。
所谓结合键是指由原子结合成分子或固体的方式和结合力的大小。
离子键：得、失电子形成正负离子，外层电子结构成为稳定的八电子层结构。
正负离子通过静电引力（库仑引力）而结合。
共价键：相邻原子通过共用一对或几对价电子使各原子的外层电子结构都成为稳定的八电子层（或1s2）结构，金属键：各原子都贡献出其价电子而次外层则为“八电子层”，形成金属正离子。
通过自由电子气与正离子实之间的库仑引力而结合。
分子键：由共价键结合而成双原子的分子，外层电子结构成为稳定的八电子层结构。
分子间通过形成瞬时电偶极矩，产生瞬时电场，而结合。
氢键：氢原子核与极性分子间的库仑引力4 从结合键的角度简述元素的晶体结构（举两例说明），指出下述元素的结合键类型和结构类型：铝、硅、砷、碘、α-Fe、镁。
铝：金属键，面心立方结构；硅：共价键，金刚石结构；砷：共价键，菱方结构；碘：共价键和分子键，正交结构；α-Fe：金属键，体心立方结构；镁：金属键，密排六方结构。
5 何谓合金，简述合金与纯金属的区别。
何谓相、单相合金、多相合金。
合金是由金属和其他一种或多种元素通过化学键合而形成的材料。
（并具有金属特性的物质）人们把具有相同的（或连续变化的）成分、结构和性能的部分（或区域）称为合金相或简称相。
由一种相组成的合金叫作单相合金，而由几种不同相组成的合金叫作多相合金。
6合金相可以分成哪两类。
何谓固溶体，何谓化合物。
从晶体结构上讲，纯金属、固溶体、化合物之间有何区别。
按照晶体结构，可以将合金相分为固溶体和化合物两类。
固溶体是一种组元（溶质）溶解在另一种组元（溶剂，一般是金属）中，并具有溶剂（或称基体）的点阵类型。
化合物是由两种或多种组元按一定比例（一定的成分）构成一个新的点阵，它既不是溶剂的点阵，也不是溶质的点阵。
7请问影响合金相结构的因素重要有哪几个。
影响合金相结构的主要因素有原子半径、负电性、价电子浓度等。
8何谓原子半径、负电性和价电子浓度。
最近邻原子或离子之间的距离就等于两个原子或离子半径之和。
元素的电负性是表示它在和其他元素形成化合物或固溶体时吸引电子能力的一个参量。
价电子浓度（或简称电子浓度）是指合金中每个原子平均的价电子数。
第三章习题参考答案1 何谓理想晶体，何谓晶体缺陷由于局部地方格点的破坏导致平移操作无法完整地复制。
这样的晶体，我们就称之为含缺陷的晶体，对称性破坏的局部区域称为晶体缺陷。
2 缺陷可以分为几类？对每一类缺陷说出一种具体的缺陷名称。
点缺陷（空位）、线缺陷（位错）、面缺陷（晶界）。
3 点缺陷的存在，对晶体结构将造成怎样的影响？对晶体的性能将造成怎样的影响？形成点缺陷的驱动力是什么？点缺陷周围，原子间的相互作用力失去平衡，出现弹性畸变区。
导致电阻上升、密度的减小、比热和机械性能的变化使原子脱离平衡位置的动力，称为形成点缺陷的驱动力，可以是温度、离子轰击、冷加工等等。
4 何谓肖脱基空位、弗仑克尔空位、点缺陷的平衡浓度离位原子迁移到晶体的表面或晶界，此时在晶体内部留下的空位叫肖脱基空位(简称肖氏空位)。
离位原子挤入晶体的间隙位置，在晶体内部同时形成数目相等空位和间隙原子，这种空位叫弗仑克尔空位。
一定温度下，点缺陷的数目是一定的，这就是点缺陷的平衡浓度。
8 （1）请说明柏氏矢量的物理意义。
（2）先在一个简单立方（点阵常数为a）的二维晶格中画出一个正刃型位错，再用柏氏回路求出正刃型位错的柏氏矢量，并具体写出柏氏矢量的方向和大小。
（1）柏矢量是对位错周围晶体点阵畸变的叠加，b越大，位错引起的晶体弹性能越高。
（2）略，0。
9 判断图（1）中螺旋的方向（是右螺旋还是左螺旋）。
A为左螺旋，B为右螺旋。
10 判断图中为何位错，求图（2）中位错的柏矢量（为简单立方晶胞，点阵常数为a）。
图中O为起点，P为终点，PO为柏矢量，b＝a [100]。
11 求图（3）中位错的柏矢量（为简单立方晶胞，点阵常数为a）。
图中O为起点，P为终点，PO为柏矢量，b＝2a [100]。
12 何谓位错的应变能。
位错是热力学平衡缺陷还是不平衡缺陷。
位错在晶体中引起畸变，使晶体产生畸变能，称之为位错的应变能或位错的能量。
位错是热力学不平衡缺陷。
13 何谓位错的线张力，其估算值为多少。
线张力的定义为：位错线增加一个单位长度时，引起晶体能量的增加。
通常用Gb2/2作为位错线张力的估算值。
16 请简要说明：（1）刃型位错周围的原子处于怎样的应力状态（为切应力还是正应力，为拉应力还是压应力）;(2)若有间隙原子存在，则间隙原子更容易存在于位错周围的哪些位置（可以以图示的方式说明）。
(1)刃型位错不仅有正应力同时还有切应力。
所有的应力与沿位错线的方向无关，应力场与半原子面左右对称，包含半原子面的晶体受压应力，不包含半原子面的晶体受拉应力。
(2)对正刃型位错，滑移面上方的晶胞体积小于正常晶胞，吸引比基体原子小的置换式溶质原子或空位；滑移面下方的晶胞体积大于正常晶胞，吸引间隙原子和比基体原子大的置换式溶质原子。
（间隙院子的尺寸不同，存在的位置也不相同）17 请判断如下为何种位错：左螺型位错，右螺型位错，负刃型位错（半原子面在纸背面），正刃型位错（半原子面在纸正面），混合位错。
18 在简单立方晶体中，假定有一刃型位错A，其柏氏矢量为b1=a[0-10]，沿着（100）晶面滑移；假如还有一个螺型位错B，柏氏矢量为b2=a[100]，并在（001）晶面上滑动，请在三维晶格图中画出位错A和B。
19 位错运动通常具有哪两种形式，它们的区别何在。
位错运动通常分滑移和攀移。
滑移是位错在滑移面内的运动，攀移是位错垂直滑移面的运动。
20 简述刃型位错和螺型位错在运动形式上的差异。
刃型位错可以滑移和攀移，螺型位错仅能滑移。