外文翻译变速器箱体机械加工工艺及夹具设计
变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计(中英文文献)
结业论文附件资料之公保含烟创作目录1 英文文献翻译 (1)1.1 Shift gearbox (1)1.2 变速箱的换挡方式 (12)1 英文文献翻译1.1 Shift gearboxClassification usually gearbox as follows:Manual transmissionThe general automatic gearbox / common automatic transmission with tiptronic CVT stepless gearbox with gear box of the /CVTDual clutch gearboxSequential gearbox(1) manual gearboxManual transmission, also known as manual gear, English name is manual transmission, referred to as MT, which push the shift lever to change gears meshing position inside the transmission, changing the transmission ratio, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Step on the clutch, can move the shift lever.The working principle of a manual gearboxThe manual gear box is composed of different gear ratio of the gear group, its basic principle is through the gear group work in different, to realize the transformation of gear ratio. As the key link for power distribution, transmission must have the power input shaft and the output shaft of the big two, together constitute the transmission gear, is a manual transmission is the most basic component. The power input is connected with the clutch shaft clutch transmission, from the power to directly through the input shaft to the group, the gear set is composed of different diameter gear, gear power transmission effect of different proportion reached is completely different, the usual shift driving also refers to change gear ratio.Next, let us through a simple model to tell you, the principle of manual gearbox shift. Below is a simple structural model of 3 axis 2 speed gearbox.The input shaft (green) is also called the first shaft, connected by a clutch and engine, shaft and the gear is a hard connected components. Red is called the intermediate gear shaft. Enter the two gear shaft and intermediate shaft is in constant mesh state, so when the input shaft rotates will drive shaft rotation. Yellow is the output shaft, it is also called the second shafts and connected to the drive shaft (only for rear wheel drive, the precursor is generally two), and then through the differential drive vehicles.When the wheel rotates the same with spline shaft to rotate together, at this time, blue gear shaft can occur on the spline shaft relative free rotation. Therefore, the engine stops, and the wheel is rotated, the blue gear and shaft in the stationary state, and the spline shaft with wheels. The principle and the rear axle of the bicycle flywheel is similar. Blue gear and spline shaft is composed of a sleeve to connect, sleeve with spline shaft to rotate, but also can be free to slide on the spline shaft to gear.With these, the shifting process is very good understanding, when connectingsleeve and a blue gear, engine power will be transmitted to the output shaft through the shaft, at the same time, blue gear left in free rotation, but because there is no and sleeve engaged, so it does not affect the spline shaft. If the sleeve between the two blue gear, the gearbox in neutral position, the two blue gear on the spline shaft rotate freely, without mutual interference.Principle of a conventional 5 speed manual gearbox shift is the same, only the gearbox structure increased the number of sleeve and the gear sets, so that it has more gear. But the reverse is based on the intermediate shaft (red) and the output shaft (blue) is added between a gear to achieve. Due to the increase of a gear, the reverse gear will always rotate toward other gear in the opposite direction. The gear because only to change gear rotation direction function, so it is also called the idler.5 block two shaft transmission structure, the input shaft and the driving gear are integrated into a whole, simplifies the structure and saves spaceIn addition to the traditional three axis manual gearbox, the widespread use of cars is two axis manual transmission, its structure and the three shaft of the gearbox is similar, only the input shaft and intermediate shaft as a shaft, therefore has the advantages of simple structure, small size advantages, in addition, it also has the middle gear transmission high efficiency, and low noise characteristics, so it is more suitable to be the precursor home car general car transmission form, is currently the most widely used, its shortcomings is not set up direct gear, transmission and file than the design cannot be too high. While driving, three shaft gearbox used is still the traditional.Manual gearbox in general, is through the push rod is connected or cable to control the shift. Push rod shift control connection, more direct but vibration will be large; and the cable type although no vibration, but the shift is not very clear, it is each to have good and bad. In addition to shift the two pure mechanical control, in addition, and the use of electronic shift device of manual transmission, which cancombine the merits of push and pull the shift between the good. This kind of gear box in the shift when the gear shift lever, shifting to the corresponding gear, the transmission will be motor drive the corresponding fork control sleeve and the gear is engaged, so that there is no gear is not clear, but the shift schedule can be controlled in the ideal range.So, a good manual transmission need to have what characteristic? The first transmission must have good gear handle, each gear position clear, have reasonable horizontal and vertical stroke, into the block resistance is small and with suction. What is more important is, the gear tooth between than arrangement must be reasonable. Because each gear position than distribution, directly affect the cohesion power vehicles moving in a smooth, usually require a low gear can effectively accelerate, high block to achieve high speed and efficient, and the distance between each block should be uniform, otherwise will be very easy to cause the channeling shift when the car.Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of manual gearboxAdvantages Obviously, which is simple in structure, reliable performance, manufacturing and maintenance cost is low, and the transmission efficiency is high (theory will be more fuel-efficient), also, because it is pure mechanical control, shift reaction is fast, and can be more direct expression of driver's intention, and therefore more driving pleasure, these are the advantages of manual gearbox. But compared to automatic transmission, its operation is complicated, and frustration in gear switch when the obvious disadvantage is irreparable.(2) automatic gearboxAutomatic transmission AT, the full name of Auto Transmission, which is composed of hydraulic torque converter, composed of planetary gear and hydraulic control system, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve variable speed moment.Compared with the manual transmission, automatic transmission is very different in structure and usage. The manual is mainly regulated by different gear combination to change gear, and the automatic transmission is through the hydraulic transmissionand gear combination to achieve the purpose of changing speed. Hydraulic torque converter is one of the most characteristic of the automatic gearbox parts, which is composed of a pump, turbine and guide wheel and other components, pump wheel and turbine is a combination of work, through the liquid pump wheel drives the turbine to rotate, and the wheel between the pump and turbine wheel through the reaction between the pump wheel and turbine implementation the speed difference and implementation of variable torque function, the driver, you only need to different intensity slam the pedal, the gearbox can automatically stop lifting. Since the torque converter automatic transmission torque range is not big enough, so in a later series several rows of planetary gear to improve efficiency, the hydraulic control system will change with the engine to manipulate the planetary gear, so as to realize the automatic transmission torque. In order to meet a variety of running process needs (such as parking, reversing), automatic transmission also has some manual shift lever position, like the P block (R block (anchor), after the block), block N (neutral), D (forward), block.From the performance that the more gear automatic gearbox, the car in the process of running more smoothly, acceleration is better, and more fuel-efficient. In addition to providing a comfortable driving feeling, automatic transmission also has insurmountable defects. Dynamic automatic transmission response is not directly, which makes it in the "driving pleasure" slightly shortage. In addition, because of the use of hydraulic transmission, the automatic transmission gearbox transmission power loss.Tiptronic automatic transmissionHands appeared gearbox is in order to improve the automatic gearbox and operating economy and increase the setting, let the original computer automatic shift time back into the hands of drivers. At the same time, if in the city traffic in, or you can always switch back to automatic.A tiptronic automatic transmission is actually automatic gearbox, first appeared in a Porsche 911, manual gearbox electronic control system through the simulation of the operation of a manual gearbox. It appears, giving the driver a greater degree offreedom in the operation, can block up the blocking or shift paddles on the steering wheel to choose their own gear and shift the timing right, thereby greatly improving the driving pleasure.(3) CTV non-polar transmissionCVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), direct translation is a continuously variable transmission, which is continuously variable transmission. We often say, just as its name implies is that there is no clear and specific file, which operate on similar automatic gearbox, gear jump process but the ratio change is different from the automatic gearbox, but a continuous, so the power transmission continues smooth.CVT transmission system, the traditional gear by a pair of pulleys and a steel belt is WordStrd, each block is V structure is composed of two intervertebral disk, engine shaft is connected through a small pulley, steel belt drive pulley. Mystery lies in this special pulley: drive pulley structures CVT strange activity, divided into halves, can be close to or separate relative. Cone disc can tighten or open the thrust hydraulic, extrusion sheet steel chain so as to adjust the V slot width. When the cone disc inside mobile tightened, steel chain in the extrusion cones to center outside of the directionof movement (centrifugal direction), but moving to the center of the circle. In this way, steel chain drives the disc diameter increases, the transmission ratio is changed.The CVT gearbox what are the advantages?1, because there is no general automatic transmission gear, there will be no shift process of automatic transmission, shift the resulting sense of frustration will disappear, so the power output of CVT gearbox is linear, in actual driving very smooth.Theory of transmission system of 2 CVT, the gear can be an unlimited number of gear set, more freedom, the traditional transmission gear ratio, speed ratio and performance, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions balance, are more likely to achieve.3, the mechanical efficiency of CVT transmission, the province is oily considerably better than the automatic transmission common, after manual gearbox, fuel economy is much better than.Since there are so many advantages, why not let all the cars using CVT gearbox?There are two factors:1, compared with the traditional automatic transmission, its cost is high; and the operation is undeserved word, the higher probability.2, CVT gearbox itself still has its shortcomings, is the transmission of the steel belt can withstand strength is limited, generally more than 2.8L capacity or power above 280N • M is its limit, but we also see that there are more an d more cars such as Audi, or Nissan, has broken the limit, believe strip the problem will be solved gradually.(4) dual clutch gearboxDual clutch gearbox DCT, English name is Dual Clutch Transmission, because it has two clutches, so called "dual clutch transmission".Technology introducedDual clutch gearbox combines the advantages of manual transmission and automatic transmission, no torque converter, instead of using two sets of clutch, through two sets of clutch alternately work, to achieve seamless shift effect. Two clutches respectively control the odd block and even block, that is to say, in the shift before, DSG had the next gear meshing, after shifting instruction, DSG quickly sends instructions to the engine, the engine speed increases, the previous meshing gears quickly, while the first group of clutch fully liberalized, the completion of a rise to block the action time, action and so on.Because without the torque converter, so the power of the engine can be fully played out, while the two clutch alternately work, shift time making, dynamic fault engine may be very limited. As the driver is the feeling that we are the most direct, switch gear action very quickly and smoothly, dynamic transmission process of almost uninterrupted, vehicle dynamic performance can be fully play. Compared with the traditional automatic transmission with torque converter, the DSG shift more directly, the power loss is smaller, so the fuel consumption can be reduced by more than 10%.DeficienciesHowever, with the traditional automatic transmission ratio, DSG also has someinherent disadvantages, firstly it is because there is no use hydraulic torque converter, nor realize manual transmission "linkage" action, so for the small-displacement engine, low speed torque characteristic is not enough to be completely exposed; secondly, because the DSG transmission using computer control, belonging to an intelligent transmission, it needs to send electronic signals to the engine block in the process of falling in the L /, the engine after reply, and the engine to be completed with L / reduction gear. A large number of electronic components, but also increases the probability of its failure.The dual clutch common with Volkswagen's DSG, Ford Powershift, Mitsubishi SST and Porsche PDK.(5) sequential gearboxSequential gearbox (AMT) is improved on the traditional manual gear transmission based on; it combines hydromechatronics automatic transmission has the advantages of both AT and MT; AMT has the advantages of automatic transmission common automatic transmission, and the retention efficiency of the original manual transmission gear transmission, the high cost of low, simple structure, easy manufacture. It is the reform in the present manual transmission, retained most of the original assembly, only to change the shift lever manual operating system part, the production of succession, to transform the input costs less, is very easy to be manufacturers to accept.The driver through the accelerator pedal and joystick to the electronic control unit (ECU) control signal transmission; electronic control unit collects the engine speed sensor, the speed sensor signal, the time to master the running state of the vehicle; electronic control unit (ECU) based on the best program according to these signals stored therein, optimal shifting rules, clutch fuzzy control rules engine oil, adaptive control law, action and temporal separation of the engine, clutch and transmission shift binding, the three to achieve the best matching. In order to obtain the excellent fuel economy and power performance and ability to smooth start and rapid shift, in order to achieve the desired results.But the AMT transmission is not perfect, the biggest disadvantage of AMTgearbox is shifting comfort is poor, and generate power interruption in the process of shifting, the shift in the process of speed performance is not good.AMT mechanical gearbox, its basic structure and conventional manual gearbox consistent, generally only one input shaft and an output shaft (RWD usually a middle shaft), which generally is the input shaft 5 forward gear and output shaft gear is in constant mesh state, wherein the output shaft of the 1 gear and a reverse gear, 2 block and the 3 block, 4 block and 5 block were shared by the three shift fork. The mechanism of two adjacent gear with a shifting mechanism, when the shift action, fork need once upon a gear defect, through neutral to the next gear gear meshing, due to three actions is the order, even if each action will be the time to a minimum, is still very difficult to obtain the shift speed fast enough."Independent innovation shift fork"The ISR gearbox has a unique structure, the gear arrangement it is different with the traditional AMT gearbox, also different from the dual clutch gearbox. The use of four independent shift fork, two stalls adjacent to the gear shift fork is composed of different control. Four independent fork respectively control 1 gear and reverse gear; block 3 and block 5, block 2 and block 4, block 6 and block 7, that is to say, from 1 until 6 block, two adjacent stalls are composed of two independent fork to respectively control.Because of this design, the shifting process can be further shortened: when two adjacent gear to gear switch, a shift fork and the current gear gear detachment, another gear meshing has already started, and a shift fork action and activates the electronic clutch three, because the action is almost synchronously, so that the whole time shorten. Lamborghini is compared originally claimed, performance is very good before the generation of the E-gear sequential gearbox, shift speed upgrade 40%, shift speed of 50 milliseconds is close to F1 gearbox level.Gear shift mechanism of ISR is driven by the electric hydraulic pump, a maximum of 60 bar pressure ensures the necessary operating speed, 7 hydraulic valve controls the gear shift mechanism of action, and the electric pump to provide power, double plate clutch tough also driven by hydraulic pressure, will be responsible for thetorque of the 690Nm transmitted to the four wheels. Synchronizer gear ring is made from carbon fiber, not only wear but also reduce the overall quality of the gearbox.In the design process, the transmission is not only fast, shift quality is equally important, VOCIS design control procedure is also fully take into account the daily driving comfort. The gearbox can choose three kinds of work modes: Strada (Road) or full automatic mode can provide comfortable for shift operation oriented; Sport (motion) mode will postpone shifting node and provides a more rapid gear switch; Corsa (track) model can provide the best track shift strategy, the model can also provide the starting control, also is the ejection start function.1.2变速箱的换挡方式通常变速箱的分类为以下几种：手动变速箱普通自动变速箱/普通自动变速箱带手自一体CVT无级变速箱/CVT带挡位的变速箱双离合变速箱序列变速箱(1) 手动变速箱手动变速器，也称手动挡，英文全称为manualtransmission，简称MT，即用手拨动变速杆才华改动变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改动传动比，从而到达变速的目的.踩下离合时，方可拨得动变速杆.手动变速箱的任务原理手动变速箱是有分歧齿比的齿轮组构成的，它任务的基来源根基理就是通过切换分歧的齿轮组，来实现齿比的变换.作为分配动力的关键环节，变速箱必需有动力输入轴和输出轴这两年夜件，再加上构成变速箱的齿轮，就是一个手动变速箱最根本的组件.动力输入轴与离合器相连，从离合器传递来的动力直接通过输入轴传递给齿轮组，齿轮组是由直径分歧的齿轮组成的，分歧的齿轮比例所到达的动力传输效果是完全分歧的，平常驾驶中的换挡也就是指换齿轮比.接下来，让我们通过一个复杂的模型来给年夜家讲讲，手动变速箱换挡的原理.下图是一个简易的3轴2档变速箱的结构模型.输入轴（绿色）也叫第一轴，通过离合器和发起机相连，轴和上面的齿轮是一个硬衔接的部件.白色齿轮轴叫做中间轴.输入轴和中间轴的两个齿轮是处于常啮合状态的，因此当输入轴旋转时就会带动中间轴的旋转.黄色则是输出轴，它也叫第二轴直接和驱动轴相连（只针对后轮驱动，前驱一般为两轴），再通过差速器来驱动汽车.当车轮转动时同样会带着花键轴一起转动，此时，轴上的蓝色齿轮可以在花键轴上发作相对自由转动.因此，在发起机停止，而车轮仍在转动时，蓝色齿轮和中间轴出在运动状态，而花键轴则随车轮转动.这个原理和自行车后轴的飞轮很相似.蓝色齿轮和花键轴是由套筒来衔接的，套筒随着花键轴转动，但同时也可以在花键轴上左右自由滑动来啮合齿轮.说完这些，换挡的进程就很好了解了，当套筒和蓝色齿轮相连时，发起机的动力就会通过中间轴传递到输出轴上，在这同时，左边的蓝色齿轮也在自由旋转，但由于没有和套筒啮合，所以它分歧毛病花键轴发作影响.而如果套筒在两个蓝色齿轮之间时，变速箱在空挡位置，此时两个蓝色齿轮都在花键轴上自由转动，互不干预.一个传统的5速手动变速箱换挡的原理也是一样的，只是变速箱结构中增加了套筒和齿轮组的数目，使之拥有更多的挡位.而倒档则是通过在中间轴（白色）和输出轴（蓝色）之间增加一个齿轮来实现的.由于增加了一个啮合齿轮，因此倒挡的齿轮始终会朝其他齿轮相反的方向转动.这个齿轮由于只起到改动齿轮旋转方向的作用，因此也称为惰轮.5挡二轴变速器结构，输入轴与主动齿轮整合为一体，简化了却构也节省了空间除了上述的传统三轴手动变速箱，目前轿车上普遍使用的是二轴手动变速箱，它的结构和三轴变速箱根本相似，只是其输入轴和中间轴整合为一根轴，因此具有结构复杂，尺寸小的优势，另外，它还有中间档位传动效率高，且噪音较小等特点，因此更适合一般的前置前驱家用车，是目前使用最广的轿车变速器形式，它的缺点是不能设置直接挡，且一档的传动比不能设计的太高.而在后驱车上，使用较多的仍是传统的三轴式变速箱.一般的手动变速箱，都是通过推杆衔接或许是拉线来控制换挡的.推杆衔接的换挡控制方式，更为直接然则传递的振动会很年夜；而拉线式的虽然没有振动，然则挡位显得不是很清晰，可谓是各有优劣.除了这两种纯机械式的换挡控制，此外，还有使用电控装置换挡的手动变速箱，它可以很好的结合推杆和拉线换挡之间的优点.这种变速箱在换挡的时候，挡拨动变速杆到相应的挡位，在变速器里就会有电机驱动相应的拨叉控制套筒与齿轮咬合，因此不存在挡位不清晰的问题，而且换挡的行程也可以控制在很理想的范围.那么，一台优秀的手动变速箱需要具有哪些特点呢？首先变速箱必需要拥有良好的挂档手感，每个挡位清晰，拥有合理的横向和纵向行程，入挡的阻力小并带有吸入感.除此之外更重要的是，各挡位之间的齿比排布必需合理.因为各个挡位间的传动比散布，直接影响车辆行进中动力衔接的畅顺性，通常要求低挡能有力减速，高挡能达致高速同时省油，且各挡间的间隔要平均，否则就会很容易造成换挡时窜车的情况.手动变速箱的优缺点剖析优点显而易见，它结构复杂，性能牢靠，制造和维护本钱昂贵，且传动效率高（实际上会更省油），另外，由于是纯机械控制，换挡反响快，且可以更直接的表现驾驶者的意愿，因此也更富驾驶乐趣，这些都是手动变速箱的优点.不外相比自动变速箱，它把持繁琐，而且在挡位切换时顿挫明显的优势也是无法弥补的.(2) 自动变速箱自动变速箱简称AT，全称AutoTransmission，它是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压把持系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来到达变速变矩.和手动挡相比，自动变速箱在结构和使用上有很年夜分歧.手动挡主要通过调节分歧齿轮组合来改换挡位，而自动变速箱是通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来到达变速的目的.其中液力变扭器是自动变速箱最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，泵轮和涡轮是一对任务组合，泵轮通过液体带动涡轮旋转，而泵轮和涡轮之间的导轮通过反作用力使泵轮和涡轮之间实现转速差并实现变速变矩功用，对驾驶者来说，您只需要以分歧力度踩住踏板，变速箱就可以自动停止挡位升降.由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不足年夜，因此在涡轮前面再串联几排行星齿轮提高效率，液压把持系统会随发起机任务变卦自行把持行星齿轮，从而实现自动变速变矩.为了满足行驶进程中的多种需要(如停车、倒车)等，自动变速箱还设有一些手动拨杆位置，像P挡(停泊)、R挡(后挡)、N挡(空挡)、D挡(前进)等.从性能上说自动变速箱的挡位越多，车在行驶进程中也就越平顺，减速性也越好，而且更加省油.除了提供轻松惬意的驾驶感受，自动变速箱也有无法克制的缺陷.自动变速箱的动力响应不足直接，这使它在“驾驶乐趣”方面稍显缺乏.此外，由于采用液力传动，这使自动挡变速箱传递的动力有所损失.手自一体自动变速箱手自一体变速箱的呈现其实就是为了提高自动变速箱的经济性和操控性而增加的设置，让原来电脑自动决议的换挡时机重新回到驾驶员手中.同时，如果在城市内堵车情况下，还是可以随时切换回自动挡.手自一体自动变速箱实际上还是自动变速箱的一种，最早呈现在保时捷911上，手自一体变速箱通过电控系统模拟出手动变速箱的把持.它的呈现，在把持上给予驾驶者更年夜的自由度，可以通过挡把上的加减挡或许方向盘上的换挡拨片来选择自己认为适宜的挡位和换挡时机，从而年夜年夜提高了驾驶乐趣.(3) CTV无极变速箱CVT（Continuously VariableTransmission），直接翻译就是延续可变传动，也就是我们常说的无级变速箱，望文生义就是没有明确详细的档位，把持上相似自动变速箱，然则速比的变卦却分歧于自动变速箱的跳挡进程，而是延续的，因此动力传输继续而顺畅.CVT传动系统里，传统的齿轮被一对滑轮和一只钢制皮带所取代，每个滑轮其实是由两个椎形盘组成的V形结构，引擎轴衔接小滑轮，透过钢制皮带带动年夜滑轮.玄机就出在这特殊的滑轮上：CVT的传动滑轮结构比拟奇怪，分红活动的左右两半，可以相对接近或别离.锥型盘可在液压的推力作用下收紧或张开，挤压钢片链条以此来调节V型槽的宽度.当锥型盘向内侧移动收紧时，钢片链条在锥盘的挤压下向圆心以外的方向（离心方向）运动，相反会向圆心以内运动.这样，钢片链条带动的圆盘直径增年夜，传动比也就发作了变卦.CVT变速箱有哪些优点？1、由于没有了一般自动挡变速箱的传动齿轮，也就没有了自动挡变速箱的换挡进程，由此带来的换档顿挫感也随之消失，因此CVT变速箱的动力输出是线性的，在实际驾驶中十分平顺.2、CVT的传动系统实际上挡位可以无限多，挡位设定更为自由，传统传动系统中的齿轮比、速比以及性能、耗油、废气排放的平衡，都更容易到达.3、CVT传动的机械效率、省油性年夜年夜优于普通的自动挡变速箱，仅次于手动挡变速箱，燃油经济性要比好很多.既然有这么多优点，为什么不让所有的汽车都采用CVT变速箱呢？有两方面因素：1、相比传统自动挡变速箱而言，它的本钱要略高；而且把持欠妥的话，出问题的概率更高.·M以上的动力是它的上限，不外我们也看到现在有越来越多的车型，诸如奥迪或许日产，都已经打破了这个上限，相信钢带的问题会逐步失掉解决.(4) 双离合变速箱双离合变速箱简称DCT，英文全称为Dual ClutchTransmission，因为其有两组离合器，所以有人称“双离合变速器”.技术介绍双离合变速箱结合了手动变速箱和自动变速箱的优点，没有使用变矩器，转而采用两套离合器，通过两套离合器的相互交替任务，离开达无间隙换挡的效果.两组离合器辨别控制奇数挡与偶数挡，详细说来就是在换挡之前，DSG已经预先将下一挡位齿轮啮合，在失掉换挡指令之后，DSG迅速向发起机收回指令，发起机转速升高，此时先前啮合的齿轮迅速结合，同时第一组离合器完全放开，完成一次升挡举措，前面的举措以此类推.因为没有了液力变矩器，所以发起机的动力可以完全发扬出来，同时两组离合器相互交替任务，使得换挡时间极短，发起机的动力断层也就十分有限.作为驾驶者我们最直接的觉得就是，切换挡举措极端迅速而且平顺，动力传输进程简直没有连续，车辆动力性能可以失掉完全的发扬.与采用液力变矩器的传统自动变速器比拟起来，由于DSG的换挡更直接，动力损失更小，所以其燃油消耗可以降低10%以上.缺乏之处不外与传统的自动变速器比起来，DSG也存在一些固有的弊端，首先就是由于没有采用液力变矩器，又不能实现手动变速器“半联动”的举措，所以关于小排量的发起机而言，低转速下的扭矩缺乏的特性就会被完全流露出来；其次，由于DSG变速器采用了电脑控制，属于一款智能型变速器，它在升/降挡的进程中需要向发起机收回电子信号，经发起机回复后，与发起机配合才华完成升/降挡.少量电子元件的使用，也增加了其故障呈现的机率.目前罕见的双离合有群众的DSG、福特的Powershift、三菱的SST以及保时捷的PDK等.(5) 序列变速箱序列变速箱（AMT）是在传统的手动齿轮式变速器根底上改良而来的；它揉合了AT和MT两者优点的机电液一体化自动变速器；AMT既具有普通自动变速器自动变速的优点，又保管了原手动变速器齿轮传动的效率高、本钱低、结构复杂、易制造的优点.它是在现手动变速器上停止改造的，保管了绝年夜局部原总成部件，只改动其中手动把持系统的换档杆局部，生产继承性好，改造的投入费用少，十分容易被生产厂家承受.驾驶员通过减速踏板和把持杆向电子控制单位（ECU）传递控制信号；电子控制单位收集发起机转速传感器、车速传感器等信号，时刻掌握着车辆的行驶状态；电子控制单位（ECU）依据这些信号按存储于其中的最佳顺序，最佳换档规律、离合器模糊控制规律、发起机供油自适应调节规律等，对发起机供油、离合器的别离与结合、变速器换档三者的举措与时序实现最佳匹配.从而取得优良的燃油经济性与动力性能以及平稳起步与迅速换档的能力，以到达驾驶员所期望的后果.不外AMT变速箱并不是完美的，AMT变速箱最年夜的缺点就是换挡舒适型欠安，且在换挡进程中发作动力中断，使得换挡进程中极速性能欠好.普通的AMT变速箱，其根本结构是和传统的手动变速箱相一致的，一般只有一根输入轴和一根输出轴（后驱车一般会多出一根中间轴），其结构一般情况是输入轴上5个前进挡齿轮与输出轴齿轮处于常啮合状态，其中输出轴上的1挡和倒档，2挡和3挡，4挡和5挡辨别共用三个换挡拨叉.这种机构相邻两个齿轮使用同一个换挡机构，当换挡举措停止时，拨叉需要早年一挡位处脱离，经过空挡才华与下一个档位齿轮停止啮合，由于三个举措是顺序停止的，即使将每个举措的时间缩至最短，依旧很难取得足够快的换挡速度.立异的“独立换挡拨叉”ISR变速箱拥有一个共同的结构，它的齿轮安插方式既有别与传统AMT变速箱，也分歧于双离合变速箱.其使用四个独立的换挡拨叉，相邻的两个档位齿轮则由分歧换挡拨叉控制.四个独立拨叉辨别控制1挡和倒档；3挡和5挡，2挡和4挡，6挡和7挡，也就是说，从1挡一直到6挡，相邻的两个档位都是由两个独立的拨叉来辨别控制的.正因为这个设计，使得换挡的进程得以进一步缩短：当相邻的两个挡位要。
机械制造及其自动化专业毕业论文--变速箱壳体铣面夹具设计
摘要为对变速箱壳体端面铣削加工，我们进行此次专用夹具设计。
变速箱零件为铸件，零件形状复杂，在定位时，选一面两销的定位方式定位，并以操作简单的手动夹紧方式夹紧，其机构设计简单，方便且能满足要求。
关键词：变速箱壳体，铣面加工，专用夹具，设计AbstractThis design is about the shell of the gearbox face milling clamp design.The parts is casting ,and it have complex shape.When processesing,we need take it in right position,so we chooses locate mode which two sells at the same time, and operates the simple manual clamp way clamp, its organization design is simple, the convenience also can satisfy the request.Key words:Shell of The Gearbox,Milling Face, Unit Clamp,Design of Clamping Device.目录一.前言 ........................................... - 3 -二．设计任务 ...................................... - 4 -三．铣床夹具的主要类型与特点 ...................... - 5 -3.1 铣床夹具的主要类型.............................. - 5 -3.2 铣床夹具的特点.................................. - 5 -四．对加工工件进行工艺分析 ........................ - 5 -五．定位方案设计 .................................. - 5 -5.1 工件与夹具体的定位.............................. - 5 -5.2 夹具体与机床的定位.............................. - 6 -5.3 定位误差计算.................................... - 6 -六．夹紧方案设计 .................................. - 8 -铣削力的计算........................................ - 9 -6.2 夹紧力的计算................................... - 10 -七．夹具体与其它装置设计 ......................... - 12 -7.1 夹具体设计..................................... - 12 -7.2 其它装置设计................................... - 13 -八．技术条件制定 ................................. - 14 -九．夹具精度分析 ................................. - 14 -十.夹具工作原理简介 .............................. - 15 -十一.总结 ........................................ - 16 -参考文献 ...................................... - 17 -致谢 .............................. 错误!未定义书签。
变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计中英文文献
变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计中英文文献文献1:变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计摘要：本文介绍了变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计。
首先，对变速箱换挡叉进行了三维建模，并进行了有限元分析，确定了加工工艺的基本要求。
然后，根据加工工艺要求，设计了相应的切削工艺方案，并进行了刀具的选择和切削参数的确定。
最后，根据切削工艺方案，进行夹具的设计，确保加工过程的精度和稳定性。
关键词：变速箱换挡叉；加工工艺；夹具设计Abstract: This paper introduces the machining process and fixture design of gearbox shift fork. Firstly, the gearbox shift fork is modeled in 3D and finite element analysis is performed to determine the basic requirements of the machining process. Then, according to the requirements of the machining process, corresponding cutting process schemes are designed, and the selection of cutting tools and determination of cutting parameters are carried out. Finally, fixture design is conducted based on the cutting process schemes to ensure the accuracy and stability of the machining process.Keywords: gearbox shift fork; machining process; fixture design文献2: Machining Process and Fixture Design of GearboxShift ForkAbstract: This paper presents the machining process and fixture design of gearbox shift fork. Firstly, a 3D model of the gearbox shift fork is created and finite element analysis is carried out to determine the basic requirements of the machining process. Next, the corresponding cutting process schemes are designed based on the requirements of the machining process, and the selection of cutting tools and determination of cutting parameters are performed. Finally, fixture design is conducted according to the cutting process schemes to ensure the accuracy and stability of the machining process.。
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Gearbox shell machining process design《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》Mechanical Industry Press In March 2004, version 1 p560—564（Serope kalpakjian）（Steven R.Schmid）AbstractGearbox shell is a more complex structure of spare parts box, its high precision, complex process, and the processing quality will affect the overall performance engine, so it has become the engine manufacturer's focus parts one.Machining process planning must guarantee the machining quality of parts, to meet the technical requirements stipulated in drawings, at the same time should also have high productivity and efficiency. Therefore, machining process planning design is an important work, requires designers must have a rich experience in production practice and wide range of mechanical manufacturing technology basic theory knowledge. In the specified procedure, should according to the production of parts and the existing equipment conditions, taking the processing quality into account, productivity and economy requirements, after repeated analysis and comparison, to determine the optimal or the best solution.1.Technical Characteristics of the gearbox shellThe gearbox shell process features are: the structure of complex shape; processing plane, more than holes; uneven wall thickness and stiffness is low; processing of high precision typical of box-type processing part. The main processing of the surface of cylinder block top surface, the main bearing side, cylinder bore, the main and camshaft bearing bore holes and so on, they will directly affect the machining accuracy of the engine assembly precision and performance, mainly rely on precision equipment, industrial fixtures reliability and processing technology to ensure the reasonableness.2.The gearbox shell process design principles and the basisDesign Technology program should be to ensure product quality at the same time, give full consideration to the production cycle, cost and environmental protection; based on the enterprises ability to actively adopt advanced process technology and equipment, and constantly enhance their level of technology. Gearbox shell machining process design should follow the following basic principles: 2.1 The selection of processing equipmentThe principle of selection adopted the principle of selection adopted the principle of combining rigid-flexible, processing each horizontal machining center is located mainly small operations with vertical machining center, the key process a crank hole, cylinder hole, balancer shaft hole High-speed processing of high-precision horizontal machining center, an upper and lower non-critical processes before and after the four-dimensional high-efficiency rough milling and have a certain adjustment range of special machine processing;2.2 Concentration process principleFocus on a key process in principle process the body cylinder bore, crankshaft hole, Balance Shaft hole surface finishing and the combination of precision millingcylinder head, using a process focused on a setup program to complete all processing elements in order to ensure product accuracy The key quality processes to meet the cylinder capacity and the relevant technical requirements;3.The gearbox shell machining process design the main contentGearbox shell complex structure, high precision, arge size, is thin-walled parts, there are a number of high precision plane and holes. Engine block machining process characteristics; mainly flat and the hole processing, processing of flat generally use planing, milling methods such as processing, processing of hole used mainly boring, processing and multi-purpose drilling holes. As the cylinder complex structure. so how to ensure that the mutual position of the surface processing precision is an important issue.3.1 The selection of blankGearbox shell on the materials used are generally gray cast iron HT150,HT200,HT250,there is also cast aluminum or steel plate, this engine block using high-strength alloy cast iron. Cylinder in the processing prior to aging treatment in order to eliminate stress and improve the rough casting mechanical properties. Improve the rough accuracy, reduction of machining allowance, is to improve the automated production line system productivity and processing quality of the important measures. As the foreign box-type parts of rough quality and high precision, and its production-line system has been implemented directly on the blank line, not only eliminating the need for blank check device also saves the rough quality problems due to waste of machining time, increase overall efficiency. Therefore, the refinement of rough is to improve the productivity of the most promising way out. For the engine block production line, can be rough in parts on-line pre-milling six face, removing most of the margin, to facilitate direct on-line parts.3.2 Machining process selection and processing of the benchmarkChoose the right processing technology base is directly related to the processing quality can ensure the parts. Generally speaking, process benchmarking can be divided into coarse and fine reference base.3.2.1 Coarse reference baseThe baseline for the on-line thick rough ,which is particularly important the choice of benchmark crude, if crude benchmark choice unreasonable, will the uneven distribution of machining allowance, processing and surface offsets, resulting in waste. In the cylinder production line, we have adopted for the coarse side of the base;3.2.2 Fine reference baseRefined the base of this box for the engine block parts, the general use of "side two sales "for a full range of uniform benchmarks, For the longer automated production positioning. In the gearbox shell of the process, we have adopted to the side, bottom and the spindle hole positioning, in the processing center on the process.3.3 Machining Processing Stages and processes of the arrangementsOften a part of many apparent need for processing, of course, the surface machining accuracy are different. Processing of high precision surface, often afterrepeated processing; As for the processing of the surface of low precision, only need to go through one or two on the list. Thus, when the development process in order to seize the "processing high precision surface, "this conflict, the reasonable arrangement processes and rational division stage of processing. Arrange the order of the principle of process is: after the first coarse refined, the first surface after the hole, the first benchmark other. In the engine block machining, the same should follow this principle.3.3.1 roughing stage engine block machining processThe arrangements for roughing process, to fully carry out rough rough, trim most of the margin in order to ensure production efficiency;3.3.2 semi-finishing phase of the engine block machiningIn order to ensure the accuracy of the middle of some important surface processing, and arrange some semi-finishing operations, will be required accuracy and surface roughness of the surface of the middle of some processing to complete, while demanding the surface of semi-finished, to prepare for future finishing;3.3.3 The finishing stageThe finishing stage of requiring high accuracy and surface roughness of the surface processing; 3.3.4 secondary processingSecondary processing such as small surface screw holes, you can finish of the major surface after the one hand, when the workpiece deformation process little impact at the same time also reduced the rejection rate;In addition,if the main surface of a waste,these small the surface will not have to be processed,thus avoiding a waste of man-hours.However,if the processing is very easy for a small surface bumps the main surface,it should be placed on a small surface finish prior to the main surface finishing;3.3.5 make proper arrangements for secondary processesMake proper arrangements for secondary processes such as product inspection process,in part roughing stage,the key process before and after processing,spare parts all the processing has been completed,should be appropriate arrangements. Stage of processing division,has the following advantages:First,it can take measures to eliminate the rough workpiece after the stress,to ensure accuracy; second,finishing on the back,and will not damage during transport the surface of the workpiece has been processed;again,first roughing the surface defects can be detected early and promptly deal with rough,do not waste working hours.But most small parts,do not sub very thin.3.4 The gearbox shell surface of the main processing and secondary processes3.4.1 Plane processingPlane processing at present, the milling of engine blocks is the primary means of planar processing,domestic milling feed rate is generally 300-400mm/min,and foreign 2000-4000mm/min milling feed rate compared to far cry,to be on increasing,therefore,improve the milling feed rate,reduce overhead time is to improve the productivity of the major means of finishing a number of plane engine block when the milling feed rate to reach 2399mm/min,greatly improved efficiency; Top surface of the cylinder milling is a key process in the process,the flatnessrequirements for 0.02/145mm,the surface roughness of Ra1.6um.Processing in the cylinder,the use of side and spindle bearing bore positioning,top,bottom and middle vagay only aperture while processing used in the processing line outside of the knife device can better meet the engine block machining accuracy;3.4.2 General holes MachiningGeneral holes Machining holes in general are still using the traditional processing of drilling,expansion,boring,reaming,tapping and other craft approach. Issues in the design process of specific programs,use of coated cutting tools,cutting tools and other advanced tools within the cooling,and using a large flow of cooling systems,greatly improving the cutting speed,improved productivity;3.4.3 Deep hole processingDeep hole processing of the traditional processing method is used to grade twist drill feed,low efficiency of their production,processing and quality is poor.The deep hole in the engine block processing,the use of gun drilling process;3.4.4 CleaningCleaning is divided into wet cleaning and dry cleaning.Machining cylinder automatic production line using a large flow of wet cleaning;3.4.5 DetectionDetect points outside the line detection and line detection of two kinds. Quality inspection in the engine block,according to the actual situation with lines outside the detection,the main use of coordinate measuring machine integrated measurements of the cylinder,each 200 samples 1-5 pieces,each class random one.变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计摘自：《机械工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版美国卡卡尔帕基安·施密德摘要变速箱壳体是变速器机零件中结构较为复杂的箱体零件，其精度要求高，加工工艺复杂，并且加工加工质量的好坏直接影响发动机整个机构的性能，因此，它成为各个发动机生产厂家所关注的重点零件之一。
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译This article discusses the design of a gearbox shell machining process。
The process includes rough machining。
semi-finishing。
and finishing ns。
The article also covers the n of cutting tools。
cutting parameters。
and cutting fluids。
The goal of the process design is to achieve high n and efficiency XXX.nThe gearbox shell XXX power from the engine to the wheels。
The shell must be machined to high n to XXX n。
In this article。
we will discuss the design of a machining process for the gearbox shell.Rough MachiningXXX of the material from the gearbox shell。
This n is XXX。
care must be XXX to the workpiece。
The use of cutting fluids is also important to ce heat n and XXX.Semi-FinishingThe semi-XXX shape and size。
This n is XXX n and surface quality。
The use of cutting fluids is also important to ce heat n and XXX finish.FinishingXXX finishing n is the final step in the machining process。
任务书(减速器箱体的机加工工艺及夹具设计 )
安徽工程大学本科
毕业设计（论文）
专业：机械设计制造及其自动化
题目：减速器箱体的机加工工艺及
夹具设计
作者姓名
导师所在单位：
2012年1月6日
本科毕业设计（论文）任务书
2012 届机械与汽车工程学院
机械设计制造及其自动化专业
学生姓名：
Ⅰ毕业设计（论文）题目
中文：减速器箱体的机加工工艺及夹具设计
英文：The machining process of the gear reducer and fixture design
Ⅱ原始资料
1、机械设计手册；
2、
Ⅲ毕业设计（论文）任务内容
1、课题研究的意义
变速器箱体在整个减速器总成中的作用是起支撑和连接的作用的，它把各个零件连接起来，支撑传动轴，保证各传动机构的正确安装。
变速器箱体加工质量的优劣，将直接影响到轴和齿轮等零件位置的准确性，也将会影响到减速器的使用寿命和性能。
2、本课题研究的主要内容：
（1）箱体的结构设计；
（2）确定各工序的定位基准、机械加工余量、工序尺寸及公差，确定各工序的定位基准、机械加工余量、工序尺寸及公差（3）夹具设计。
3、提交的成果：
（1）毕业设计（论文）正文；
（2）箱体的二维和三维图（其中，手绘图纸不少于2张，其余软件绘图）；
（3）论文附件――开题报告、中期检查报告、工艺卡等；
（4）一篇引用的外文文献及其译文；
（5）附不少于10篇主要参考文献的题录及摘要。
指导教师（签字）
教研室主任（签字）
批准日期
接受任务书日期
完成日期
接受任务书学生（签字）。
汽车变速箱壳体机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计
编号20171352113本科生毕业设计汽车变速箱壳体机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计Processing Technology and Fixture Design of Automobile Gearbox学生姓名专业机械电子工程学号指导教师分院机电工程分院2017年6月摘要本设计是汽车变速箱箱体零件的加工工艺规程及一些工序的专用夹具设计。
汽车变速箱箱体零件的主要加工表面是平面及孔系。
一般来说，保证平面的加工精度要比保证孔系的加工精度容易。
因此，本设计遵循先面后孔的原则。
并将孔与平面的加工明确划分成粗加工和精加工阶段以保证孔系加工精度。
基准选择以变速箱箱体的输入轴和输出轴的支承孔作为粗基准，以顶面与两个工艺孔作为精基准。
主要加工工序安排是先以支承孔系定位加工出顶平面，再以顶平面与支承孔系定位加工出工艺孔。
在后续工序中除个别工序外均用顶平面和工艺孔定位加工其他孔系与平面。
支承孔系的加工采用的是坐标法镗孔。
整个加工过程均选用组合机床。
夹具选用专用夹具，夹紧方式多选用气动夹紧，夹紧可靠，机构可以不必自锁。
因此生产效率较高。
适用于大批量、流水线上加工。
能够满足设计要求。
关键词：变速箱加工工艺专用夹具ABSTRACTThe design is about the special-purpose clamping apparatus of the machining technology process and some working procedures of the car gearbox parts. The main machining surface of the car gearbox parts is the plane and a series of hole. Generally speaking, to guarantee the working accuracy of the plane is easier than to guarantee the hole’s. So the design follows the principle of plane first and hole s econd. And in order to guarantee the working accuracy of the series of hole, the machining of the hole and the plane is clearly divided into rough machining stage and finish machining stage. The supporting hole of the input bearing and output bearing is as the rough datum. And the top area and two technological holes are as the finish datum. The main process of machining technology is that first, the series of supporting hole fix and machine the top plane, and then the top plane and the series of supporting hole fix and machine technological hole. In the follow-up working procedure, all working procedures except several special ones fix and machine other series of hole and plane by using the top plane and technological hole. The machining way of the series of supporting hole is to bore hole by coordinate. The combination machine tool and special-purpose clamping apparatus are used in the whole machining process. The clamping way is to clamp by pneumatic and is very helpful. The instruction does not have to lock by itself. So the product efficiency is high. It is applicable for mass working and machining in assembly line. It can meet the design requirements.Keywords: Gearbox machining-technology special-purpose clamping apparatus目录绪论 (1)第一章汽车变速箱加工工艺规程设计 (2)1.1 零件的分析 (2)1.1.1零件的作用 (2)1.1.2零件的工艺分析 (2)1.2 箱体加工的主要问题和工艺过程设计所应采取的相应措施 (2)1.2.1孔和平面的加工顺序 (3)1.2.2孔系加工方案选择 (3)1.3 变速箱箱体加工定位基准的选择 (5)1.3.1粗基准的选择 (5)1.3.2精基准的选择 (5)1.4变速箱箱体加工主要工序安排 (6)1.5机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定 (7)第二章专用夹具设计 (12)2.1加工工艺孔夹具设计 (12)2.1.1定位基准的选择 (12)2.1.2切削力的计算与夹紧力分析 (12)2.1.3夹紧元件及动力装置确定 (13)2.1.4钻套、衬套、钻模板及夹具体设计 (14)2.1.5夹具精度分析 (15)2.1.6夹具设计及操作的简要说明 (16)2.2粗铣前后端面夹具设计 (17)2.2.1定位基准的选择 (17)2.2.2定位元件的设计 (17)2.2.3定位误差分析 (18)2.2.4铣削力与夹紧力计算 (19)2.2.5定向键与对刀装置设计 (20)2.2.6夹紧装置及夹具体设计 (21)2.2.7夹具设计及操作的简要说明 (23)结论 (25)参考文献 (26)致谢 (27)绪论夹具设计作为高等工科院校教学的基本训练科目，在毕业设计中占极其重要的位置。
最新变速箱箱体加工专用夹具及组合机床设计
变速箱箱体加工专用夹具及组合机床设计图书分类号：密级：毕业设计(论文) 变速箱箱体加工专用夹具及组合机床设计DESIGN OF SPECIAL JIG AND MODULAR MACHINE TOOL FOR GEARBOXPROCESSING学生姓名班级学院名称专业名称指导教师学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。
除文中已经注明引用或参考的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。
对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标注。
本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。
论文作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权协议书本人完全了解关于收集、保存、使用学位论文的规定，即：本校学生在学习期间所完成的学位论文的知识产权归所拥有。
有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的纸本复印件和电子文档拷贝，允许论文被查阅和借阅。
可以公布学位论文的全部或部分内容，可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容提交至各类数据库进行发布和检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。
论文作者签名：导师签名：日期：年月日日期：年月日摘要由于变速箱箱体体积小，结构紧凑，输出功率大，因此被大量用于冶金、化工、矿山、船舶、核电等重型机械传动行业。
变速箱有三种轴一个输入、一个传动和一个输出，为了能精确传动，要求对安装三根轴的孔系会要求很高的的位置精确度和尺寸的精确度。
本课题通过对变速箱加工工艺工序进行研究，制定合理的加工工艺路线，采用组合机床对变速箱箱体孔系进行加工，实现一次装夹，完成三个孔系的加工。
为了满足变速箱箱体零件的批量性加工，专门设计了专用的工装夹具，满足变速箱快速安装定位，可靠夹持。
关键词变速箱；组合机床；夹具设计AbstractApplication of combined high-volume machining parts, high efficiency, high productivity is the development direction of machining. The graduation project is entitled "Two face milling gearbox". The combination of milling machine tool required to achieve both ends of surface, can be manual, 10mm milling head can be fine-tuning. Making process in the process, conducted by volume ends face milling processing program, and to seek the best technology solutions, which illustrates the process in the importance of the production process. The main elements of my design are: the general layout for a machine tool design; on the machine feed and transmission parts of the design; Integration for the fixture design; With this design, this machine can meet the design requirements, and the traditional compared to the machine, this machine has high automation, high productivity and high precision.Keywords Gear box combination tool fixture design目录摘要 (II)Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... I II 目录................................................................................................................................. I V1 绪论 (1)2 变速箱零件的分析 (2)2.1 零部件的作用 (2) (3)2.2 零件的工艺分析 (3)2.3变速箱箱体加工方案及采取的措施 (4)2.3.1确定平面与孔的加工顺序 (4)2.3.2孔系加工方案选择 (4)2.3.3方案制定 (4)2.4工艺过程设计中的主要问题 (5)2.4.1加工方法的选择原则 (5)2.4.2加工阶段的划分 (5)2.4.3工序的合理组合 (6)2.4.4加工工序的安排 (7)2.5变速箱箱体加工定位的基准选择 (7)2.5.1选择粗基准的原则 (7)2.5.2选择精基准的原则 (8)精基准的选择原则： (8)2.6变速箱的机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定 (8)结论 (11)参考文献 (13)1 绪论机械加工工艺已成为现代企业设计产品，节省资源，确保产品品质，减少能源损耗的不可或缺的手段，现代企业也会根据加工工艺工序来对产品做准备，制定生产计划，加工制作，质量检测，完善生产组织。
变速箱箱体机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计
第1章夹具在其发展的200多年历史中，大致经历了三个阶段：第一阶段，夹具在工件加工、制造的各工序中作为基本的夹持装置，发挥着夹固工件的最基本功用。
随着军工生产及内燃机，汽车工业的不断发展，夹具逐渐在规模生产中发挥出其高效率及稳定加工质量的优越性，各类定位、夹紧装置的结构也日趋完善，夹具逐步发展成为机床—工件—工艺装备工艺系统中相当重要的组成部分。
这是夹具发展的第二阶段。
这一阶段，夹具发展的主要特点是高效率。
在现代化生产的今天，各类高效率，自动化夹具在高效，高精度及适应性方面，已有了相当大的提高。
随着电子技术，数控技术的发展，现代夹具的自动化和高适应性，已经使夹具与机床逐渐融为一体，使得中，小批量生产的生产效率逐步趋近于专业化的大批量生产的水平。
这是夹具发展的第三个阶段，这一阶段，夹具的主要特点是高精度，高适应性。
可以预见，夹具在不一个阶段的主要发展趋势将是逐步提高智能化水平。
一项优秀的夹具结构设计，往往可以使得生产效率大幅度提高，并使产品的加工质量得到极大地稳定。
尤其是那些外形轮廓结构较复杂的，不规则的拔叉类，杆类工件，几乎各道工序都离不开专门设计的高效率夹具。
目前，中等生产规模的机械加工生产企业，其夹具的设计，制造工作量，占新产品工艺准备工作量的50%—80%。
生产设计阶段，对夹具的选择和设计工作的重视程度，丝毫也不压于对机床设备及各类工艺参数的慎重选择。
夹具的设计，制造和生产过程中对夹具的正确使用，维护和调整，对产品生产的优劣起着举足轻重的作用。
1.1零件的分析拖拉机的变速箱箱体是拖拉机上的一个重要零件。
变速箱箱体的主要作用是支承各传动轴，保证各轴之间的中心距及平行度，并保证变速箱部件与发动机正确安装。
因此拖拉机变速箱箱体零件的加工质量，不但直接影响拖拉机变速箱的装配精度和运动精度，而且还会影响拖拉机的工作精度、使用性能和寿命。
拖拉机变速箱主要是实现拖拉机的变速，改变拖拉机的运动速度。
拖拉机变速箱箱体零件的顶面用以安装变速箱盖，前后端面支承孔、用以安装传动轴，实现其变速功能。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。
also known as a standard n。
XXX。
It consistsof gears。
synchros。
roller bearings。
shafts。
and gear selectors。
The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。
and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。
Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。
before it is XXX。
The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。
Unlike automatic ns。
XXX。
as there isno XXX。
Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。
However。
some cars may have up to eight forward gears。
while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。
such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。
设计“变速箱体”零件的机械加工工艺规程及指定夹具设计
设计“变速箱体”零件的机械加工工艺规程及指定夹具设计引言变速箱体是汽车传动系统中的关键部件，其加工精度直接影响到整车的性能和可靠性。
本文旨在介绍变速箱体零件的机械加工工艺规程以及相应的夹具设计。
第一章：变速箱体零件概述1.1 变速箱体的功能变速箱体是安装和支撑变速箱内部零件的壳体。
它需要具备足够的强度和刚性，以承受传动过程中的力。
1.2 变速箱体的材料通常采用高强度铸铁或铝合金材料。
1.3 变速箱体的结构特点结构复杂，包含多个孔、槽和凸台等特征。
第二章：机械加工工艺规程2.1 加工工艺流程铸造或锻造：根据材料特性选择合适的成型工艺。
粗加工：去除多余的材料，形成接近最终尺寸的毛坯。
半精加工：进一步加工，确保尺寸精度。
精加工：达到设计图纸要求的精度和表面粗糙度。
检验：对加工后的零件进行尺寸和外观检验。
2.2 关键加工步骤铣削：用于加工平面和凹槽。
钻孔：用于加工通孔和盲孔。
镗孔：用于加工内孔，确保孔的尺寸和位置精度。
磨削：用于提高表面质量和尺寸精度。
2.3 加工参数选择合适的切削速度、进给速度和切削深度。
2.4 加工质量控制定期对加工设备进行校准和维护。
采用在线或离线检测方法，确保加工质量。
第三章：夹具设计3.1 夹具设计原则确保夹具的稳定性和可靠性。
便于操作，提高加工效率。
能够适应不同的加工工序。
3.2 夹具类型固定夹具：用于固定零件，防止加工过程中的移动。
可调夹具：可以根据零件尺寸进行调整。
专用夹具：针对特定零件设计的夹具。
3.3 夹具设计要点定位：确保零件在夹具中的位置准确。
夹紧：提供足够的夹紧力，防止加工过程中的振动。
操作性：夹具应易于操作，方便工人使用。
3.4 夹具材料选择根据夹具的负载和使用环境选择合适的材料。
第四章：工艺规程的实施与优化4.1 工艺规程的制定根据变速箱体的设计要求和加工特点，制定详细的工艺规程。
4.2 工艺规程的实施组织培训，确保操作人员熟悉工艺规程。
制定操作手册，指导日常加工工作。
本科毕业设计论文——变速拨叉加工工艺及工装
东华理工大学长江学院毕业设计(论文)题目：变速拨叉加工工艺及工装英文题目：Fork speed processing technology and equipment学生XX学号指导教师职称专业机械工程及自动化二零零九年五月二十七日摘要本论文设计的是变速拨叉的加工工序、设计方案、计算过程以及钻孔的夹具设计。
拨叉表面加工方法的选择、加工顺序的安排、工序集中与分散的处理、加工阶段的划分、机床和工艺装备的选择、加工余量与工序尺寸及公差的确定等都是编制工艺规程的主要问题。
而夹具设计所面临的是设计方案的确定、定位元件的选择、定位误差的分析与计算、夹紧力的计算、夹具体毛坯结构及夹具元件配合的确定。
还有拨叉毛坯图、零件图和夹具装配图的绘制，如何保证用拨叉的技术条件是加工过程最为重要的问题，而夹具也起着至关重要的作用。
拨叉的合理结构设计、加工工艺性设计，保证拨叉的加工质量，对提高生产效率有着重要意义，它是保证产品质量的关键所在。
通过对拨叉加工过程的设计，可以发现一个产品的设计需要各个加工过程很好的配合才能成功。
关键词：拨叉；工艺；夹具；夹紧；定位附件：AbstractIn this paper, the design of the fork processing speed, design, calculation and design of drilling jig. Fork the surface of the choice of processing methods, processing sequence of the arrangement, process centralization and decentralization of treatment, the division stage of processing, machine tools and process equipment selection, allowance and processes determine the size and tolerance of the preparation process are the main point of order problem. Fixture Design and facing the program is designed to identify, locate ponent selection, positioning errors of analysis and calculation, the calculation of clamping force, the specific folder structure and the rough with the determination of fixture elements. There are fork blank map, fixture assembly parts diagram and mapping how to ensure the technical conditions fork is the most important process, and fixture also plays a vital role.Fork reasonable structural design, design process to ensure quality processing fork, to improve the productivity of great significance, it is to ensure that the key to product quality. Fork through the design process can be found in a product design process requires a goodco-ordination to succeed.Keywords: fork; technology; fixture; clamping; positioning目录第一章拨叉零件的分析 (1)1.1零件的作用 (1)1.2零件的技术要求.…………………1.3工艺分析…………………………第二章工艺规程的设计..............................2.1确定毛坯的制造形式 (3)2.2基面的选择 (3)2.3表面加工方法的确定制定工艺路 (3)2.4工序顺序安排的确定 (3)2.5确定工艺路线 (4)2.6机械加工余量工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定..52.7确立切削用量及基本工时 (5)第三章夹具设计 (9)3.1问题的提出 (9)3.2夹具设计 (9)参考文献 (17)序言机械制造工业是为现代化建设提供各种机械装备的部门，在国民经济的发展中具有十分重要的地位。
汽车变速箱箱体外文翻译
外语文献翻译摘自: 《制造工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版页P560—564美s. 卡尔帕基安(Serope kalpakjian)s.r 施密德(Steven R.Schmid) 著原文：20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、Tool life obtained;3、Force and power requirements;4、Chip control.Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability.Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now beinginvestigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability ofsteels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels(liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because ofthe formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leadedfree-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, and proper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from C︒315), and then cooled slowly175to F︒160(F︒80to C︒and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasiveand are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in theload-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperaturedistribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of theworkpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Mostapplications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metalsand alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramicssuch as silicon nitride.SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life,force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability ofmaterials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure,but also on proper selection and control of process variables.译文：20.9 可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
汽车变速箱箱体加工工艺及粗精铣顶面夹具设计(全套图纸及中英翻译)
第一章 汽车变速箱加工工艺规程设计1.1零件的分析1.1.1零件的作用变速箱箱体的主要作用是支承各传动轴，保证各轴之间的中心距及平行度，并保证变速箱部件与发动机正确安装。
因此汽车变速箱箱体零件的加工质量，不但直接影响汽车变速箱的装配精度和运动精度，而且还会影响汽车的工作精度、使用性能和寿命。
汽车变速箱主要是实现汽车的变速，改变汽车的运动速度。
汽车变速箱箱体零件的顶面用以安装变速箱盖，前后端面支承孔mm 120φ、mm 80φ用以安装传动轴，实现其变速功能。
1.1.2零件的工艺分析由汽车变速箱箱体零件图可知。
汽车变速箱箱体是一个簿壁壳体零件，它的外表面上有五个平面需要进行加工。
支承孔系在前后端面上。
此外各表面上还需加工一系列螺纹孔。
因此可将其分为三组加工表面。
它们相互间有一定的位置要求。
现分析如下：（1）、以顶面为主要加工表面的加工面。
这一组加工表面包括：顶面的铣削加工；H M 6108-⨯的螺孔加工；mm 027.0122+⨯φ的工艺孔加工。
其中顶面有表面粗糙度要求为m Ra μ3.6，8个螺孔均有位置度要求为mm 3.0φ，2个工艺孔也有位置度要求为mm 1.0φ。
（2）、以mm 03.0120+φ、mm 013.080+φ、mm 035.0100+φ的支承孔为主要加工表面的加工面。
这一组加工表面包括：2个mm 03.0120+φ、2个mm 013.080+φ和1个mm 035.0100+φ的孔；尺寸为mm 025.0365±的与mm 03.01202+⨯φ、mm 013.0802+⨯φ的4个孔轴线相垂直的前后端面；前后端面上的3个H M 614-、16个H M 610-的螺孔，以及4个m m 15φ、2个mm8φ的孔；还有另外两个在同一中心线上与两端面相垂直的mm 020.0015.030+-φ的倒车齿轮轴孔及其内端面和两个H M 610-的螺孔。
其中前后端面有表面粗糙度要求为m Ra μ3.6，3个H M 614-、16个H M 610-的螺孔，4个m m 15φ、2个mm 8φ的孔均有位置度要求为mm 3.0φ，两倒车齿轮轴孔内端面有尺寸要求为mm 46.0090+及表面粗糙度要求为m Ra μ2.3。
变速箱体工艺及车削Φ45孔夹具设计_毕业设计
毕业设 计
题 目变速箱体工艺及车削Φ45孔夹具设计
英文题目The automobile gear box body machine-finishing craft and drills Φ45 hole jig designs and analyzes the jig body stress
【Key words】Mechanical industry；Jig；Processing craft
前言…………………………………………………………………….
前言
机床夹具是机械制造过程中最常用的一种工艺装备。在机械制造过程中，它装在机床上，使工件相对刀具与机床保待正确的位置，并能承受切削力。机床夹具的主要作用是保证加工精度、提高劳动生产率、扩大机床的使用范围和保证生产安全，因此，机床夹具在机械制造中占有很重要的地位。
The engine bed jig is in the jig one kind,Fixes it to the engine bed on,May cause by the job maintains to the cutting tool and the engine bed the correct relative position,And overcomes the cutting force the influence. Causes the processing to carry on smoothly.The engine bed jig divides into the general jig and the unit clamp two kinds.
2.3.1
(1)基准先行。
(2)主要表面的粗精加工要分开，以消除切削力带来的变形。
机械制造专业外文翻译--机床夹具的分类与构成
外文原文：Machine classification and pose fixture1 fixture in the role of machiningWorkpiece clamping fixture is a kind of process equipment, it is widely used in mechanical machining of the manufacturing process, heat treatment, assembly, welding and testing processes. In the use of metal-cutting machine tools collectively referred to as the jig fixture. n a modern production machine is an indispensable fixture of the process equipment, machining of the workpiece, the processing requirements in order to ensure. First of all to the workpiece and the machine tool relative to a correct position, and this location during processing does not change the impact of external forces. To this end, during the pre-machining, workpiece clamping must be good. There are two ways to clamp workpiece: one is directly clamping the workpiece in the machine table or on the chuck; The other is the workpiece in the fixture on the fixture. The first method used when the workpiece clamping, the general design requirements have to press lines in the surface to draw the size and location, clamping, or when the needle is zoned dial indicator to find is after the clamping. This method need special equipment, but low efficiency, are generally used for one-piece and small batch production. Large quantities, mostly with the workpiece clamping fixture. With the merits of the workpiece clamping fixtures are as follows: (l) Guarantee the stability of the machining accuracy of workpiece. Workpieces with clamping fixture, the workpiece relative to the location of tool and machine tool to ensure the accuracy of the fixture from the technical level of workers, so that a number of workpiece machining accuracy of the line.(2) To improve labor productivity. Workpiece clamping fixture can facilitate the user easily、rapidly, and the workpiece does not need to find is crossed, can significantly reduce the supplementary working hours, to improve labor productivity; workpiece in the fixture after the fixture to improve the rigidity of the workpiece, thus cutting the amount of increase, to improve labor productivity; can use more pieces of multi-workpiece clamping fixture, and the use of efficient clamping bodies, to further improve labor productivity.(3) To expand the use of machine tools. Machine tools in general use a dedicated machine tool fixture can expand the scope of the process and give full play to the potential of machine tools to achieve a multi-machine use. For example, the use of adedicated fixture can be easily Lathe processing small box to the workpiece. Even in the lathe out of oil, a reduction of expensive dedicated machines, reducing the cost, which is particularly important for small and medium-sized factories.(4) To improve the operator's working conditions. As the pneumatic, hydraulic, electro-magnetic power source, such as the application in the fixture, on the one hand to reduce the labor intensity of workers; the other hand, it guarantees the reliability of the workpiece clamping, and to achieve the interlocking machine, to avoid accidents, ensure the operator safety and machine tool equipment(5) To reduce costs. In mass production after the use of fixture, from stem to increase labor productivity, lower level technical workers, as well as lower scrap and other reasons, obviously to reduce the production costs.Fixture manufacturing cost-sharing in a group of workpieces, each workpiece to increase the cost is very minimal, far less than as a result of increased labor productivity and reduce costs. The greater volume of workpiece, fixture made to use has become more significant economic benefits.2 Fixture Category2.1 General characteristics of the fixture by CategoryAccording to the production in different types of fixtures in the common characteristics of machine tool fixture fixture can be divided into general, special fixtures, adjustable clamp, and automatic line of modular fixture fixture, such as: (l) General Fixture. Universal fixture refers to the structure, size has been standardized, and has a certain universal fixture. This type of fixture adaptable, can be used to setup the scope of a certain shape and size of various parts.(2)A dedicated fixture. This type of fixture is designed for a particular part of the processing procedures and the design and manufacture. Relatively stable in the product, the production of larger quantities, used a variety of special fixtures, access to higher productivity and machining accuracy. (3) Adjustable fixture. Adjustable fixture for general fixture and special fixture and the defects developed a new kind of fixture. Of different types and sizes of the workpiece, simply adjust or replace the fixture at the original location of the individual components and will be used to clamp components. （4) Modular Fixture. Modular fixture is a modular fixture. Standard components of the module with high precision and resistance to abrasion, can be assembled into a variety of fixtures. Removable fixture used to clean the assembly after the new fixture left. （5) Automatic line fixture. Automatic line clamp generally divided into two categories:fixed-type fixture, which is similar to a dedicated fixture; other accompanying a fixture for the use of the workpiece in the fixture, together with the movement, and automatic workpiece along the line from a move to the next position position for processing.2.2 Classification by the use of machine tools ClassificationBy the use of machine tools can be divided into lathe jig fixtures, milling fixtures, drilling fixtures, hang-bed fixture, jig gear machine, CNC machine tool fixture, automatic machine tool fixtures, accompanied by automatic line, and other fixtures, such as machine tools. This is a special fixture design of the classification method used. Dedicated fixture design, the machine group, the type and the main parameters have been determined. Their difference is the cutting forming machine tool movements, so the connection fixture with the machine in different ways. Machining accuracy of their different requirements.2.3 Clamping fixture according to the power sourceClamping fixture according to the power source can be divided into manual fixture, pneumatic fixtures, hydraulic fixtures, gas fixtures by force, electromagnetic fixture, vacuum fixtures, fixture, such as centrifugal force.3 the composition of fixtureAlthough the structure of machine tool fixture range, but their components can be summarized as the following sections.(1) Positioning components. Typically, when the shape of the workpiece datum position established, the position will be the basic components of the structure identified(2) Clamping device. Positioning of the workpiece in the fixture, the need to clamp the workpiece before processing to ensure that the workpiece during processing is not due to external force and undermine its position.(3) The specific folder. Fixture and the skeleton matrix, all the components through the fixture it will constitute a whole.(4) Of the knife or the guide. Tool used to determine position relative to the correct position of components. Of the knife device common in milling fixture. Used to adjust the cutter knife block position before machining.(5) To connect components. Connected components in the machine tool fixture is todetermine the correct position on the component, therefore, can double as a specific folder to connect components. Lathe fixture on the transition plate, the positioning ofmilling machine fixture on key components are connected.(6) Other devices or components. According to the processing needs, some degree fixture device were used by mode device, the whole device, and the balance of the top block and so on. These components or devices specially designed need.中文译文：机床夹具的分类与构成1机床夹具在机械加工中的作用夹具是一种装夹工件的工艺装备，它广泛地应用于机械制造过程的切削加工、热处理、装配、焊接和检测等工艺过程中。
减速箱体加工工艺及夹具设计完整版
摘要箱体零件是一种典型零件，其加工工艺规程和工装设计具有典型性。
该箱体零件结构复杂，零件毛坯采用铸造成形。
在加工过程中，采用先面后孔的加工路线，以保证工件的定位基准统一、准确。
为了消除切削力、夹紧力、切削热和因粗加工所造成的内应力对加工精度的影响，整个工艺过程分为粗、精两个阶段。
通过被加工零件的分析完成了机械加工工艺的设计及各加工工序机动时间的计算。
根据箱体零件的结构及其功能，运用定位夹紧的知识完成了夹具设计。
关键词：箱体，工艺，夹具AbstractThis box machine element is typical, the manufacturing process and tooling design of it is typical.The structure of this box machine element is complicated, the machine element’s blank adopt casting shape. In the process of manufacture, in order to ensure th -e location datum accurate and unity, I adopt the manufacturing line from face to hole.In order to clear away the influence for machining accurate of internal stress, cutting force, clamping force, heat in cutting from coarse manufacturing, the whole manufacturing pro -cess is made of coarse and accurate manufacturing. Parts were processed through the a -nalysis of the complete machining process design and the manufacturing processes for mobile time calculations. According to the box components and the function and structu -re, the use of the knowledge positioning clamp completed the fixture design.【Key words】Box machine；Processing；Jig目录第一章绪论 (1)1.1 课题背景 (1)1.2 制订工艺规程的意义与作用及其基本要求 (1)1.3 夹具的设计 (1)第二章减速器机壳体加工工艺 (2)2.1 箱体工艺分析 (2)2.1.1零件分析 (2)2.1.2箱体的结构特点 (2)2.1.3 箱体的材料、毛坯及热处理 (3)2.2减速器箱体加工工艺过程 (5)2.2.1减速器箱体的机械加工工艺过程 (5)2.2.2减速器加工的工艺路线方案拟订 (5)2.3 主要表面的加工 (14)2.3.1箱体的平面加工 (14)2.3.2住轴孔的加工 (14)2.3.3 孔系的加工 (15)2.4 定位基准的选择 (16)2.4.1粗基准的选择 (16)2.4.2精基准的选择 (17)2.5工艺尺寸的计算 (18)2.5.1 加工余量及其毛坯尺寸的确定 (18)2.5.2切削用量的选择 (19)2.5.3切削工时的额定 (23)第三章.夹具的设计 (29)3.1设计减速器底孔夹具的 (29)3.1.1 设计任务分析 (29)3.1.2设计方案论证 (29)3.1.3 切削力及夹紧力的计算 (30)3.1.4夹具设计及操作的简要说明 (30)3.1.5结构分析 (31)3.1.6夹具的公差 (31)3.2镗床夹具设计 (32)3.2.1结构分析 (32)3.2.2夹具的结构类型 (32)3.2.3夹紧力大小的确定原则 (33)3.2.4 定位销尺寸及高度的确定 (34)结论 (39)参考文献 (40)致谢 (41)第一章绪论1.1 课题背景毕业设计是我们在学校学习的最后的一门课程，也是对自己在大学中所学知识的一个全面的总结和运用。
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接受和传递原始作用力使之变为夹紧力并执行夹紧任务的部分，一般由下 列机构组成：
1）接受原始作用力的机构。如手柄、螺母及用来连接气缸活塞杆的机构 等。
2）中间递力机构。如铰链、杠杆等。
3）夹紧元件。如各种螺钉压板等。
其中中间递力机构在传递原始作用力至夹紧元件的过程中可以起到诸如改变
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作用力的方向、改变作用力的大小以及自锁等作用。
一、夹紧装置的组成
夹紧装置的种类很多，但其结构均由两部分组成。
1． 动力装置
夹紧力的来源，一是人力；二是某种装置所产生的力。能产生力的装置称 为夹具的动力装置。常用的动力装置有：气动装置、液压装置、电动装置、 电磁装置、气—液联动装置和真空装置等。由于手动夹具的夹紧力来自人 力，所以它没有动力装置。
四、定心夹紧机构
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当工件被加工面以中心要素（轴线、中心平面等）为工序基准时，为使基 准重合以减少定位误差，需采用定心夹紧机构。
定心夹紧机构具有定心和夹紧两种功能，如卧式车床的三爪自定心卡盘即 为最常用的典型实例。
定心夹紧机构按其定心作用原理有两种类型，一种是依靠传动机构使定心 夹紧元件等速移动，从而实现定心夹紧，如螺旋式、杠杆式、楔式机构等；另一 种是利用薄壁弹性元件受力后产生均匀的弹性变形（收缩或扩张） ，来实现定 心夹紧，如弹簧筒夹、膜片卡盘、波纹套、液性塑料等。
Precision Machining Technology
Peter J. Hoffman
译 名 彼得·J·霍夫 国 籍 曼
Cengage Learning
美国
译文：
精密机械加工工艺
在机械加工过程中，工件受到切削力、离心力、惯性力等作用，为了保证在 这些外力作用下，工件仍能在夹具中保持已由定位元件确定的加工位置，而不致 发生振动或位移、夹具结构中应设置夹紧装置将工件可靠夹牢。
2. 杠杆式定心夹紧机构
杠杆式三爪自定心卡盘中，滑套作轴向移动时，圆周均布的三个钩形杠杆 便绕轴转动， 拨动三个滑块沿径向移动，从而带动其上卡爪将工件定心并 夹紧或松开。
这种定心夹紧机构具有刚性大、动作快、增力倍数大、工作行程也比较大 等特点，但其定心精度较低。一般为 0.1mm 左右，它主要用于工件的粗加工。 由于杠杆机构不能自锁，所以这种机构自锁要靠气压或其它机构。
3. 楔式定心夹紧机构
机动的楔式夹爪自动定心机构中，当工件以内孔及左端面在夹具上定位 后，汽缸通过拉杆使六个夹爪左移， 由于本体上斜面的作用，夹爪左移的同时 向外胀开，将工件定心夹紧；反之，夹爪右移时，在弹簧卡圈的作用下使夹爪收 拢，将工件松开。
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这种定心夹紧机构的结构紧凑，定心精度一般可达 0.02mm0.07mm，比较 适用于工件内孔作定位基面的半精加工工序。
2. 螺旋压板夹紧机构 在夹紧机构中，螺旋压板的使用非常普遍，常见的螺旋压板典型结构其结
构尺寸均已标准化，设计者可参考有关国家标准和夹具设计手册进行设计。
2. 偏心夹紧机构
用偏心件直接或间接夹紧工件的机构，称为偏心夹紧机构。偏心件有两种 形式，即圆偏心和曲线偏心，其中，圆偏心机构因结构简单、制造容易而得到广 泛应用。
4. 弹簧筒夹式定心夹紧机构
这种定心夹紧机构常用于安装轴套类工件。
弹性定心夹紧机构的结构简单、体积小、操作方便迅速，因而应用十分广 泛。其定心精度可稳定在 0.04mm0.010mm 之间。除上述介绍的定心夹紧机构 外，常用的还有膜片卡盘机构、波纹套定心夹紧机构以及液性塑料夹紧机构等。
α≤Φ1+Φ2 为保证自锁可靠，手动夹紧机构一般取 α=6°~8°。用气压或液压装置驱动 的斜楔不需要自锁，可取
a =15 ° ~35 °。 斜楔夹紧具有结构简单，增力比大，自锁性能好等特点，因此获得广泛应 用。
（二）螺旋夹紧机构
采用螺杆作中间传力元件的夹紧机构统称为螺旋夹紧机构。由于它结构简
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单、夹紧可靠、通用性好，而且由于螺旋升角小，螺旋夹紧机构的自锁性能好， 夹紧力和夹紧行程都较大，是手动夹具上用得最多的一种夹紧机构。
密级 分类号 编号 成绩
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题
译文标题 作者所在系别 作者所在专业 作者所在班级 作者姓名 作者学号 指导教师姓名 指导教师职称 完成 时间
Precision Machining Technology 精密机械加工工艺
译文标题 原文标题 作者 原文出处
精密机械加工工艺
偏心夹紧加工操作方便、夹紧迅速，缺点是夹紧力和夹紧行程都小。一般 用于切削力不大、振动小、没有离心力影响的加工中。
1．圆偏心轮的工作原理 2．圆偏心轮的夹+Φ2 推导得： f1≥ 2e／D 当 f= 0.1 时，e／D ≥20 当 f= 0.15 时，e／D ≥14
1. 螺旋式定心夹紧机构
螺杆两端的螺纹旋向相反，螺距相同。当其旋转时，使两个 V 形钳口作 对向等速移动，从而实现对工件的定心夹紧或松开。V 形钳口可按工件不同形状 进行更换。
这种定心夹紧机构的特点是：结构简单、工作行程大、通用性好，但定心 精度不高，主要适用于粗加工或半精加工中需要行程大而定心精度要求不高的场 合。
二、夹紧装置的基本要求
在不破坏工件定位精度，并保证加工质量的前提下，应尽量使夹紧装置做 到：
1. 夹紧力的大小适当。既要保证工件在整个加工过程中其位置稳定不变、 振动小，又要使工件不产生过大的夹紧变形。
2. 工艺性好。夹紧装置的复杂程度应与生产纲领相适应，在保证生产效率 的前提下，其结构应力求简单，便于制造和维修。
1. 简单螺旋夹紧机构 最简单的螺旋夹紧机构由于直接用螺钉头部压紧工件，易使工件受压表面损 伤，或带动工件旋转。因此常在头部装有摆动的压块。由于压块与工件间的 摩擦力矩大于压块与螺钉间的摩擦力矩，压块不会随螺钉一起转动。夹紧动 作慢、工件装卸费时是单个螺旋夹紧机构的另一个缺点。为克服这一缺点， 可采用快速夹紧机构。
3. 使用性好。夹紧装置的操作应当方便、安全、省力。
三、基本夹紧机构
原始作用力转化为夹紧力是通过夹紧机构来实现的。在众多的夹紧机构中以 斜楔、螺旋、偏心以及由它们组合而成的夹紧机构应用最为普遍。
1. 斜楔夹紧机构
采用斜楔作为传力元件或夹紧元件的夹紧机构称为斜楔夹紧机构。 直接采 用斜楔夹紧时，斜楔的自锁条件是：斜楔的升角小于斜楔与工件、斜 楔与夹具 体之间的摩擦角之和.即：