英语专业毕业论文开题报告(汉英公示语的翻译)
公示语翻译的开题报告
公示语翻译的开题报告公示语翻译的开题报告一、研究背景公示语是指在公共场所或者特定场合中，为了向公众传达特定信息而使用的语言表达方式。
随着社会的发展和人们对信息获取的需求不断增长，公示语的使用越来越广泛。
然而，由于不同地区、不同文化背景下的语言差异，公示语的翻译工作面临着一定的挑战。
因此，本研究旨在探讨公示语翻译的相关问题，以提高公示语翻译的质量和效果。
二、研究目的本研究的主要目的是通过对公示语翻译的实证研究，分析公示语翻译中存在的问题，并提出相应的解决方案。
具体目标如下：1. 分析公示语翻译中的语言障碍，探讨不同语言之间的差异对翻译的影响。
2. 研究公示语翻译中的文化障碍，探讨不同文化背景下的语言表达方式对翻译的影响。
3. 提出公示语翻译的解决方案，包括翻译策略、技巧和方法，以提高翻译的准确性和可读性。
三、研究方法本研究将采用实证研究方法，通过对实际公示语的收集和分析，结合相关文献的综述，对公示语翻译中存在的问题进行深入研究。
具体研究步骤如下：1. 收集不同地区、不同场所的公示语样本，包括标语、广告、告示等。
2. 对收集到的公示语样本进行语言和文化分析，发现其中存在的问题和障碍。
3. 结合相关文献的综述，对公示语翻译的相关理论进行归纳和总结。
4. 提出公示语翻译的解决方案，包括翻译策略、技巧和方法，并进行实证验证。
四、预期结果通过本研究，预期可以得到以下结果：1. 对公示语翻译中存在的语言障碍进行深入分析，揭示不同语言之间的差异对翻译的影响。
2. 对公示语翻译中存在的文化障碍进行深入研究，探讨不同文化背景下的语言表达方式对翻译的影响。
3. 提出公示语翻译的解决方案，包括翻译策略、技巧和方法，以提高翻译的准确性和可读性。
4. 验证提出的解决方案的有效性和可行性，为公示语翻译提供实用的指导和参考。
五、研究意义本研究的意义主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 对公示语翻译中存在的问题进行深入研究，为公示语翻译工作提供理论支持和实践指导。
英语专业毕业论文开题报告英文版
英语专业毕业论文开题报告英文版英语专业毕业论文开题报告英文版ProposalTitle: A Study on C-E translation of Scenic Spots Introductions of Guangzhou from the Perspective of Eco-translatology Rationale and Significance of the Proposed StudySince the 21st century, along with economic globalization, transnational tourism also gets rapid development. China，as a big country with full tourist resource, with the successful hosting of the 20xx Guangzhou Asian Games, Guangzhou will usher in more and more foreign tourists. How to better convey the information in the travel material, how to best introduce Chinese culture to foreigners by Chinese tourism as more as possible, it is closely related to the translation quality of scenic spots introduction. Scenic spots introduction is an important way for the tourists to get tourist attractions information, proper scenic spot introduction can make the tourists to obtain the necessary background knowledge, deepen their understanding of the scenic spot culture connotation and good translation of scenic spots introduction. It can make foreign friends better understand Chinas culture, also good for the spread and communication of culture. To select the perspective of Eco-translatology, using the methods and principles of Eco-translatology to study the scenic spots introduction of Guangzhou, will have a lot to the guiding role of the English translation for the scenic spots introduction of Guangzhou..Literature Review (Background)Current researches on tourism translation are more concentrated on analysis of the translation of right or wrong,such as spelling missing errors, grammar mistakes, misnomer, encumbrance, expression repeated language, cultural misunderstanding existing in the tourist translation. Theoretical research from the macro level is still in its infancy. The deficiency of theoretical discussion directly led to the weakness of translation practice and cultivation of translation talents. In the study of tourism translation, there are more research on attractions name, signboard, scenic spots culture, scenic spots introduction and slogan and so on. Among them, for the study of scenic spots introduction, most domestic scholars study it from the perspective of the functional translation theory or skopos theory, but there are just a few people studying it from the perspective of Eco-translatology. According to Li Xiangwu, Chen ping(20xx), they take the translation of skopos theory as the guiding principle, then analyzed the scenic spots translation errors paradigm, aimed to improve the quality of tourist attractions in Chinese-English translation. Analysis is comprehensive. And ZhaiXiaoYi, she explored translation of tourist attractions introduction text from the perspective of the functional theories. Through the analysis of the text content and rhetoric of travel sites attractions introduction, she was tried to explain the enlightenment of functional theories for Chinese travel website text. The context was detailed, but overall, it still stays in text translation error analysis, and putting forward effective strategies. Eco-translatology is a new emerging interdisciplinary subject that makes the translatology mix with the ecology and mutual infiltration. Hou min (20xx), under the guidance of Eco-translatology, through discussing problems in the translational eco-environment of tourism translation in Shanxi, put forward the subjects of translation of tourism culturetranslation environment and internal adaptation and multidimensional response strategy, etc. Analysis is very detailed, but example is insufficient. Guo Fen (20xx), guided by the Eco-translatology, from the three-dimension transformation method of translation, the translator duty and afterwards punishing mechanism to explore the ecological translation theory guidance of translation of scenic spots introduction, it is very detailed, but not enough in-depth. In recent years, scholars studies in the tourism translation with the perspective of the ecological translation theory have been gradually increased, but under the perspective of Eco-translatology, the scenic spots introduction translation studies is relatively less. Scenic spots introduction can reflect a regions history and culture, good translation of scenic spots introduction will be better carry forward the Chinese culture. It can let the foreign friends understand China better.Research QuestionsWhat are the characteristics of the scenic spots introduction in Guangzhou Existing problemsCan the Eco-translatology have the guidance effort for the scenic spots introduction in GuangzhouMethodology and Data CollectionMethodology: First, field investigation, collecting data, and then under the perspective of Eco-translatology, doing the contrast analysis of the scenic spots introduction in both Chinese and English version.Data collection：The data collected to support the thesis are mainly from field investigation. The data will be chosen in the scenic spots introduction in Guangzhou. The data will be collected by photographs, some typical data will be picked out and classified and then illustrated from the perspective of Eco-translatology.Theoretical FrameworkEco-translatology: Professor Hu Gengshen argued and built a translation theory of adaptation and selection, the theory may be defined as a means of ecology of translation studies, think that the translation activities should through language, culture communication and three dimension transformation, its principle is multi-dimensional adaptation and adaptive selection, the best translation is integration to adapt to the selectivity of the highest translation.Outline/Organization of the Proposed Study1. Introduction1.1 Rationale and Significance1.2 Research Questions1.3 Research Methods1.4 Organization of the Dissertation2. Research Review2.1 Previous research on Tourism Translation2.2 Previous research on Chinese to English translation of scenic spots introduction.2.3 Previous research on Eco-translatology2.4 Achievements and deficiencies3. Theoretical Framework3.1 Eco-translatology3.1.1 An Overview of Eco-translatology3.1.2 Transaltion Principle and Method of Eco-translatology3.2 Applicability of Eco-translatology4. Case Analysis4.1 Analysis of the information with Eco-translatology in the process of Chinese to English translation of scenic spotsintroduction4.2 Take some examples to analyze the translation while applying the method of Eco-translatology4.3 Discussion5. ConclusionTentative Conclusion and Potential DifficultiesTentative Conclusion: The Eco-translatology has the guidance effort for the scenic spots introduction in Guangzhou.Potential Difficulties:1. Not familiar to the Eco-translatology2. Data collection will not be very easy and the example that can fit the theory will not be easy to find.ReferencesNelson, R.Winter,S.An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge/London: Duck University Press,1982 Newmark, P.. Approach to translation. Oxford: Pergamon, 1982。
2021年英语专业本科毕业论文开题报告范文(最新)word版
英语专业本科毕业论文开题报告范文（最新）课题名称(中/英文)英汉习语翻译折射出的文化差异(the culture differences in the translation of English & chinese idioms)一、综述本课题国内外研究动态，说明选题的依据和意义2世纪9年代以来,我国语言学界对英汉语言文化对比的研究方兴未艾,不同层面,不同角度的全方位研究正在不断深入,其中,张培基的<<习语汉译英研究>>(1979)和胡文仲的<<英语习语与英美文化>>(XX)最具代表性.在国外,esl/efl习语习得研究已经逐步引起关注,理论研究方面以nida eugene a.(1974)的理论研究为主要代表.近年来,国内外有关英汉习语专题研究的论文也相继公开发表,为英汉习语的进一步深入研究奠定了基础。
意义英汉习语承载着不同民族的文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。
习语中的文化因素往往是翻译的难点。
本选题以英汉习语为切入点，进行较为深入的文化对比研究，通过文化差异在语言系统中的积淀，反映一个民族的历史、宗教信仰、风俗习惯、思维模式等特征在习语上的表现，有助于学习者更好的了解和掌握英汉习语。
二、研究的基本内容，拟解决的主要问题本选题重在研究英汉习语折射出的文化差异，以及由此衍生出的英汉习语翻译方法的不同，理论说明与实例分析相结合。
难点如何从文化差异的角度归纳、总结英汉习语的翻译方法。
创新点将习语作为一种文化现象而非仅仅语言现象加以研究。
三、研究步骤、方法及措施引言文化及文化差异1文化的定义2文化差异的客观存在性文化与语言1文化与语言的关系习语1习语的定义2习语的范围和产生的原因3习语的比喻义4习语的引申义中西文化背景差异1思维模式差异2历史典故差异3宗教信仰差异4风俗习惯差异1英汉动物词的文化差异2英汉数字词的文化差异3英汉颜色词的文化差异英汉习语的翻译方法1直译法2意译法3增译法4音译兼加注法5代换法研究方法和措施本篇研究的主要方法是在选定课题后，从图书馆找出相应的参考书籍，结合所学课程的相关内容，最后在网上寻找更多更新的数据、资料和有参考价值的文献。
英语翻译专业本科生毕业论文开题报告（共9篇）
英语翻译专业本科生毕业论文开题报告(共9篇)：开题本科生毕业论文英语翻译报告论文开题报告怎么写开题报告范文本科生毕业论文多少字篇一：英语专业本科毕业论文开题报告选题论证一、题目：The C-E Translation of Chinese Typical Expressions in theGovernment Work Reports from the Perspective of Skopos Theory二、我国研究现状中国政府每年都要在“两会”上向与会代表和委员发布《政府工作报告》，总结前一年或者前五年中国在建设具有中国特色的社会主义道路上所取得的新成就，同时部署来年或者未来五年中国政府对中国国情所作出的各项方针政策，涉及政治、经济、文化和人民生活等各个领域。
该报告也因此成为国际社会了解中国国情、中国发展、中国政府的政策和主张的尤为重要的途径之一，受到全世界各国政府和人民的普遍关注。
因此，其翻译的好坏直接影响到中国的国际声誉和国际地位。
政府工作报告是一种特殊的文体，兼有口头语和书面语的双重特征，其翻译实属政论文体翻译。
目前，国内学者对政论文的翻译研究较少，对政府工作报告的翻译更少。
本文作者通过在知网和万方数据中输入关键词搜索关于对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇英译研究的书籍、论文、期刊，发现从目的论的角度对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇英译进行的研究相对特别少。
本文尝试从功能翻译理论中的目的论的角度对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇的英译进行进一步的研究。
三、研究的原因及意义随着对外交流的不断扩大以及中国国际地位的不断提升，《政府工作报告》日益受到世界瞩目，因此该报告的翻译对中国的发展具有深远的影响和重大的意义。
但是《政府工作报告》的翻译难度颇大，因为该报告具有极强的政治性和政策性，对译文的准确性和忠实性要求极高，而且报告中包含了大量的具有中国特色的词汇，很难在英语中找到完全对应的表达方式。
英语专业开题报告
英语专业开题报告As an English major, writing an opening report is an essential part of the academic journey. It serves as a preliminary outline of the research that will be conducted, providing a clear direction and purpose for the study. In this report, I will outline the topic of my research, provide a brief literature review, and present the research questions and objectives that will guide my study.The topic of my research is "The Impact of English Language Proficiency on Academic Performance in Non-Native English Speaking Countries." This topic is of particular interest to me because of the increasing importance of English as a global language and the challenges that non-native English speakers face in academic settings. I believe that by understanding the relationship between English language proficiency and academic performance, we can better support non-native English speakers in their educational endeavors.In reviewing the literature, I have found that there is a significant body of research that explores the relationship between English language proficiency and academic performance. Many studies have found a positive correlation between English language proficiency and academic success, while others have identified various factors that may influence this relationship, such as socio-economic background, educational resources, and teaching methods. However, there is still much to be explored in this area, particularly in non-native English speaking countries.Based on this literature review, the research questions that will guide my study are as follows:1. What is the current level of English language proficiency among non-native English speaking students in academic settings?2. How does English language proficiency impact academic performance in non-native English speaking countries?3. What factors influence the relationship between English language proficiency and academic performance?The objectives of my research are to:1. Assess the English language proficiency of non-native English speaking students in academic settings.2. Investigate the impact of English language proficiency on academic performance.3. Identify the factors that influence the relationship between English language proficiency and academic performance.In conclusion, this opening report has outlined the topic of my research, provided a brief literature review, and presented the research questions and objectives that will guide my study. I am confident that this research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the impact of English language proficiency on academic performance, and I look forward to delving into this important and relevant topic.。
英语专业论文开题报告
英语专业论文开题报告Title: The Impact of Technology on English Language Learning 1. Introduction1.1 Background and SignificanceIn today's rapidly evolving world, technology plays a prominent role in nearly every aspect of our lives. The field of education is no exception, with technology providing new opportunities to enhance and transform teaching and learning experiences. One area that has seen significant impact is English language learning. English has become the lingua franca of the global community, with proficiency in the language opening up numerous opportunities for individuals in the global job market. As a result, the demand for effective English language learning methods has increased, and technology has emerged as a key tool in meeting this demand.1.2 Research ObjectivesThis research aims to investigate the impact of technology on English language learning, specifically focusing on the following objectives:1. To examine the different types of technology used in English language learning.2. To explore the effectiveness of technology in enhancing students' English language proficiency.3. To evaluate the attitudes and perceptions of language learners towards technology in the English language learning process.4. To identify the challenges and limitations of incorporating technology in English language learning.2. Literature Review2.1 Technology in English Language LearningThis section will review existing literature on the different types of technology used in English language learning. It will explore the use of computer-assisted language learning (CALL), mobile applications, online platforms, virtual reality, and other emerging technologies in improving language acquisition.2.2 Effectiveness of Technology in English Language Learning This section will analyze studies and research conducted on the effectiveness of technology in enhancing students' English language proficiency. It will examine the impact of technology on language fluency, vocabulary acquisition, grammar skills, listening comprehension, and speaking abilities.2.3 Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Technology in English Language LearningThis section will discuss the attitudes and perceptions of language learners towards technology in the English language learning process. It will analyze studies that investigate students' motivation, engagement, and satisfaction with technology-based language learning approaches.2.4 Challenges and Limitations of Technology in English Language LearningThis section will explore the challenges and limitations associated with incorporating technology in English language learning. It will discuss issues such as access and affordability, technological barriers, teacher training, and potential negative impact on social interaction and collaboration.3. Methodology3.1 Research DesignThis study will adopt a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect and analyze data. Qualitative methods, such as interviews and surveys, will be used to explore participants' attitudes and perceptions towards technology in English language learning. Quantitative methods, such as pre- and post-tests, will be used to measure the impact of technology on students' language proficiency.3.2 ParticipantsThe participants of this study will be English language learners from a secondary school. A total of 100 students will be selected through random sampling to ensure a representative sample.3.3 Data Collection and AnalysisData will be collected through interviews, surveys, and language proficiency tests. The interviews and surveys will be analyzed thematically to identify patterns, themes, and recurring ideas. The language proficiency test results will be analyzed using statistical methods to measure the effectiveness of technology in improving students' language skills.4. ConclusionThis study aims to contribute to the existing literature on the impact of technology on English language learning. By exploring the different types of technology used in language learning, evaluating their effectiveness, understanding learners' attitudes and perceptions, and identifying the challenges and limitations, this research will provide insights for educators, policymakers, andresearchers in designing and implementing technology-based language learning approaches that maximize students' language acquisition and proficiency.。
呼啸山庄英语专业毕业论文开题报告中英对照
呼啸山庄英语专业毕业论文开题报告中英对照赣南医学院英语专业毕业论文开题报告学生姓名班级指导教师英文题目Wuthering heights of Heath cliff characcter of the dualism of theanalysis中文题目呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫性格的双重性的分析一．选题的依据及意义(Significance of the Research)Wuthering heights is the only work of England Emily at the 19th century .The spot of the story is mainly about the love story between Heath cliff and Catharine the love and regret and revenge is not only the soul of the novel, but also is the key of the work. The critics about the novel have different ideas about it, especially they have many discussion about the host of story Wuthering heights. Critics have analyzed the character of him from the different aspects . A completely and in-depth analysis about the Wuthering heights is good for us to study the novel well.The best part of the novel is the love story between Heath cliff and Cathrine, their love has beyond the general meaning of love which also can be said as a love outthought the word. But the forming ad the development of this kind of love has be an important reason of the c haraccter of Heath cliff .This discourse will analyze the reason of the forming the character of Heath cliff from the ill-treatment by him and others and his weakness and brave. So it can improve the readers to understand the novel of Emil well.二．国内外研究现状(Background to the Problem)There are many professes and scholars have analyzed .thecharacter of Heath cliff many scholars have analyzed the reason of the forming of the character of Heath cliff from different sides, some of them think his character is informal and ill-treat himself, and some think that is because of the social background, but also some scholars think he is the hero of the love who dare to love and hate.Many scholars have studied the reason of the character forming, such as the translation of the Wuthering heights of England Emily Bronte by Yan Hong Mei and Zhang Yun. They said that because that kind of the treatment, no matter hoe better man he is he would de a demon. Liu Feng Hui also said that the character forming of him is mainly about the environment around him. There is no doubt that the money is the standard of the society at that time .The shame which is taken by the poverty like a knife which had change the character. In addition, Chen Yi ping think that the god has a revenge character. In the book weather Heath cliff is a romantic hero or goal, she said that human can not do better than itself, Heath cliff can not beyond the nature of human ,he also have been hurt by himself. So analysis from many sides to analyze the character of Heath cliff have a great meaning.三．本课题研究内容(Specifications of the Problem/Questions to Be Answered)This paper will analyze the reason of the forming of the character from the dualism and the reason why he will ill-treat himself, why other people would ill-treat him, and the reason of his weakness andbrave.At first, I will analyze the normal character of Heath cliff as a boy.[The ill-treatment at his childhood]Secondly ,I will analyze the cool and informal character which is expressed in his revenge after he grew up. [The ill-treatment by himself]Thirdly I will analyze his character after his revenge ,and the informal character of human nature.At last ,according to the analysis of that we can see the return of human nature.四．本课题研究方案(Research Design)Consultation :On the base of leading a lot of literatures ,this paper analyze the reason of the forming of the character from the different sides.Analysis :Based on his character of Heath cliff under the Emily ,we can analyze the reason of the forming of the character from the dualism.Compare :The ill-treatment by himself and others and his weakness and brave.五．研究目标、主要特色及工作进度(Expected Results and Processing of the Research)This paper will analyze the ill-treatment by himself and others ,his weakness and brave ,from his normal character to his unmoral character analyze the reason of his dualism character. His weakness and brave also had doomed his character. Cathrine is an important role ,and their love is the most important reason for the change of his character .No matter how his character change ,he can not against the human nature ,from his ending we can see the return of the human nature.六、参考文献(References)【1】张同乐、毕铭·《呼啸山庄》一部具有现代主义意味的小说[J]·外国文学研究【2】艾米莉·勃朗特．呼啸山庄[M]．闫红梅，张润，译．北京：中国致公出版社，2005【3】刘风辉．复杂的双面人[J]．佳木斯大学社会科学学报，2007(1)：97—98【4】邓美华．人性的扭曲与复苏U]．湖南省社会主义学院学报，2006，(5)【5】刘长．希刺克厉夫：呼啸山庄的精神畸交者[J]．惠州大学学报，1994，(3)【6】孙冬梅．希克厉何以成为复仇的恶魔[J]．殷都学刊，2004【7】艾米莉·勃朗特．呼啸山庄[M]．徐晓雯译．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1996．231，23【8】杨岂深．英国文学选读[M]．上海：上海译文出版社赣南医学院英语专业毕业论文开题报告学生姓名班级指导教师英文题目Wuthering heights of Heath cliff character of the dualism of theanalysis中文题目呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫性格的双重性的分析一．选题的依据及意义《呼啸山庄》是十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉·勃朗特生平创作的唯一一部小说。
最新英语专业本科毕业论文开题报告（翻译方向）
最新英语专业本科毕业论文开题报告（翻译方向）How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese TranslationI. Purpose and SignificanceWith the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text,making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.II. Literature ReviewLong befo re, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, m aking foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s internationalimage, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky(1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.III. Feasibility Analysis。
毕业论文开题报告 英文
毕业论文开题报告英文Title: Exploring the Significance of Graduation Thesis ProposalIntroduction:The graduation thesis proposal marks the beginning of an academic journey that demands critical thinking, research skills, and a deep understanding of the chosen subject. This report aims to highlight the importance of a well-crafted graduation thesis proposal and its role in shaping the trajectory of a student's academic and professional career.1. The Purpose of a Graduation Thesis Proposal:The primary purpose of a graduation thesis proposal is to outline the research topic, objectives, and methodology to be employed throughout the study. It serves as a roadmap that guides the student's research process, ensuring a focused and systematic approach. The proposal also acts as a contract between the student and their academic advisor, establishing clear expectations and goals for the research.2. Identifying the Research Gap:A well-developed graduation thesis proposal requires the identification of a research gap within a specific field or discipline. This involves reviewing existing literature, identifying unanswered questions or areas that require further exploration. By addressing a research gap, the proposal contributes to the overall body of knowledge, making a valuable academic contribution.3. Developing Research Questions:The formulation of research questions is a crucial aspect of a graduation thesis proposal. These questions serve as a guiding framework for the entire research process, providing a clear direction and focus. Research questions should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). They should also align with the research objectives and contribute to the overall research goal.4. Literature Review:A comprehensive literature review is an integral part of the graduation thesis proposal. It allows the student to gain a thorough understanding of the existing research and theories related to their chosen topic. The literature review helps identify key concepts, methodologies, and gaps that need to be addressed. It also provides a foundation for the theoretical framework that will guide the research.5. Research Methodology:The research methodology section of the graduation thesis proposal outlines the approach and methods that will be used to collect and analyze data. It is essential to choose appropriate research methods that align with the research questions and objectives. The methodology should be well-justified, ensuring the validity and reliability of the research findings.6. Potential Challenges and Limitations:Acknowledging potential challenges and limitations is a crucial part of the graduation thesis proposal. It demonstrates the student's awareness of theobstacles they may face during the research process. By addressing these challenges upfront, the student can develop strategies to overcome them, ensuring the smooth progression of their research.7. Expected Outcomes and Contributions:The graduation thesis proposal should clearly state the expected outcomes and contributions of the research. This section highlights the significance of the study and its potential impact on the academic or professional field. It also sets realistic expectations for the student and their academic advisor.Conclusion:The graduation thesis proposal is a vital step in the research process, providing a solid foundation for the student's academic journey. Through careful planning, identification of research gaps, and formulation of research questions, the proposal sets the stage for a successful and meaningful research project. By recognizing potential challenges and limitations and outlining expected outcomes and contributions, the student can embark on their research journey with confidence and purpose.。
英语专业毕业论文开题报告(汉英公示语的翻译)
题目：On English Translation of Chinese
Public Signs
院（系）：外语系
班 级：
姓 名：
学 号：
指导教师：
教师职称：
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
汉英公示语的翻译
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
公示语向来被称作“城市的脸孔"，是给所有到中国来的外国人士留下第一印象的中国名片。然而，公示语翻译的错误比比皆是，这大大影响了公示语作用的发挥，削弱了我国的国际形象。为了树立我国良好的国际形象，不断规范和完善城市公示语的翻译成为了一项亟待完成的工作。
2005年9月中国译协在国际翻译日到来之际在北京第二外国语学院举办了“首届全国公示语翻译研讨会”，大会围绕“全球化的语言环境下的公示语翻译”展了热烈的讨论。会上,戴宗显指出:“公示语的翻译虽然区区几个字,绝不是任何学过外语的人都熟悉的。”北京第二外国语学院成立了“汉英公示语研究课题组”,并开通了“汉英公示语研究在线www. e-sign. info”;商务印书馆出版了《汉英公示语词典》。
吕合发在2004年提出“英语公示语具有严格的规范性、标准性、沿袭性, 因此进行公示语的汉英翻译必须在汉英两种文化中对相同使用场合的具有相同功能的公示语进行一对一的汉英对译。”
2004年 9 月初，上海市语言文字工作委员会为加强上海市公共场所英文译名使用管理组建了“上海市公共场所中文名称英译专家委会”，负责研究制定上海市公共场所中文名称英译规范，对上海市公共场所英文译名使用进行审核，协调处理上海市公共场所中文名称英译方面有争议的问题，以及为社会规范使用英文提供咨询服务。委员会由英语语言学、汉语语言学、汉英翻译学、法学、社会学专家以及在沪的外籍专家共26人组成。北京第二外国语学院开办的网站“汉英公示语研究在线English-Chinese Expressions on Signs research andService Online”正式运营已经2年；商务印书馆于 2004年9月出版发行了由北京第二外国语学院单丽平编审、陈祝秀教授等人编写，英国专家Steve Samuels和美国专家Jane 与John Strode夫妇的悉心指导、校订的《汉英公示语词典》；国外还有一些政府机构、民间团体、个人开设的网站介绍、服务、搜藏公示标志和公示语。
英语翻译论文开题报告范文
Larry, A. Samovar, & Richard, Porter. Communication between Cultures, 3rd Edition.
Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2008.
Roger, Bell. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. Beijing: Foreign Language
英语专业毕业论文开题报告
学生 姓名
年级 05 级 学号指导教师Fra bibliotek论文 题目
About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换
本选题国内外研究现状及研究意义：
翻译是语言交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁和消除语言差异的途径，把握汉英两种语言之 间的相互转换尤为重要。词性转换作为一种翻译技巧是译者必用的手法。在词性转换的研究方 面，其中以美国著名的翻译理论学者尤金·奈达（Eugene Nida）的研究最具代表性，创造了一 个新的分类系统，并运用到翻译实践上。国内对词性转换的研究以毛荣贵为主要代表。在近期 出版的刊物中有对词性转换翻译研究方面的文章，其中以项伙珍的《谈翻译中转性译法》和梁 超的《浅谈英译汉中的英汉词性的转换》为主要代表。
论文的基本结构：
本文分四个部分。 一、简要介绍词性与词性转换的基本概念，并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述翻译与词性转换的关系及词性转换重要性。 三、举例说明词性转换的方法。 四、讨论词性转换以及相关的问题，并提供相应的对策。 结论部分，总结词性转换在翻译中的重要性。
1
开题报告里的英文译文
开题报告里的英文译文Introduction:This report aims to provide an analysis of the current market conditions and potential opportunities for expansion in the pet food industry. The pet food industry has seen remarkable growth in recent years, driven by the increasing pet ownership rate and changing consumer preferences toward premium and natural pet food products. Understanding the prevailing market trends and identifying areas of untapped potential can help businesses in making informed decisions and developing effective strategies to thrive in this competitive industry.Market Overview:The pet food industry has evolved significantly over the past years, with consumers increasingly treating their pets as family members and becoming more conscious about their health and well-being. This shift in consumer behavior has led to an increased demand for high-quality pet food products, with a particular focus on natural ingredients, premium formulations, and specialized dietary needs. As a result, the market has witnessed a surge in the availability of organic, grain-free, raw, and limited-ingredient pet food options.Current Market Trends:1. Premiumization: Consumers are willing to spend more on high-quality pet food products, driven by the desire to provide their pets with optimal nutrition and care. This trend has resulted in the rise of premium pet food brands and product lines, offering specializedformulas and ingredients to meet specific dietary requirements.2. Health and Wellness: Pet owners are increasingly seeking pet food products that promote their pets' overall health and wellness. This has led to the demand for natural, holistic, and functional pet food varieties enriched with essential nutrients, antioxidants, and probiotics.3. E-commerce Boom: The rapid growth of e-commerce has revolutionized the pet food industry, providing a convenient platform for consumers to browse and purchase products online. This trend has expanded the market reach and accessibility for pet food companies, making it crucial for businesses to establish an effective online presence and utilize digital marketing strategies. Opportunities for Expansion:1. Product Diversification: There is ample room for pet food companies to expand their product portfolios by introducing innovative and unique offerings. Developing specialized formulas for pets with specific dietary needs, such as senior pets or pets with allergies, can capture niche markets and create a competitive advantage.2. International Expansion: With the pet food industry experiencing growth on a global scale, expanding into international markets presents an attractive opportunity. Conducting market research and understanding cultural preferences and regulatory requirements are essential steps in successfully entering new markets.3. Sustainability Focus: Consumers are increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of pet food production and packaging. Emphasizing sustainable practices, such as sourcing ingredients responsibly and utilizing eco-friendly packaging materials, can attract environmentally conscious consumers and contribute to long-term business growth.Conclusion:The pet food industry is expected to continue its upward trajectory, driven by evolving consumer preferences and increasing pet ownership rates. By understanding and adapting to the current market trends, pet food companies can identify untapped opportunities for expansion and strengthen their position in the industry. Embracing innovation, focusing on health and wellness, and exploring new markets will be key factors in achieving long-term success in this competitive and dynamic market.。
中英文开题报告
中英文开题报告各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies1 IntroductionThe intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Amongthese schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basicallydescriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and DavidHawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢。
英语专业本科毕业论文开题报告(翻译方向)[管理资料]
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(1)阅读了一些关于学术论文写作、翻译理论的书籍。
(2)查阅大量文献资料，了解学术论文摘要翻译的研究现状：大多数研究集中于对论文摘要翻译的常见错误进行分析，比如赵常友（2011年）从词法、句法、篇章三个层面对中文学术论文英译摘要常见错误进行分析；或者提出某一具体学术领域摘要英译的策略，比如鞠玉梅（2004年）对英汉学术论文摘要的语篇分析。这些研究通常以自然科学类文本为例，较少涉及到人文科学领域。仅仅对摘要英译中的错误分析是不够的，还应该提出具体的翻译策略。
(3)做读书笔记。
(4)对论文进行了一系列的准备工作。
3. 拟解决的问题:
学术论文摘要英译过程中易出现的错误，导致这些错误出现的原因，并提出相应的翻译策略。
4. 研究方法与技术路线：
(1)实证性的研究方法，通过阅读大学学报（哲学社会科学版），对论文摘要的英译文本进行分析。
(2)通过网络查找相关期刊文献，查阅相关图书。
Translators’neglection of differences between Chinese and English
Translators’unawareness of stylistic equivalence
4.Strategies for avoiding mistakes in C-E translation of abstract
To improve translator’s translating proficiency
To study the original text carefully
To be competent at translation skills
5. Conclusion
References
英语专业全英毕业论文(汉英公示语翻译)
本科毕业论文题目：On English Translation of ChinesePublic Signs 院（系）：外语系班级：英语级班姓名：学号：指导教师：教师职称：汉英公示语的翻译摘要公示语向来被称作“城市的脸孔"，是给所有到中国来的外国人士留下第一印象的中国名片。
然而，公示语翻译的错误比比皆是，这大大影响了公示语作用的发挥，削弱了我国的国际形象。
为了树立我国良好的国际形象，不断规范和完善城市公示语的翻译成为了一项亟待完成的工作。
基于以上原因，作者尝试从理论和实践的角度分析现今汉英公示语翻译中所存在的一些问题。
通过对大量标准以及问题公示语翻译的深入观察分析，作者对公示语的一般特征进行了总结并对公示语翻译中出现的问题进行了分类，从而在实践观察和对相关理论深入研究的基础上提出相应的翻译策略。
翻译并不仅仅是跨语言行为，它更是一种文化信息的传递。
公示语的翻译同样如此。
得体的公示语翻译不仅在语言上要无懈可击，在文化信息传递上也要雅俗共赏。
本文还对公示语的概念做出了解释，并根据目的需求与功能两种标准对公示语做了分类。
在介绍公示语的特征时，作者将其分为语言特征与功能特征，特征与分类不同，也决定了需要采取不同的翻译策略。
关键词：汉英翻译；公示语；问题；翻译策略On English Translation of Chinese PublicSignsAbstractPublic signs, which have alway s been referred to “face of city”, are the first impression of China for the people who come to China. However, the ubiquitous translation mistakes of public signs greatly undermine the international image of China. So,specificating and constantly perfecting the translation of public signs have become an urgent work in order to establish a good international image.The paper ventures an attempt to analyze the current problems existing in the C-E translation of public signs and to seek proper translational strategies both from the perspectives of theory and practice．By closely observing numerous samples of both standard and problematic translation of signs，the author manages to generalize the characteristics of public signs and to categorize the problems and mistakes in the current C-E translation of public signs．Then, proper translational strategies are proposed on the basis of in-depth study of relevant theories and keen observation of practice．Translation is not merely a cross-linguistic activity, but more of a transmission of cultural information．The translation of public signs is no exception．An appropriate translation of public sign should not only belinguistically correct, but also culturally acceptable．This paper expresses the meaning of the public signs and classify the signs according to the standards of objective demand and function. And the characteristics of the public signs are different studied from linguistic features and functional features,which determines to adopt different translation strategies.Key words: Chinese-English translation public sign problems translation strategyContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)CHAPTER I Introduction (1)1.1 O bjective of the study (1)1.2 Significance of the study (1)1.3 Structure of the paper (2)CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs (3)2.1 Definition of Public Signs (3)2.2 Functions of Public Signs (3)2.2.1 Directing function (4)2.2.2 Prompting function (4)2.2.3 Restricting function (4)2.2.4 Compelling function (5)CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation of Public Signs (6)3.1 Linguistic translation problems (6)3.1.1 Spelling errors (6)3.1.2 Grammatical errors (6)3.1.3 Wrong dictions (7)3.2 Cultural translation problems (7)CHAPTER IV Strategies of C-E Public Signs Translation and Requirementfor Translator (9)4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public Signs (9)4.1.1 Clearness (9)4.1.2 Conciseness (10)4.1.3 Simple words (10)4.2 Methods of C-E translation of Public S igns (11)4.2.1 Modification (11)4.2.2 Addition (11)4.2.3 Omission (12)4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negativee xpressions (13)4.3 Requirement for the t ranslators (13)CHAPTER V Conclusion (15)Acknowledgements (16)Works Cited (17)CHAPTER I Introduction1.1Objective of the studyThe research objective of the study is to examine the translation problems in the Chinese-English public signs translation and further propose the translation strategies as well as principles suitable for specific groups.The studies begin with the careful and long period of observation of the problems existing in the public signs translation. On the basis of the classification of the translation errors proposed by Christiane Nord, the author aims at the most appropriate translation strategies for each type. With the examination of sufficient sources, the author finds that it is not difficult to eliminate the errors at linguistic level since the text of the public signs is less complex than documentary and other instrumental texts due to its conciseness and directness features (Ni 18).1.2 Significance of the studyPublic S igns affect people’s life in a tremendous way. When somebody smokes, it is the public sign that stops him. In fascinating and mysterious spots where we have never been to, it is the public sign that teaches us related knowledge. Foreign visitors from all walks of life，such as entrepreneurs，professors，students and tourists come to China for various purposes．But for most of them，they know little about Chinese．In this case，it is necessary to translate Chinese public signs into English for the convenience of these foreign visitors．In this case, a proper translation helps establish a good image of China and enhance the cultural communication.1.3 Structure of the paperThe paper is structured with five chapters：The first chapter is a general introduction to the thesis, including the objective of the study, the structure of the thesis and the significance of the study. The second chapter makes a general introduction to public sign, including the definition and functions of public sign. The third chapter focuses on the problems of C-E translation of public signs from linguistics and cultural perspectives. The fourth chapter deals with translation strategies of C-E public signs in connection with principles, methods and the standardization for the translators, including modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions. And the fifth chapter draws a conclusion to the paper，in which the author appeals for translators and scholars to make contributions to the C-E translation of public signs．CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs2.1 Definition of Public SignsPublic Signs，which are usually called“signs”，include public notices，advertisements，slogans and expressions on the public signs．Public signs refer to “signs” in English and are defined in different ways.Ac cording to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1997)，a sign is a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picture that gives information，warnings，or instructions.In that sense, public sign is the general terms for indicators，signs，traffic signs, posters, slogans, warning, short notices，short instructions，stickers，and are becoming the catch word and the buzzword．All in all, public signs are so widely used and played important roles in our daily life.2.2 Functions of Public SignsPublic signs are essential to the normal operation of the society and their influence is also visible in almost every aspect of our daily life．Sometimes，we have to admit that our lives cannot do without the proper guidance that public signs provide to us．However, what usually happens is that we are prone to be bewildered by various public signs and the enormous information they convey to us．Therefore, it would be necessary to classify the public signs in terms of their functions as well as the status of information that they deliver．2.2.1 Directing functionDirecting is the most basic function of public signs, t his type of public signs is used to give readers related information about what the institution is，what it deals with and what kind of service it can provide．For example:Take Away(外卖)，Gas Station(加油站),Emergency Exit(紧急出口),Business Hours(营业时间)，Pause(暂停)，Menu(菜单)，Airport Security(机场安检).From the examples above we may tell that the language and the tone of these public signs are generally neutral，reflecting no attitude towards receptors．Therefore，public signs of this kind are purely informative rather than vocative．2.2.2 Prompting functionPromoting signs are similar to the directive ones in their informative function. While the difference is the former ．carries the tone of warning，reminding the readers to pay some attention to certain things or activities．For example：Keep Clear(请保持清洁), Keep Silence(请保持安静),Wet Paint(油漆未干)，Fully Booked(客满)，Beware of Pickpockets(小心扒手)，Maximum Height(限高).2.2.3 Restricting functionPublic Signs with restricting function impose restriction or even prohibition on receptors.The language used in this kind of signs are simple and direct but are not in rude，tough or impolite way．We can list some of them as following：Pay In Cash(现金支付),Slow Out(减速慢行),Keep Silence(保持安静),30 Minutes Parking(限停30分钟),Seat By Number(对号入座), Stand In Line(排队等候).2.2.4 Compelling functionCompelling function is the strongest considerable mood.It is used to prohibit the readers to do something or must do something.The language used is usually forceful，with no possibility of making a compromise．The sign with this function which we mostly often see is“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，that is to say that smoking iscompletely forbidden．Imperative sentence is not enough to express this strong mood，usually, we use“No+…”form，for example，“No Food禁止携带食物”．More examples：Don’t Touch(禁止触摸),No Cameras(禁止拍照)，No Visitors(游客止步),No Trucks(卡车禁止通行),Dogs Not Allowed(禁止带狗入内).Translation of the public signs, translators not only need to grasp their function features since we use different mood to express different function,but also should keep their language features in mind during the translating.CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation ofPublic Signs3.1 Linguistic translation problemsLinguistic translation errors are often due to deficiencies in the translator's source or target language competence (Nord 77).And in his book Pragmatics and English Language He Ziran explained that by making linguistic errors，the translators and interpreters fail to conform to the target language structures，instead they blindly translate the source text in their own language structures(157).Professor Wang Yinquan, classifies linguistic translation errors into: spelling mistakes, grammar mistakes and wrong diction (32).3.1.1 Spelling errorsSpelling errors are typical translation problems in bilingual public signs. The reasons for this type of errors attribute to the three factors: the incompetent language acquisition, the laziness of the translator when writing, the uncertainty of the correct spelling, among which the third type is most difficult to be identified. For example: 3.1.2 Grammatical errorsApart from spelling mistakes，many grammatical errors also occur in the translated signs．These errors appear in various forms，most of which result from the translator’s poor command of the English language or irresponsible working attitude．As a result，the translated public signs cannot be of any help to the target readers．Sometimes they may do damage the image of our city．For example: 室内停车场(Car Park)—It may be apparent to tell that the translator intends to use the word“park”as a noun to express the meaning of parking place for automobiles．However, as a noun the word actually means a public place wherepeople can entertain themselves with the landscape or public facilities in it．Therefore, it will be advisable to use the gerund form of the word “park”and translate it as“Indoor Parking”．3.1.3 Wrong dictionsWrong Dictions occur when t he translator doesn’t make right choices of words in the target culture that will lead to unsuccessful expression of the correct information to the target text receivers. In fact, many English words have more than one meaning. Sometimes one word used to describe the source culture may not be applicable in another situation and the diction is conditioned. The words chosen for each text might vary according to different semantic and syntactic features in different situations. For example:请勿采摘花朵--Please Don’t Pick Flowers. Here use“pick”to describe the gesture. In fact, there is a variety of expression in English corresponding with “摘”, of which one of the expressions is “pick”. But in the given circumstances, “pick”doesn’t equate with “摘”. “Pick”means to select among a variety of choices, but here the sender wants to persuade people not to pluck the flowers. The error is due to the confusion about the seemingly identical usage of one word.3.2 Cultural translation problemsAs we all know, people in different cultures may view the same thing in different ways and differ in the perspective of cognition．At the same time，they express the same idea in different way．As far as Chinese and English are concerned, culture differences are tremendous．Translation breaks down language barriers and thus realizes communication between cultures using different languages. In this sense, target readers approach to people of source culture whose beliefs, backgrounds, perception of the world are distinct from their own.For example:古装照相It is ancient to pack photo“古装照相”is a typical Chinese term. In English, people don’t have the correspondent term. According to the public signs translation convention, the signs which are composed of Chinese noun phrases are expected to have the same structure in English version, so the sentence is not correct in terms of the sentence structure. Also concerning the meaning of the sentence, it is wrongly translated that the foreigners can’t get the message which leads to the pragmatic failure of the assumed function. The correct version should be “Photos in ancient costume”.CHAPTER IV Strategies for C-E Public Signs Translation4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public SignsAs we know, different functions need different language forms to convey and each language style possesses its special principles.Ni Chuanbin and Liu Zhi analyze the language principles of public signs in their essay“The Principles for C-E Translation of Public Signs and its Cases Study”，published in Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology(18)．Firstly, the signs are on a board，so the language on the signs should be in concise way due to the comparatively small space．Secondly, some public signs must draw the public’s attention at the first sight and the readers can catch its meaning very quickly and correctly, especially the traffic signs，such as“Abrupt Turn Left Ahead前方急转弯”，the applied words should be simple ones instead of rare ones．At last，the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to read，the sign is set without ambiguity. So we can know the principles in details as following:4.1.1 ClearnessDue to the short time the target reader can spend on reading the signs the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to be understood．As the target readers are the common people who have little knowledge related to the concerned topic，the signs should directly hit the point and there should exist no vagueness．“严禁客货混装Don’t put passengers and cargos together”. It is hazy and not clearness. So the sign“严禁客货混装”should be translated into“No passengers on Trucks”．The signs are set for the public and not every reader is professional，therefore when we translate signs，we should hit the point directly and clearly and should notjust talk around the bush.4.1.2 ConcisenessAccording to William Strunk，Jr．and E．B．White in 1979(Joan Pinkham)：“Vigorous writing is concise．A sentence should contain no unnecessary words，a paragraph no unnecessary sentences，for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts．”It is also true of language of public signs．Usually, the readers for public signs just give a quick look at the board with signs on when they pass by．So the language on it need not be in a complete sentence，a phrase or just a word is enough，for example，“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，“Open正在营业”，we need not use sentences“Please do not smoke”an“We are on business”.4.1.3 Simple wordsPublic Signs are set for the public，target readers of this kind of materials are ordinary people，not only the native English speakers，but also other foreigners who know a little English and English is not his mother language，and target readers also include overseas Chinese who is not a English native speaker．If the English version is full of rare words and expression，it will cause a pragmatic failure of communication for public signs．There is always a small restaurant at the airport to provide fast food for the passengers，the English tablet should be“Snacks”instead of“Refection”，the later one is not often be used nowadays and we cannot find it in the dictionaries published in recent years．Take all another example，“景区环境卫生，需要您的维护”，should we translate it into“Environmental Sanitation of the Scenic Spot Needs Your Conserve”? The words“sanitation”and“environmental”are not familial words for the public，we had better use“Keep Clear”or“No Littering”．From the above，in order to make target readers catch the meaning at first glance，we should use the concise，clear, simple words and expressions in C-E translation of public signs．4.2 Strategies of C-E translation of Public Signs4.2.1 ModificationGenerally speaking, it is always the case that the reader in the culture of the target language may not share the cultural background of the source language．Therefore，when dealing with culture-loaded words and idioms，the translator sometimes has to make cultural modification so as to generate the same feedback from the target text reader with that of the source text reader, and as for the translation of public signs, it is no exception．For examples：西湖的虎跑泉—Tiger Running Spring, in this public sign,the translator obviously take the actual meaning of the sign for granted by translating the word“虎跑”as“tiger running”which means that a tiger runs for the spring．4.2.2 AdditionSome public signs，especially signs at scenic spots，tend to include dynasties，legends or other cultural elements，while most foreign visitors lack the background knowledge of China．If the public signs are translated literally, the English versions may confuse the target readers．Thus we should adopt the translation strategy of addition to supply necessary information on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original public signs．For example：谢绝游客入内Closed To Visitors禁止在墙上涂写No Scribbling On The Wall4.2.3 OmissionDue to different aesthetic standards and cultures，Chinese writing tends to include flowery words，four-word phrases or some culture elements which are special to the Chinese culture．However, English writing pursues clear and simple expressions．In How to Help Foreigners Know China，Duan Liancheng holds a view that with the development of tourism in recent years，large numbers of brochures pamphlets and pictorials have been published for foreign tourists．A common weakness of these materials is full of flowery words and cultural elements of China which may confuse the target readers (Duan 286). So the translator should omit some adjectives or cultural elements which may pose barriers to the target readers．Then the English version will be easily understood by them．For example：1.Source Text：慢速行驶Version A：You must drive slowly．Version B：Drive slowly2.Source Text：前方学校Version A：There is a school ahead．Version B：School Ahead4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressionsMutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions is a common strategy in translating the text of one language to the other．It is especially useful for transcending the translational difficulties due to different ways or habits of expressing ideas in Chinese and English．In translating public signs，mutual transformation of affirmative and negativeexpressions is necessary as well．In western countries especially in English—speaking countries，people tend to avoid using negative expressions in public literatures as much as possible in case that unpleasant emotion or feeling would be aroused on the part of the receptor．However, because of the difference in cultural values,negative expressions are more frequently used in Chinese public signs．Therefore，according to the theory of cultural translation, we should adopt the translational method of“Domestication”．For example: “社会车辆禁止入内”，it is a kind of negative expression in Chinese language. While it should be translated into “Staff Only” in English, it is affirmative.4.3 Requirement for the translatorsThe C-E translation of public signs is by no means an easy job and it requires that a translator be serious and accountable in attitude, and proficient in both the source and the target languages at the same time．A good translator should always bear in mind the features and characteristics of public signs.Only if the translators acquire the expertise in the source and target languages as well as the source and target cultures can they produce qualified versions. In addition, as for the making process of signs, the local governments should choose reliable and efficient sign-making units by means of bidding to undertake the job.And the translation should be tested in the foreigners to ensure the acceptability.Then a supervision organization in charge of public signs should be established to make sure that some common English versions are accurate and unified.CHAPTER V ConclusionBased on the previous discussions and analyses, the major findings of this study can be summarized as follow:Firstly, the linguistic translation problems account for the reasons for spelling, grammatical and wrong dictions problems. Translators should improve their language acquisition in dealing with the problems.Secondly, as to cultural problems, the translators are advised to adopt communicative translation. To be more specific, the translation strategies are adaptation, restructuring, semi-literal translation, etc.Thirdly, the C-E translation involves the principles and the methods. The principles include three points of clearness, conciseness and simple words. The translation takes place in a given situation or in another sense, the methods of C-E translation of public signs should be divided into four: modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions.Actually, the problems of the translation of public signs are far more complicated than the thesis．The problems that have been discussed and proposed with strategies to are just a tiny tip of the whole iceberg．With the development of the society, it is sure that more and more public signs will come out by taking various forms，and new problems in translating them will turn up．Therefore，the classification of public signs and mistranslation, as well as the strategies for the betterment of the current status of sign translation, although the author attempts to let them be, are not all-inclusive and universally accurate. It is a long and hard way for us to go.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my heartfelt thanks to those who offered me their sincere support and encouragement in the process of my thesis writing．First of all, I’d like to give my sincere thanks to my teacher, Kangbing. She has given me valuable instructions on my study. Whenever I need her help, she always enthusiastically offers me. During the process of the completion of the thesis, from the researches chosen to be analyzed to the final composition, her patient and helpful instructions have benefited me a great deal. Her strict requirements have enabled me to learn how to do research work, and her kind encouragement have been supporting me to the end.Second, my true thanks also go to all the teachers who guide me in the field of business English.Finally, my family and friends give me great encouragement and support during the composition of the thesis. I’d like to send them my heartfelt thanks too.Work CitedBaker, Mona. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004：104.Nida, Eugene A.&C. R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1969：89-97.Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：77.Pinkham John．The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish[M]．Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000：99.Snell-Hornby, Marry. Translation Studies: an Integrated Approach[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：267-271.Wilss，Wolfman．The Science of Translation-Problems and Methods[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：125.包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002:78-86. 陈定安.英汉比较与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1988:271-275. 陈淑莹.标示语英译的语用失误探析[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2006 ,1:117-120.戴宗显, 吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译研究---以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J]. 中国翻译, 2005,6:38-42.何自然．语用学概论[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988:157.赖少华.浅谈公示语的翻译现状及对策----以广州地铁站公示语翻译为例[J].湖北广播电视大学学报, 2009,6:112-112.吕和发, 单丽平.汉英公示语词典[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2004:38．.倪传斌，刘治．标记语的英译原则及实例分析[J]．上海科技翻译, 1998,2:18-20.单爱民.谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002,5:76-79.王晓娟. 从功能理论看公示语翻译---以南京城市公示语为例[J]. 湖北经济学院学报:人文社会科学版, 2008,4:119-120.。
关于英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文
英语专业论文的开题报告！！！！集美大学毕业设计（论文）开题报告学院（系）专业年月日论文题目 On Translating English metaphors into Chinese（英语隐喻汉译）学生姓名学号指导教师一、本选题的目的和意义：本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法，重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。
本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。
由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”（陈宏薇：1996），翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。
我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。
二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向：对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。
国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。
在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南（1990），胡文仲（1994）对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途径。
在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。
但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。
三、主要研究的内容：本文分五个部分。
一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系，提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景，并简述本论文的主要内容。
二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。
三、分析隐喻的特点，从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。
四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。
五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧，指出在翻译实践中，对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。
2.2007年5月9日提交论文第二稿。
3. 2007年5月16日提交论文第三稿。
公示语汉译英的功能翻译理论解析的开题报告
公示语汉译英的功能翻译理论解析的开题报告开题报告——公示语汉译英的功能翻译理论解析一、选题背景公示语是指用来公开通知或交代事宜的言辞，在生活中，如公共场所、商场、办公室等处的告示、标识、广告等都属于公示语。
在日常生活中，我们经常看到公示语，如标语、警示语、道路标志、产品说明等等。
然而，有时我们会发现公示语的翻译并不是特别准确或通顺，这给我们的理解和应用带来了不便，因此，如何准确地翻译公示语具有一定的研究意义。
二、研究意义公示语的传播范围广泛，作用也十分重要，主要在于有效地传达信息，并引导人们的行为和思考方式。
对于外文公示语的翻译，具有重要的理论和实践意义。
本研究旨在探讨公示语汉译英的功能翻译理论，既有助于提高公示语的翻译质量，同时也有助于深入理解翻译的本质和特点。
三、主要研究内容及思路1.公示语汉译英的功能翻译理论翻译过程中，语言和文化的因素会影响翻译质量。
本研究将探讨公示语翻译的功能翻译理论，包括原则、方法和技巧等。
2.公示语中常见的表现形式及其翻译方法公示语中常用的表现形式包括标语、名词短语、句子、图形等，每种表现形式都有其翻译方法和技巧。
本研究将探讨不同表现形式的翻译方法和技巧，以期提高公示语翻译的准确性和通顺性。
3.基于调查的公示语实例分析本研究还将通过调查收集一些典型的公示语实例，对其进行分析，研究其中的翻译问题和方法。
通过分析实例，可以更加深入地理解公示语翻译中的难点和翻译技巧。
同时，实例分析还可以检验本研究提出的功能翻译理论是否可行和有效。
四、预期结果与成果价值本研究旨在深入探讨公示语汉译英的功能翻译理论，并归纳总结出一些翻译方法和技巧。
通过本研究可以提高公示语翻译的准确性和通顺性，从而更好地传达信息。
此外，本研究对翻译理论也有一定的参考和启示作用。
五、研究方法和技术路线本研究将采用文献法和调查法相结合的方法进行研究。
首先，通过文献法了解公示语的传播特点和功能，探讨公示语翻译的基本原则和方法。
英语专业目的论指导下公示语翻译开题报告
Student NameCai HongyanAnticipated Graduation(Month and Y ear)2013-06Research Title & Subtitle（both in English and Chinese）(E) A Brief Study of Tourism Signs Translation from the Perspective of Skopos Theory——A Case of Liaoning Provincial Museum(C) 从目的论的视角看旅游公示语的翻译——辽宁省博物馆个案分析Thesis Proposal Abstract(Max. 200 words, one paragraph)1.Background and context 研究背景2. Research focus 研究重点3. Methodology 研究方法1.Background and contextIn China, the translation of public signs really started in 1989, scholars and people with breadth of vision on the translation of public signs made continuous exploration and research, which has yielded encouraging results. But generally speaking, the translation of public signs in China started late, lack of systematic and normative, errors and problems still very prominent.2. Research focusThis paper uses the German functionalist Skopos theory to guide the study of Chinese-English translation of public signs and tries to offer some solutions. Regarding Liaoning Provincial Museum as the case to analyze, I find out the causes of the errors, summarize public signs translation methods. Translation of public signs as the starting point, some suggestion will be put forward for the future developme nt of the translation.3. MethodologySearch information on the Internet or in the library;Take some pictures in Liaoning Provincial Museum. Analyze and study.Research Questions(1-3 with sub-questions if necessary)1. Study of the characteristics, significance and current situation of the public signs;2 to apply German functionalist Skopos theory and try to provide the corresponding translation strategies for the translation of public signs;3. Liaoning Provincial Museum as the case to analyze and find out the causes of wrong translation and summarize the methods of the translation of public signs;Advisor Approval_____________________ __________________ ____________________ Thesis Advisor (Print) Signature (Chinese) Date_____________________ ___________________ _____________________ Student Name (Print) Signature (Chinese) DateTHESIS PROPOSAL OUTLINEI.INTRODUCTION 导言1.Introduction to the subject (A brief background of the topic and the problem space.2.Importance of subject (Why is the topic of your research valuable.)3.Intention of the study (Intended contribution to the discipline.)关键词：选题背景；选题价值；学术贡献1.Introduction to the subjectReform and opening up for 30 years, China has kept increasingly close communication with the world’s people. Tens of thousands of foreign students, workers and tourists have been pouring into China. With great contribution to be convenient for others, regulate behaviors and adjust interpersonal relationship, public signs play a very important role in our daily life; But meanwhile, in such service industry as hotels, tourist attractions or museums, and even in such public places as Streets, shopping malls, there exists wrong or non-standard foreign language signs everywhere. Therefore, the studies and translation of the public signs should be resolved with the urgent expectation and strict requirements.2. Importance of subjectThe sign translation is an important component part in the foreign-oriented publicity in China．Whether the sign translation realizes the signs original function not only influences the basic necessities of lives of foreign friends but also relates to the urban mental outlook，thereby influencing the international image of China．Consequently, we should pay close attention to the sign translation．By this thesis，the author aims at drawing more attention on the sign translation and making our country more open and modem．3.Intention of the studyAt the same time, the paper regards the German functional Skopos Theory as reliable theory basis of translation of public signs, which elaborates the application of Skopos Theory, and the methods and strategies in the translation of public signs aiming at effectively guiding the Chinese-English translation of public signs.II.LITERATURE REVIEW 文献综述1.History and related research of the topic ( A condensed literature review will beexpanded in the final thesis)2.Research questions or hypotheses ( The literature review should naturally and logicallylead to the research questions or hypothesis)关键词：该领域的历史与现状（简述）；研究问题或假设（应得到文献综述的支持）1.History and related research of the topicV ermeer pushes Skopos theory to a new height by proposing his "Theory of Translation Action." He thinks that every human action has its specific purpose Translation is a kind of human-specific action.There are three important rules in Skopos theory．The top-ranking rule is the ‘Skopos rule，which says that a translational action is determined by its Skopos；(Reiss and Vermeer 1 984：1 0 1)．The second important rule of Skopos theory is the ‘coherence rule’，specifying that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation(Reiss and Vermeer 1 984：113)．The third rule is referred to as a ‘fidelity rule’ by Reiss and Vermeer(R eiss and Vermeer 1 984：1 14)，which is similar to the theory of faithfulness in other translation theories．2.Research questions or hypothesesThis paper uses the German functionalist Skopos theory to guide the study of Chinese-English translation of public signs and tries to offer some solutions. Regarding Liaoning Provincial Museum as the case to analyze, I find out the causes of the errors, summarize public signs translation methods. Translation of public signs as the starting point, some suggestion will be put forward for the future development of the translation.III.METHODOLOGY 研究方法1.The overall research design2.Participants3.Procedures ( How the study will be carried out)4.Data analysis关键词：整体性的研究设计研究步骤数据分析1) Preparatory stage: mainly complete topic selection, looking for, reading and assembling materials.2) Writing stage: write a first draft.3) Modification stage: gain the feedbacks from the instructors and other people. Revise carefully and write the second draft.4) Editing stage: Lay more emphasis on word expressions, formats and correction of language errors and spelling errors. Write the finalized.IV.REFERENCES 参考文献关键词：10-15条，仅限反映该领域的历史与前沿的重要文献和文献综述部分提到的文献注意：参考文献的格式根据研究领域分为MLA和APA。
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根据不同的文本类型, PeterNewmark提出了两种基本的翻译方法,语义翻译(semantic translation )和交际翻译( communicative translation)。语义翻译重视的是原文的形式和原作者的原意,而不是目的语语境及表达方式,更不是要把译文变为目的语文化情景中之物。语义翻译通常适用于文学、科技文献和其他视原文语言与内容同等重要的语篇体裁。交际翻译指的是视翻译为“发生在某个社会情境中的交际过程”的任何一种翻译方法或途径。交际翻译其目的是努力使译文对目的语读者所产生的效果与原文对源语读者所产生的效果相同。即是说,交际翻译的重点是根据目的语的语言、文化和语用方式传递信息,而不是尽量忠实地复制原文的文字。译者在交际翻译中有一定的自由度去解释原文、调整文体、排除歧义,甚至是修正原作者的错误。由此,我们得出结论,公示语的翻译应该采用交际翻译法。
吕合发在2004年提出“英语公示语具有严格的规范性、标准性、沿袭性, 因此进行公示语的汉英翻译必须在汉英两种文化中对相同使用场合的具有相同功能的公示语进行一对一的汉英对译。”
2004年 9 月初，上海市语言文字工作委员会为加强上海市公共场所英文译名使用管理组建了“上海市公共场所中文名称英译专家委会”，负责研究制定上海市公共场所中文名称英译规范，对上海市公共场所英文译名使用进行审核，协调处理上海市公共场所中文名称英译方面有争议的问题，以及为社会规范使用英文提供咨询服务。委员会由英语语言学、汉语语言学、汉英翻译学、法学、社会学专家以及在沪的外籍专家共26人组成。北京第二外国语学院开办的网站“汉英公示语研究在线English-Chinese Expressions on Signs research andService Online”正式运营已经2年；商务印书馆于 2004年9月出版发行了由北京第二外国语学院单丽平编审、陈祝秀教授等人编写，英国专家Steve Samuels和美国专家Jane 与John Strode夫妇的悉心指导、校订的《汉英公示语词典》；国外还有一些政府机构、民间团体、个人开设的网站介绍、服务、搜藏公示标志和公示语。
二、国内发展情况
20世纪80年代末,我国才开始有学者着手公示语英译的研究,当时也没有使用“公示语”这一名称。如丁振祺1989年于《中国翻译》第1期发表的《企业名称的翻译问题》一文(丁振祺1989:
35-38)是国内这方面研究的首探。接着是曾世英同年载于同刊第2期的文章《关于我国地名拼音的商榷》(曾世英1989: 48-51)。
公示语是一种给特定人群观看、以达到某种特定交际目的的特殊文体。本研究分析了汉英公示语翻译的现状，并在探讨公示语文本类型的基础上，提出了公示语的交际翻译策略。期望能够更好的调节并制约公共场所公示语的应用，总结公示语翻译中出现的各种错误，并为之提供行使有效的翻译方法，从而改善我国的双语环境，创造良好的人文环境。
本科毕业论文开题报告
题目：On English Translation of Chinese
Public Signs
院（系）：外语系
班 级：
姓 名：
学 号：
指导教师：
教师职称：
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
汉英公示语的翻译
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
公示语向来被称作“城市的脸孔"，是给所有到中国来的外国人士留下第一印象的中国名片。然而，公示语翻译的错误比比皆是，这大大影响了公示语作用的发挥，削弱了我国的国际形象。为了树立我国良好的国际形象，不断规范和完善城市公示语的翻译成为了一项亟待完成的工作。
较早将注意力集中在公示语翻译研究的是何自然,在他主编的《社会语用论文集》中,学者们开始从语用学的角度关注公示语的英译及语用失误问题。此外,倪传斌和刘治两位作者于1998年在《上海科技翻译》第2期发表了一篇题为《标记语的英译原则及实例分析》的文章。在这篇文章中,作者提出了标记语由汉语译为英语的过程中应遵循“简洁、明了、语气得当、规范化和适度诙谐”五原则。倪传斌将标记语的语气按其强弱依次分为:禁止性、警告性、命令性和提示性四种,认为公示语翻译除应注意规范化和适度诙谐之外,应遵循三条原则:让普通读者一看就明了,译文表达上的简洁和语气得当。同时译文应多一点人情味、多一点幽默感、多一点文化味。
2、国内外发展情况(文献综述)
一、国外发展情况
公示语的研究在西方最早开始于Vinay和Darbelnet两位学者,在他俩所著的Comparative Stylisticof French and English的前言部分。我们可得知,他们对公示语的研究起1959年。
英国翻译理论家PeterNewmark在语言功能理论基础上将语言功能分为六大类,表情功能(expressive function)、信息功能( information function)、召唤功能(vocative function)、美学功能(aesthetic function)、酬应功能(phatic function)和元语言功能(metalingual function),并将前三类视为语言的主要功能。Newmark根据语言功能的分类,对文本进行了划分。严肃文学,权威言论,自传,随笔和个人通信等为表情类文本;教材,专业报告,报刊文章,学术论文论著和会议纪要等为信息类文本;告示,宣传,广告,说明书和劝导性的文字为召唤类文本。必须指出,很少有文本只具有一种功能,绝大多数文本同时兼有几种功能,只是侧重不同而已。公示语是一种向大众展示的语言,作为一种交际工具它把必要的有用的信息传达给大众,进而唤起大众的注意,并按照公示语的指示、提示、限制、强制等要求去履行或规范自己的行为。由此,我们可以得出结论,公示语属于召唤功能性的文本。