英语语法之主谓一致

主谓一致
1．在一般现在时中，若主语是单数第三人称，谓语动词则要加-s或-es, 具体变化同名词的单数变复数。

如：
He goes to school at 8 every morning. 不说：He go….
1)单数第三人称作主语的词包括：
单数人称代词：he, she, it
不定代词：each, everyone
人名：John, Bill Gates等。

普通单数名词：my brother, English等。

2）单数动词的变化有：be—is; have—has; 其他动词在词尾加-s或-es, 具体变化同名词的单数变复数，work—works, study--studies。

若主语是单数第一、第二人称或复数，则谓语动词永原形，不需要加-s或-es.
常见的这样的主语有：单数人称代词：I, you 复数人称代词：we, you, they 复数名词：students, books等。

2．在助动词或情态动词后面，直接接动词原型。

a. She can sing in English.
b. He goes to school early. / He doesn’t go to school early.
3．There be 句型的主谓一致。

研究下列句子：
There is a book on the desk. There are two books on the desk.
There be 句型是一倒装结构，因此谓语动词的单复数要与be动词后面的名词一致。

4．“数量词+名词”结构的主谓一致
在上述数量词中，有些还可以接of 短语连用。

具体用法如下：
5．单数形式的名词作主语与谓语动词形式的关系
一般来说,单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式,这个符合英语中的语法上一致原则。

但此种情况也有例外。

现在详细归纳如下：
1）Many a +名词单数，虽为复数概念，但谓语用单数。

a.There is many an error that he has neglected.
b.Many a man and (many a) woman has wished that he or she had had a
better education. (Many men and women have….)
2)More than one+可数名词单数，是复数概念，但谓语用单数。

a.There is more than one answer to this question.
b.More than one topic has been discussed at the meeting.
与此类似的另一个结构：more+复数名词+than one, 谓语用复数。

a.More topics than one have been discussed at the meeting.
b.More persons than one were killed.
3) a+单数名词+or two作主语，谓语用单数。

One or two+复数名词，谓语用复数。

a. A word or two is misused in the sentence.
b.One or two words are misused in the sentence.
4) 对于集体名词，如：party, crowd, class, team, family, crew, government,
committee, audience, public等，则要视情况而定：
a.若集体名词被看成一个整体，则用单数谓语。

b.若集体名词被看成是有具体若干成员组成的，则用复数谓语。

试比较：
The public is the best judge.
The public are requested to write down their names in this book.
He has joined the football team who are all famous footballers.
A football team which keeps on training hard is more likely to win.
There was a large audience in the great hall.
The audience were excited.
但集体名词：police, militia(民兵)，cattle, people等总是接复数动词，而mankind, humanity接单数动词。

Police in Guangdong Province are investigating an organized cheating operation in Dianbai Country of the province during national college entrance exams.
5) 定冠词the+adj. 或过去分词
（1）若表示抽象概念，谓语用单数。

（见a,b,c句）
（2）表示一类人，则为复数概念，谓语用复数。

（见d,e句）
（3）有时根据上下文来判断。

（见f,g句）
a.The good in him overweight the bad. (抽象概念)他身上的优点比缺
点多。

b.The best is yet to come.
c.The beautiful is not always the same as the goo
d.
d.The blind are unfortunat
e.
e.The oppressed are to rise one day.
f.The deceased was his mother. (表示单个的人)
g.The deceased were ten farmers.
6. 复数形式的名词作主语与谓语动词形式的关系
这种情况下，谓语动词形式不能一概而论。

不过一条原则是：
（1）若复数形式的名词表示的是复数概念，则显然要接复数谓语；
（2）若复数形式的名词表示的是单数的概念，或将其看成一个整体部分，则用单数谓语。

这么说来，在这种情况下，我们主要采用意义一致的原则来判断主谓一致。

1）常见的表示成对概念的复数名词，如：pants, trousers, scissors, scales（天平），glasses, binoculars(双筒望远镜)，spectacles, bifocals（双光眼镜）。

谓语动词用复数。

Where are my glasses?
2)形式上是复数（词尾加s）,但表示单数概念的词，谓语用单数。

Works(工厂)、gallows(绞刑架)、politics, statistics, measles, diabetes
a.Politics is often a popular topic among people.
b.Statistics is a science.
单若politics, statistics不表示学科，而分别表示“政治观点”，“统计数据”
时，则需要复数。

Statistics prove that….
What are your politics?
3)表示时间, 重量,数额的复数名词作主语，我们通常将它们看成一个整体，故谓语用单数。

a.The years is a moment in history.
b.One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor.
c.Two tons is enough.
d.The difference between America and England is, the English think 100 miles
is a long distance and Americans think 100 years is a long time.
值得注意的是,若“数词”单用，表示人或物，谓语动词一般用复数。

a.Ten were killed and five were missing and several were severely wounded in
that accident.
b.Few know the fact.
4)复数的专有名词后面都接复数谓语动词：
a.The Great Lakes are a series of five lakes between the USA and Canada.
不过特殊的有：the United Nations, the United States均看作一个整体，故用单数谓语动词。

7．并列主语与谓语动词形式的关系
1）由and连接的多个成分，若表示一种事物或一种概念时，用单数动词；若表示的是多个不同的概念时，则用复数动词。

a.The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our college tonight. (writer
和translator是指同一个人)
b.The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our college tonight.(此
处指两个人)
c.The tenth and last lesson is translated by him.（同一课）
d.The tenth and the last lesson are translated by him.(两个不同的课)
2）若and连接两个并列主语，且and后面的名词有相关的副词（not, perhaps, particularly, even, too, likewise, as well等）修饰，则谓语动词形式与and前面的名词保持一致。

因为此时句子的真正主语应是and前面的名词，此时and 与前面的名词之间常有逗号隔开。

a.The horse and not the donkey is used in games of racing.
b.Tom, and not Jim, has gone there.
c.That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a
difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.
d.Jack, and perhaps Williams, has been ther
e.
e.Jack, and particularly his parents, is fond of this music.
3) 两个表示不同物质的名词，虽由and连接，但习惯上此两样东西常常被同
时使用，这时我们将二者看作是一整体，故谓语动词仍用单数。

常见的这样的名词有：
a.Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast.
b.Apple pie and ice cream is the favorite dessert of many people.
c.The fork and knife is hard for me to use
4) or连接的并列主语，动词形式与or最靠近的主语保持一致。

a.He or I am to go.
b.Her sisters or his brother has a hobby of collecting stamps.
5) every…and(every)…
each…, and(each)…,
any…and(any)…,
no…and(no)…,
many a…and(many a)…连接的并列主语，用单数谓语动词。

a.Every hour and every minute is important.
b.Every man, woman and child is an important being.
c.Every boy and girl has to have his hair neatly combed
d.Many a man and (many a) woman has wished he or she had had a better
education.
6) either…or…, not only…but also…, neither….nor…, 谓语动词单复数与or, but(also), nor后面的词一致。

a.Not only the students but also their teacher is required to attend the meeting.
b.Not only their teacher but also the students are required to attend the meeting.
7) 与第六点形成对照的是，“主语+with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, including, in addition to, added to, except, besides, rather than,
accompanied by+另一主语”的结构中，谓语动词形式与第一个主语保持人称和数的一致。

a.Mary, along with her sisters, attends the sessions regularly.
b.The students as well as the teacher are required to attend the meeting.
c.I, as well as they, am ready to help you.
8. 在of 结构中谓语动词的单复数
这类情况较为复杂，且不总是那么具有规律性。

基本可归纳如下：
1）像kind, type, sort, class, species, breed, variety, form, brand, make等表示类别的名词，总的规律是：句子谓语动词单复数与of前面的名词形式保持一致。

a.What kind of rice is served in that restaurant?
b.This kind of apple is sour.
c.The kind of apples is sour.
d.Apples of this kind are sour.
e.What kinds of rice are served in that restaurant?
2) A pair of +复数名词，看作整体，用单数谓语动词。

a. A pair of gloves/glasses is on the table.
但是：
b.Five pairs of gloves are on sale.
3)the+最高级+of+ n.复数+单数谓语…
The most elaborate of all bird nests is the large, doomed communal structure built by social weaverbirds.
4) A number of/An average of/A total of +名词复数，用复数动词，强调数量
the number/average/total of+名词复数,用单数动词,强调整体.
a. A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
b.An average of ten thousand dollars a day are sent by this post office.
c.The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
d.The total of 10 thousand dollars donated last month was sent to the
flood-stricken areas.
5) A part of +单数名词---单数谓语
复数名词---复数谓语
与此类似的还有:the rest/remainder of, most of, plenty of, 分数(如two-thirds)+of, 百分数+of等等。

它们的谓语动词数依of后名词而定，名词是单数，则谓语动词为复数；名词若是复数，谓语动词亦为复数。

a. A part of the apple is bad.
b. A part of the apples are bad.
c.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
d. A third of their composition has been corrected.
e. A third of their compositions have been corrected.
f.Three-fourth of the people are illiterate.
9.从句中的主谓一致问题
（名词从句，动名词短语或动词不定式短语作主语，用单数谓语动词）
1）主语从句或短语作主语，主句谓语用单数。

a.Children interfering in their parents’right to remarry has become a social
problem.
b.When I can complete it is still unclear.
c.What I said and did is of no concern to you.
2)定语从句中的主谓一致
请认真比较下列例句
a.One of those men likes to drive fast.
b.He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.
c.He is one of those men who like to drive fast.
历年真题：
1.Mr. Well, together with all the members of his family, ____ for Europe this
afternoon.(2004—51)
A. are to leave
B. are leaving
C. is leaving
D.
leave
2. It is futile to discuss the matter further, because ____ doing to agree upon anything today. (2003—50)
A. neither you nor I are
B. neither you nor me is
C. neither you nor I am
D. neither me nor you are
就近原则，在neither…nor 结构中，谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
a) 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. b）当either…or…与neither…nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。

如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。

Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
3. The statistics ____ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.(2006—62)
A. proves
B. is proving
C. are proving
D. prove
52. All the President's Men ______ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.
A. remain
B. remains
C. remained
D. is remaining
42. _______ of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night.
A. None
B. Both
C. Neither
D. All
单项练习：
1.He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three
years.
A. is
B. are
C. have been
D. has been
2. She is one of the few girls who _____ in the kindergarten.
A. is well paid
B. are well paid
C. is paying well
D. are paying well
3. A library with five thousand books _____ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered
B. has offered
C. are offered
D. have offered
4. Either you or the headmaster _____ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.
A. is handing out
B. are to hand out
C. are handing out
D. is to hand out
5. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is
B. are
C. am
D. be
6. The number of people invited _____ fifty, but a number of them _____ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was
B. was, was
C. was, were
D. were, were
7. –Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _____ to go to university.
---So do I.
A. hope
B. hopes
C. hoping
D. hoped
8. _____ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is
B. Two fifth; are
C. Two fifths; is
D. Two fifths; are
9. Every possible means _____ to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A. is used
B. are used
C. has been used
D. have been used
10. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _____ yet.
A. are not decided
B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided
D. has not been decided
11. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided
B. are not decided
C. has not decided
D. have not decided
12. Jack is so poor that even five dollars _____ a big sum to him.
A. is
B. are
C. add
D. equal
13. Part of the books _____ arrived.
A. is
B. have
C. was
D. has
14. There _____ in this room.
A. are too many rooms
B. are too much room
C. are plenty of rooms
D. is plenty of room
15. Every hour and every minute _____ important.
A. is
B. have
C. was
D. will
16. In some markets there may be only one seller. _____ is called a monopoly.
A. Situation as this
B. Such kinds of situation
C. Such a situation
D. A situation of so
17. By the time you arrive in London, we _____ in Europe for two weeks.
A. shall stay
B. have stayed
C. will have stayed
D. have been staying
18. She resorted to ____ when she had no money to buy foods for her children.
A. have stolen
B. steal
C. stole
D. stealing
19. If Tom wins tomorrow, he _____ thirty races in the past four years.
A. will win
B. has won
C. would have won
D. will have won
20. There are two spare rooms in this building, neither of _____ has been provided with modern facilities.
A. it
B. which
C. them
D. this
21. Bread and butter ______ liked by Westerners.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. be
22. Einstein won the Noble Prize in 1921 and enjoyed great fame in Germany until
the rise of Nazism _____ he was expelled from Germany because he was a Jew.
A. when
B. who
C. then
D. which
23. He made a long speech ____ the important of the subject.
A. only showing
B. only showed
C. only to show
D. only as to show
24. This missile is designed so that once _____ nothing can be done to retrieve it.
A. fired
B. being fired
C. they fired
D. having fired
25. Although _____ happened in this developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur elsewhere in the world.
A. which
B. what
C. how
D. it
26. This tower is said _____ in an earthquake two years ago.
A. to be destroyed
B. to destroy
C. to have been destroyed
D. to be destroyed
27. _____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having
B. Given
C. Giving
D. had
28. Wear your overcoat, _____ you’ll catch cold.
A. on the contrary
B. or rather
C. or else
D. in no way
29. Her husband would rather they _____ about the matter any more.
A. don’t talk
B. couldn’t talk
C. didn’t talk
D. won’t talk
30. For half an hour or ____ he would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything.
A. so
B. more
C. else
D. another。