畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译

畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译

Lesson 1 skeleton

The skeleton is the basic framework of the animal. It gives it shape and size.The skeleton carries and supports the weight of the body . It protects some organs from external damage ,e.g.ribs ribs protect the heart and lungs and skull p rotects the allow the animal to move. The bones contain reserves of some elements which the animal can mobilize when they are needed by the body(1)

动物骨架的基本框架。它给出了它的形状和尺寸。骨架进行和支持身体的重量。它可以保护从外部损伤某些器官，egribs 肋骨保护心脏和肺部，骷髅保护动物移动。骨骼含有的一些元素储备的动物时，可以调动他们所需要的身体（1）The skeleton develops in the unborn animal from cartilage which hardens as chem ical salts are deposited in it.

骨架在未出生的动物从化学盐沉积在软骨硬化的发展。

In the aged animal the amount of mineral of in the bone increases. This makes the bones brittle. Bones grow in both length and thickness. The bones of the sk eleton do not develop at the same rate in the growing animal (2) . The skull an d hind limbs of a new-born lamb form a high percentage of the skeleton but this decreases as the lamb grows. Hind limbs develop faster than fore limbs.

在老年动物矿物在骨的增加的量。这使得骨骼脆性。骨骼的生长在长度和厚度。骨头的骨架不以同样的速度在不断增长的动物（2）发展。一个新出生的羊羔头骨和后肢形成一个高比例的骨架，但降低的羔羊生长。后肢比前肢发展得更快。

Animal breeders by careful selection can changes produce and size of the skelet on and thus the animal(3). Sometimes the changes produce weakness in the skeleton . Very long pigs can suffer from back troubles.

Movement depends on the joints between the bones to move under muscle actiong. Joints fall into there categories.

通过仔细选择的动物育种者可以改变产生和大小的骨架，因此，动物（3）。有时变化产生的骨架疲软。很长的猪可能遭受从背面的麻烦。

运动依赖于关节之间的骨头下肌肉actiong移动。接头分为有类别。

Sliding joints;

Hinged joints;

Ball-and-socket joints.

Sliding joints. In there joints the two bone ends that form the joints are sm ooth and slightly curved. They are able to slide over each other allowing movement . The bones are held together by ligaments attached to the outer membrane of th e two bones.

滑动关节;

铰接接头;

球窝关节。

滑动关节。在那里关节，形成关节的骨端光滑，稍弯曲。他们是能滑过对方让运动。外膜的两块骨头的韧带附着的骨头是一起举行的。

Hinged joints. The bones forming the joint have enlarged surface areas that key into each other (4). This forms strong joint,but limits movement in the joint to one plane.

铰链关节。其他（4）扩大了表面积，关键的骨骼形成的联合。这就形成了强强联合，但将联合限制在一个平面上。

Ball-and-socket joints. There very strong joints have large surface areas of con tact which spreads the weight put on the joint. Movement is limited (rotary with some sideways movement).

球窝关节。有很强的关节表面的接触面积大，其传播的重量放在联合。运动是有限的（旋转与一些侧身运动）。

The joints of the skeleton need oiling to reduce wear. Where the bones meet,th ey are covered with a pack of cartilage which acts as a shock absorber and provi des a wear-resistant surface. Over the cartilage is a membrane which produces a fl uid to lubricate the joint.

骨骼关节需要上油，以减少磨损。倘骨头满足，它们覆盖软骨它作为一个减振器，并提供了一个耐磨的表面与一包。超过产生的流体润滑关节软骨是一种膜。

Movement in joints is caused by the contraction and expansion of muscles associ ated with that joint.

在关节中的运动是由与该关节相关联的肌肉的收缩和膨胀。

Lesson 2 muscle

Muscle cells,like neurons,con be excited chemically,electrically,and mechanically to produce an action potential that is transmitted along their cell membrane. They c ontain contraction proteins and,unlike neurons, they have a contractile mechanism tha t is activated by the action potential.

肌肉细胞，如神经元，浓度被激发化学，电和机械地产生沿其细胞膜上的动作电位被发送。它们包含收缩蛋白和不同于神经元，它们有一个收缩的机制被激活的动作电位。

Muscle is generally divided into 3 types, skeletal,cardiac,and smooth,although smo oth muscle is not a homogeneous single category.Skeletal muscle comprises the great mass of the somatic musculature. It has well-developed cross-striations,does not no rmally in the absence of nervous stimulation,lacks anatomic and functional connection s between individual muscle fibers,and is generally under voluntary control(1).Cardiac muscle also has cross-striations,but it is functionally syncytial in character and contracts rhythmically in the absence of external innervation owing to the presenc e in the myocardium of pacemaker cells that discharge spontaneously. Smooth muscle lacks cross-striations. The type found in most hollow viscera is functionally syncyt ial in character and contains pacemakers that discharge irregularly. The type found in the eye and in some other locations is not spontaneously active and resembles skeletal muscle. There are contractile proteins similar to those in muscle in man y other cells,and it appears that these proteins are responsible for cell motility, mitosis,and the movement of various components within cell.

肌肉一般分为3种类型，骨骼肌，心肌，光滑，虽然不是一个均一的单category.Skeletal肌肉包括躯体肌肉组织带来了大量的平滑肌。它有发达的交叉条纹，一般不会在紧张刺激的情况下，缺乏单个肌纤维的解剖和功能之间的连接，一般在自愿的控制（1）。心脏肌肉也有横条纹，但它是功能合胞在有节奏的性格和合同在没有外部支配，因为在心肌起搏细胞放电自发的存在。平滑肌缺乏交叉条纹。最空腔脏器中发现的类型是在性质和功能合胞体，不规则的心脏起搏器放电。发现的眼睛，在其他一些地方的类型是不自发活动的，类似于骨骼肌。有类似的那些肌肉在许多其他细胞中的收缩蛋白，它出现这些蛋白是负责细胞的运动性，有丝分裂和细胞内的各种组件的移动。

Lesson 3

The circulatory system is the transport system that supplies O？and substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to the tissues,returns CO2 to the lungs and other products of metabolism to the kidneys,functions in the regulation of body