英语国家社会与文化入门 Unit Work and Family Life

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Next Part:
family life in the convict colony
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By the 1820s, third of the richest men in the colony were emancipists
By 1821,the population of NWS increased to 40,000 ,most women were “free colonists”
In Australia today
By Sophia
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Australia as a Penal Colony
beginning of the penal colony women in the penal colony family life in the penal colony convict laborers and workers
In the 1850s :gold strikes
Tiffany
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Work and family life in the expanding “Free Market” society: Mid 19th-Mid 20th Century
• Work life in this period was reconstructed around the “free market” model: that the economy would be largely based on the class system of individual entrepreneurs（企业家 ）investing in agricultural and industrial business.
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Work and family life in the expanding “Free Market” society: Mid 19th-Mid 20th Century
• Many migrants wanted to become selfemployed workers rather than employees.
Ⅱ. some people gained great success
Emancipists became lawyers, architects, editors ,successful business people(Elizabeth and James Ruse)
and government administrators
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Barrengarry House, the administration block
James Ruse Agricultural High School
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From convict transportation to “free” migration
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By Sophia
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Beginning of the penal colony
After European settlement in 1788, Australia was politically organized as a number of separate British colonies, eventually six in all.
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Now…..
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work life in the penal
colo-n--y--convict laborers and workers
Ⅰ. Convict:
Most convicts
servants &labors
By the early 1820s : free migration and free market economy
This move was opposed by some, especially the pastoralists牧民 and the merchant class, who wanted to maintain the transportation as a source of cheap labour.
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The Wakefield Scheme
A. The part of work
• The government would make grants of land to investors at a “Sufficient Price”.
• The “Sufficient Price” would be set high enough to finance an ongoing migration program.
UNIT17 Work And Family Life
About Australia
Introduction
In the penal colony
Australian work and family life
In a free migration and free market economy
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So, the first generations of non-Aboriginal , native-born
Australians were born and reared in the convict and non-convict families of NSW.
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Sophia
Some convicts
convict tradesmen &clerical
administrative workers
Ⅱ. Rarely received wages : imported rum
In 1810, earned money after 3 o’clock
Ⅲ. The pastoralists (the major landowners ), built their
NSW ,Tasmania and Queensland
In 1788
convict colonies
Victoria
and
South
Australia
In the 1830s
free or non-convict
Western AustraliaIn 1828 free colony In 1850convict labor convict colony for 19 years until 1869
• The three major class groups in this period were the “free labourers” who sold their labour on the “free labour market”, their employers, who had invested capital to develop agricultural, mining and industrial businesses and needed to employ the workers’ labour to produce their commodities （商品）.
wealth on the unpaid convict laborers.
Rose
Emancipist (free workers)
Ⅰ. These early generations created ① family business(in shop or inns) ② building works, small factories and farms
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Next part:
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Edward Gibbon Wakefield
• He is best known as a colonization theorist and a founder of modem New Zealand.
• Wakefield first enunciated(清楚地表 明) his theory of “Systematic Colonization ”in 1829 when he was still a prisoner.
• In 1849, Wakefield published his most influential book A View of the Art of colonization, which incorporated all his ideas on the subject of colonization.
（到殖民地的劳动力移民应男女都 有，以使一代移民的成本可以带来 将来几代移民。）
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The Wakefield Scheme
• The “Sufficient Price” would also provide a “Sufficient ” balance.
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The Wakefield Scheme
• Laborers of both sexes would brought out to the colony thus ensuring that the cost of one generation’s migration would result in several generations of laborers.
• The “free market” system became less “free” and more controlled by the government.
• In south Australia, for example, the government used the Wakefield scheme to develop the colony
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Sophia
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Western Australia
Queensland
South Australia
New south Wales
Victoria
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Sophia Tasmania
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The first period of the colonization of Australia, lasting from 1788 to the 1830s,was based largely on the “unfree” labor of the convicts:
In 1868: in Western Australia
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the modern system of the Australian Political Economy (the 1830s and 1840s)
1842: the agitation against transportation in NSW The middle of 19th century : self—government
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Tifபைடு நூலகம்any
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From convict transportation to “free” migration
In 1840: convict transportation was suspended in NSW
In 1852: convict transportation was suspended in Van Diemen’s land
• So the convict colony gave way to a class economy.
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Work and family life in the expanding “Free Market” society: Mid 19th-Mid 20th Century