光电效应论文-爱因斯坦(英文版)
描述爱因斯坦英文作文
描述爱因斯坦英文作文英文：Albert Einstein is one of the most influential scientists in history. He is known for his groundbreaking work in physics, including his theory of relativity. But he was much more than just a scientist. He was also a philosopher, a pacifist, and a humanitarian.One of the things I admire most about Einstein is his ability to think outside the box. He was never content with the status quo, and he was always willing to challenge conventional wisdom. For example, his theory of relativity fundamentally changed the way we understand time and space, and it challenged the prevailing Newtonian view of the universe.Another thing I admire about Einstein is his commitment to social justice. He was a vocal advocate for peace and disarmament, and he spoke out against racism and anti-Semitism. He believed that science should be used for the betterment of humanity, and he worked tirelessly to promote international cooperation and understanding.Overall, I think Einstein's legacy is one ofintellectual curiosity, social responsibility, and a commitment to making the world a better place. He reminds us that science and humanism are not mutually exclusive, and that we have a responsibility to use our knowledge and our talents for the greater good.中文：爱因斯坦是历史上最有影响力的科学家之一。
关于爱因斯坦的英语作文
关于爱因斯坦的英语作文English:Albert Einstein was an acclaimed physicist and Nobel laureate who made groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of the universe. His pivotal theories, including the Theory of Relativity and the Theory of Quantum Mechanics, laid the foundation for modern physics and revolutionized scientific thought.Born in Ulm, Germany, in 1879, Einstein's early life was marked by intellectual curiosity and academic setbacks. Despite initial difficulties, he went on to study physics at the Swiss Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, where he graduated in 1900.After working as a patent examiner and holding academic appointments in Bern and Zurich, Einstein published his groundbreaking paper on the photoelectric effect in 1905. This seminal work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in1921.Einstein's Theory of Relativity, published in 1905 and 1915, revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and gravity. It postulated that space and time are not absolute but relative, and that gravity is not a force, but rather a manifestation of the curvature of space-time.Einstein's Theory of Quantum Mechanics, developed in collaboration with other physicists, provided a fundamental framework for understanding atomic and subatomic phenomena. It introduced the concept of wave-particle duality, which holds that light and other elementary particles have both wave-like and particle-like properties.Einstein's legacy extends beyond his scientific contributions. He was an outspoken advocate for peace, social justice, and human rights. He played a key role in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II, but later became an ardent anti-nuclear activist.Known for his exceptional intelligence, originality,and ability to see the world in new and insightful ways, Einstein remains one of the most influential scientists and intellectuals of all time. His theories continue to shape our understanding of the universe and inspire generations of physicists and scientists.Chinese:阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦是一位备受赞誉的物理学家和诺贝尔奖获得者，他对我们对宇宙的理解做出了开创性的贡献。
爱因斯坦做出的贡献的英文作文
爱因斯坦做出的贡献的英文作文阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，这位二十世纪最伟大的理论物理学家之一，以其深邃的洞察力、无与伦比的创造力和对宇宙奥秘的不懈探索，为人类科学知识体系做出了诸多里程碑式的贡献。
他不仅彻底颠覆了人们对时空、物质和能量的传统认知，更奠定了现代物理学的两大基石——相对论和量子力学。
(English)：Albert Einstein, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the 20th century, made numerous landmark contributions to humanity's scientific knowledge system with his profound insights, unparalleled creativity, and relentless exploration of cosmic mysteries. He not only fundamentally upended traditional notions of space, time, matter, and energy but also laid the twin cornerstones of modern physics: relativity and quantum mechanics.Paragraph 2 (中文)：爱因斯坦首先在1905年提出了狭义相对论，这是对牛顿力学框架的一次革命性突破。
他揭示了时间和空间并非绝对不变，而是相互关联、随观察者运动状态而变化的统一四维时空。
著名的质能方程E=mc²，便是这一理论的核心成果，它表明能量（E）与质量（m）之间存在着直接等价关系，且能量的转换蕴含着巨大的潜能。
这一发现不仅为核能的开发提供了理论基础，也深刻影响了我们对宇宙起源、星体演化等宏观现象的理解。
有关爱因斯坦的英语小短文带翻译
有关爱因斯坦的英语小短文带翻译爱因斯坦(1879—1955),是现代物理学的开创者和奠基人,是“20世纪最具人文精神”知识分子。
小编精心收集了有关爱因斯坦的英语小短文带翻译，供大家欣赏学习!有关爱因斯坦的英语小短文带翻译篇1Einstein(爱因斯坦).Born: 14 March 1879Birthplace: Ulm, GermanyDied: 18 April 1955 (heart failure)Best Known As: Creator of the theory of relativityThanks to his theory of relativity, Albert Einstein became the most famous scientist of the 20th century. In 1905, while working in a Swiss patent office, Einstein published a paper proposing a "special theory of relativity," a groundbreaking notion which laid the foundation for much of modern physics theory. (The theory included his famous equation e=mc².) Einstein's work had a profound impact on everything from quantum theory to nuclear power and the atom bomb. He continued to develop and refine his early ideas, and in 1915 published what is known as his general theory of relativity. By 1920 Einstein was internationally renowned; he won the Nobel Prize in 1921, not for relativity but for his 1905 work on the photoelectric effect. In 1933 Einstein moved to Princeton, New Jersey, where he worked at the Institute for Advanced Studies until the end of his life. Einstein's genius is often compared with that of Sir Isaac Newton; in 2000 Time magazine named him the leading figure of the 20th century.Einstein was famously rumpled and frizzy-haired, and over time his image has become synonymous with absent-minded genius... He sent a famous letter to Franklin Roosevelt in 1939,warning that Germany was developing an atomic bomb and urging Allied research toward the same goal... Einstein married Mileva Maric in 1903. They had two sons: Hans Albert (b. 1904) and Eduard (b. 1910). They also had a daughter born before their marriage, Leiserl (b. 1902). She apparently was given for adoption or died in infancy. Mileva and Albert were divorced in 1914... He married his cousin Elsa Löwenthal in 1919, and they remained married until her death in 1936... The Institute for Advanced Studies has no formal link to Princeton University; however, according the IAS website, the two institutions "have many historic ties and ongoing relationships"... The Albert Einstein College of Medicine opened in New York City in 1955. It is part of Yeshiva University. Einstein did not create the school, but gave his permission to have his name used.中文:出生日期： 1879年3月14号出生地： Ulm ，德国死亡： 55年4月18日(心脏衰竭)最佳称为：创造相对论由于他的相对论，爱因斯坦成为最有名的科学家在20世纪。
爱因斯坦的英语作文
爱因斯坦的英语作文Ludwig Einstein: A Brilliant Mind Shaping Our Understanding of the Universe。
Ludwig Einstein, a household name across the globe, stands as a beacon of intellectual prowess and scientific revolution. His theories and discoveries have not only transformed our understanding of the universe but have also influenced numerous scientific advancements in the 20th and 21st centuries.Born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany, Einstein was a curious child who possessed a profound interest in science and mathematics. His early education fostered this interest, and he excelled in his studies, particularly in physics and mathematics. However, it was his unwavering curiosity and desire to delve deeper into the mysteries of nature that propelled him to pursue a career in theoretical physics.Ludwig Einstein's most significant contribution toscience is his theory of relativity. This theory, which comprises the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity, revolutionized our understanding of space, time, gravity, and matter. The special theory of relativity introduced the concept of relativity of motion, stating that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference. It also led to the famous equation E=mc², which states that mass and energy are。
爱因斯坦 英语作文
爱因斯坦英语作文Albert Einstein。
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", apivotal step in the development of quantum theory.Einstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship the following year. In 1894, Hermann and Pauline Einstein had a daughter, Maria. She was born in Munich, but the family moved to Italy in 1894, and then to Pavia. Later, they moved to Milan. After the death of Pauline's father, thefamily returned to Germany, where Hermann Einstein's company, Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, was based. Albert Einstein grew up in Munich, where his father and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.In 1900, Einstein was awarded the Zürich Pol ytechnic Diploma, but he had to wait to be awarded the doctorate because of his nationality. He was awarded the doctorate in 1905 by the University of Zurich. In 1905, he published four groundbreaking papers: on the photoelectric effect; on Brownian motion; on the special theory of relativity; and on mass–energy equivalence. This led him to the conclusion that the mass and energy of an object are equivalent and can be converted into each other. This is expressed in the equation E = mc2, where E is the energy of an object, m is its mass, and c is the speed of light.Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2,which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with "genius". In 1999, Time magazine named him the "Person of the Century". In 2005, the Swiss Federal Council proclaimed 2005 the "World Year of Physics" in recognition of the 100th anniversary of the publication of the special theory of relativity. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union named the first known interstellar asteroid, ʻOumuamua, after Einstein.Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for hisdiscovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", apivotal step in the development of quantum theory.Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with "genius". In 1999, Time magazine named him the "Person of the Century". In 2005, the Swiss Federal Council proclaimed 2005 the "World Year of Physics" in recognition of the 100th anniversary of the publication of the special theory of relativity. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union named the first known interstellar asteroid, ʻOumuamua, after Einstein.In conclusion, Albert Einstein was a brilliantphysicist whose work has had a profound impact on the world of science and beyond. His theories and equations have revolutionized our understanding of the universe and continue to inspire new generations of scientists and thinkers. He will forever be remembered as one of the greatest minds in human history.。
关于爱因斯坦的英语作文
关于爱因斯坦的英语作文Albert Einstein, a Genius in Physics。
Albert Einstein, a name that is synonymous with genius, is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Born in Ulm, Germany in 1879, Einstein revolutionized the field of physics with his groundbreaking theories and discoveries. His work has had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe and has paved the way for countless technological advancements. In this essay, wewill explore the life and contributions of this remarkable man.Einstein's early life was marked by academic excellence and a passion for science. He was a precocious child, displaying an intense curiosity about the natural world from a young age. Despite facing challenges in his personal life, including his parents' divorce and his struggles in school, Einstein persevered and continued to pursue his passion for knowledge. He eventually enrolled in thePolytechnic Institute in Zurich, where he studied physics and mathematics.It was during his time at the Polytechnic Institutethat Einstein began to develop his groundbreaking theories. In 1905, he published four papers that would change the course of physics. These papers addressed the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which would later be encapsulated in the famous equation E=mc^2. These papers earned him widespread recognition and solidified his reputation as a leading figure in the scientific community.Einstein's work continued to have a profound impact on the field of physics. In 1915, he published his general theory of relativity, which provided a new understanding of gravity and the structure of the universe. This theory has since been confirmed through numerous experiments and observations, cementing Einstein's status as a scientific visionary. His work has also had practical applications, such as the development of GPS technology and advancements in our understanding of black holes and the origins of theuniverse.In addition to his scientific achievements, Einsteinwas also a passionate advocate for peace and social justice. He spoke out against war and violence, and was a vocal supporter of civil rights and humanitarian causes. He was a staunch critic of the use of nuclear weapons and urgedworld leaders to work towards disarmament and the peaceful resolution of conflicts.Einstein's legacy continues to inspire and influence scientists, scholars, and thinkers around the world. His contributions to our understanding of the universe have shaped the course of modern physics and have paved the way for countless technological advancements. His commitment to peace and social justice serves as a reminder of the importance of using knowledge and intellect for the betterment of humanity.In conclusion, Albert Einstein was a true genius whose work has had a lasting impact on the world. His groundbreaking theories and discoveries have revolutionizedthe field of physics and have reshaped our understanding of the universe. His commitment to peace and social justice also serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of using knowledge for the betterment of humanity. Einstein's legacy will continue to inspire and influence future generations for years to come.。
爱因斯坦英文论文
The speed of light not surpassed?学院：信息学院专业：测控技术与仪器学号：10111739 姓名;卢怡【Key Words】：light; speed; EinsteinAlbert Einstein said, the speed of light when cannot transcend, speed C is any object speed limit, any object can't do more than the speed of light there.Had a topic, the problem is: a laser emitter, from the earth launched out a bunch of machine laser into the moon, with certain angular velocity rotating laser emitter, the end of the laser beam on the moon formed will surpass the speed of light spot, ask the conclusion is correct. Apparently according to Albert Einstein's statement, the conclusion is wrong, as to why error, the teacher give explanation is: to launch on the moon looks like spot in mobile, actually a flare and before after a flare has not the same photon, the actual photons didn't happen mobile.However, for which I have doubt, with laser beams because not the same photon, that assumes that there is A long 300000 kilometers long rod, with angular velocity ω around the point O = 1 rad/s rotation, the end of A linear and can achieve speed C, if > 1 ω rad/s, not A linear speed the than the speed of light?ωOIs it Einstein was wrong? Or what I didn't consider?Through calculation, I found that I have for example only in an ideal situation to work, what kind of ideal conditions? Is must: long pole strong enough, and not on the rotation when because their role and the centrifugal force in molecular collapse. As for exactly can transcend the speed of light, I don't know. After all, this will really practice! It's impossible.That if really beyond the speed of light will be what happens? The public is acceptable is the time flow back, tell you what I personally for time in the relativity of understanding it. Indeed, according to the special theory of relativity the relativity of space and time, when movement speed at close to the speed of infinite, the relative time will close to infinity, namely, unlimited, close to the time to stand still, but did not give a beyond the equation after the speed of light, but it's not hard to guess accordingly, when beyond the speed of light, time is likely to become negative that go back in time, but that is not to go back in time, time to stand still is not is time really is stopped, the time here is relative motion in static object, because of its speed infinite nearly the speed of light, so in motion object observer is only watched him reach the speed of light when everything, and after all of the because not overtake him and can't spread to his line of sight, the so-called back the hands of time also is such, viewers because more than the speed of light, so after that, he can catch the happenings.For instance in 0 s,A BCA point where A light once, one observer C to 2 times the speed of light ahead in 1s after A point, at this time and didn't experience A observer flashing lights of events, when C in 3 s through A point from two light seconds ofB highlighted just to see A point where the lights flashing events that happened toC time A, quite so in 1 seconds of what has happened through the back the clock again in the show before the C.。
高级英语(考研方向) 光电效应
高级英语（考研方向）光电效应The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from a material when it absorbs photons of sufficient energy. This effect was first observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and further explained by AlbertEinstein in 1905.According to Einstein's theory, photons, which arequanta of light energy, transfer their energy directly to electrons in the material. If the energy of a photon isgreater than the energy required to overcome the bindingforces holding the electron in the material, the electron is ejected from the material as a result of the absorbed photon. This is known as the threshold energy or the work function of the material.The kinetic energy of the emitted electron is given bythe equation: K.E = hν - φ, where K.E is the kinetic energy, h is Planck's constant, ν is the frequency of the incident light, and φ is the work function of the material.The photoelectric effect has important applications in various fields, such as solar energy conversion, photodetectors, and digital imaging devices. It also plays a crucial role in the development of quantum mechanics and the understanding of the particle-like behavior of light.In the field of advanced English for the graduate entrance examination, knowledge of the photoelectric effect may be tested through reading comprehension passages,multiple-choice questions, or essay questions. It isimportant to understand the fundamental principles andapplications of the photoelectric effect in order to effectively answer these questions.。
光电效应英语项目
Photoelectric Effect光电效应Thinking：1、Explain photoelectric effect.(解释光电效应）2、Why can’t bright red light produce current in a metal but a very dim blue light can?(为什么红光不能产生电流，而黯淡的蓝光在金属中可以可以产生电流。
）3、A good way to think of the photoelectric effect is like a full car park with lots of really bad drivers , try to use the words of the book to expain.（一种好的方式是认为光子影响就像停车场会有许多司机，试图用课本中的句子来解释下。
）Do you know names of the applications based on photoelectric effect?Picture 1 : Fingerprint lock 指纹锁Picture 2 : screnam applicationPicture 3 : rotational specd measurement 速度测量装置Picture 4 : illumination metterTextMetal 金属 Avalanche 雪崩Relativity 相对性，相关性，相对论 Shift 替换，转移Photoelectric effect 光电效应 Emit 发出，发射，吐露Atom 原子 Particle 粒子，点，极小量，微粒Photo 光子 Ultraviolet light 紫外线Collide 碰撞，抵触 Quantum theory 量子理论Budge 移动In 20th century physics two ideas stand out as being totally rev-olutionary:reativity and quantum theory.20世纪物理学的两个概念是完全rev-olutionary脱颖而出:reativity和量子理论he also played a major role in de-veloping quantum theory.and it was his contribution to quantum theory - explaining the photoelectric effect - which woon einstein his nobel prize in 1921他在量子理论基地也发挥了重大作用。
Photoelectric Effect光电效应翻译
Photoelectric EffectIn 20th century physics two ideas stand out as being totally revolutionary: relativity and quantum theory. Although Einstein is best known for his theory of relativity, he also played a major role in developing quantum theory. And it was his contribution to quantum theory - explaining the photoelectric effect - which won Einstein his Nobel Prize in 1921.The photoelectric effect is the name given to the observation that when light is shone onto a piece of metal, a small current flows through the metal. The light is giving its energy to electrons in the atoms of the metal and allowing them to move around, producing the current. However, not all colours of light affect metals in this way. No matter how bright a red light you have, it will not produce a current in a metal, but even a very dim blue light will result in a current flowing. The problem was that these results can't be explained if light is thought of as a wave. Waves can have any amount of energy you want - big waves have a lot of energy, small waves have very little. And if light is a wave, then the brightness of the light affects the amount of energy - the brighter the light, the bigger the wave, the more energy it has. The different colours of light are defined by the amount of energy they have. If all else is equal, blue light has more energy than red light with yellow light somewhere in between. But this means that if light is a wave, a dim blue light would have the same amount of energy as a very bright red light. And if this is the case, then why won't a bright red light produce a current in a piece of metal as well as a dim blue light? Einstein realised that the only way to explain the photoelectric effect was to say that instead of being a wave, as was generally accepted, light was actually made up of lots of small packets of energy called photons that behaved like particles. Einstein wasn't the first person to use the idea of photons, but he was the first to make it the starting point of an explanation rather than a convenient fiddle to explain away odd results.With light as photons, Einstein showed that red light can't dislodge electrons because its individual photons don't have enough energy - the impacts are just not large enough to shift the electrons. However, blue light can dislodge electrons - each individual photon has more energy than the red photon. And photons of ultraviolet light, which have yet more energy, will give electrons enough energy to whizz away from the metal altogether.A good way to think of the photoelectric effect is like a full car park with lots of really bad drivers. There is a car parked in a space, and lots of other drivers want that space. To get it they can try knocking the parked car out of the way, but they can only manage to hit it one car at a time. A tiny red mini just won't have the energy to knock the parked car out of the parking space, but a big blue van will. And imagine hitting the parked car with a big ultraviolet lorry - the parked car is most likely going to move far enough to collide with something else. Returning to light and electrons, there is never really just one photon of light at a time. A bright light emits lots of photons, but it doesn't matter how bright a red light gets; red photons will still not be able to budge a single electron. This is like having a car park full of red minis each randomly hitting a parked car in turn - there will be a lot of dents but the parked car will remain where it is. However, even adim blue light will shift some electrons - we know that even one blue van will be able to move the parked car.Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect was just the start of an avalanche of discoveries that became quantum theory. In this theory, light is not just a particle and not just a wave: it can be one or the other, depending on how it is measured. And it was discovered later that even the electrons are光电效应20世纪初,为物理学的发展带来革命性变化的是相对论和量子理论。
全新版大学英语综合教程3爱因斯坦及其光电效应
3.He always had the music.
Einstein’s love affair with his violin began at the tender age of 5. Lina is what he used to call his violin.
However, like most great love stories, this one, too, began with trouble. The boy didn’t really appreciate drills of violin exercise and one fine day at violin class, the young student, frustrated by the routine threw his chair at the music teacher who left the house in tears.
“If you are not going to read this stuff I will not be annoyed at all; but at least you have to recognize it as a shy attempt to fight against my being a bad letter writer, which I inherited from both my beloved parents.”
There’s a story about a little conversation that took place between two legends, Charles Spencer Chaplin and Albert Einstein, at a public event. It went somewhat like this:
关于爱因斯坦的英语作文
关于爱因斯坦的英语作文Albert Einstein, one of the most renowned scientists of the 20th century, was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany. His groundbreaking work in theoretical physics revolutionized our understanding of the universe and laid the foundation for modern physics.Einstein's most famous equation, E=mc^2, encapsulates the concept of the equivalence of mass and energy. This equation, derived from his theory of special relativity, has profound implications for the field of physics. It suggests that a small amount of mass can be converted into a tremendous amount of energy, a principle that is central to nuclear power and atomic energy.In addition to his work on relativity, Einstein made significant contributions to the development of quantum theory. His photoelectric effect theory, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921, explained how light can be thought of as consisting of individual packets of energy, or quanta.Einstein's life was not solely dedicated to scientific pursuits. He was also a passionate advocate for social and political causes. He was a pacifist and campaigned for nuclear disarmament and world peace. His humanitarian efforts and his belief in the power of education to foster understanding and cooperation among nations have made him asymbol of intellectual and moral integrity.Despite facing numerous challenges, including the rise ofanti-Semitism in Europe and the pressures of fame, Einstein remained committed to his scientific work and his ideals. His legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists, students, and thinkers around the world.In conclusion, Albert Einstein's life and work exemplify the power of curiosity, creativity, and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. His theories have not only shaped the field of physics but have also influenced our philosophical andethical perspectives on the world. As we celebrate his contributions, we are reminded of the importance of questioning established norms and seeking a deeper understanding of the universe we inhabit.。
英文作文爱因斯坦
英文作文爱因斯坦Einstein was a brilliant physicist who revolutionized our understanding of the universe. His theories, such as the theory of relativity, have had a profound impact on the field of physics. But beyond his scientific contributions, Einstein was also known for his unique personality and perspective on life.One thing that stands out about Einstein is his unconventional appearance. With his wild hair and disheveled clothing, he defied societal norms of how a scientist should look. But his appearance was a reflection of his free-spirited nature and his disregard for superficiality. Einstein believed that true genius lies in the mind, not in one's outward appearance.Einstein was also known for his sense of humor. He had a playful and mischievous side, often cracking jokes and making witty remarks. His humor was not just a way to entertain others, but also a way to challenge conventionalthinking and encourage people to question the status quo. Einstein understood that laughter has the power to break down barriers and open minds.In addition to his scientific pursuits, Einstein was deeply interested in philosophy and the nature of reality. He pondered questions about the meaning of life, the existence of God, and the purpose of human existence. His philosophical musings were not confined to the realm of academia; he believed that everyone should engage in philosophical thinking and question the fundamental aspects of their own lives.Einstein was a pacifist and a staunch advocate for peace. He witnessed the devastating effects of war firsthand, and it deeply affected him. He believed that violence and conflict were not the solutions to global problems, and that only through peaceful means could true progress be achieved. Einstein's commitment to peace and his belief in the power of diplomacy continue to inspire people around the world.Einstein's legacy extends far beyond the realm of science. He was a complex and multifaceted individual who defied societal norms and challenged conventional thinking. His unique personality, sense of humor, philosophical ponderings, and commitment to peace all contribute to his enduring influence and status as one of the greatest minds in history.。
光电效应论文爱因斯坦
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A profound formal dis区ti别nction exists between the theoretical concepts which physicists have formed regarding gases and other po有n重d量er的able bodies and the Maxwellian theory of elect电ro磁m的agnetic processes in so–called empty space. While we consider the state of a body to be completely determined by the positions and vel速oc度ities of a very large, yet finite, number of atoms and electrons, we make use of co连nt续in的uous sp空a间ti的al functions to describe the electromagnetic state of a given volume, and a finite number of pa参ra量meters cannot be regarded as sufficient for the complete determination of such a state. According to the Maxwellian theory, energy is to be considered a continuous spatial function in the case of all purely electromagnetic phenomena including light, while the energy of a ponderable object should, according to the present conceptions of physicists, be r代ep表r，es表en示t为ed as a sum carried over the atoms and electrons. The energy of a ponderable body cannot be sub再d分ivided into arb随it意ra的r，ily反复m无an常y的or arbitrarily small parts, while the energy of a beam of light from a point source (according to the Maxwellian theory of light or, more generally, according to any wave theory) is continuously spread an ever increasing volume.
爱因斯坦论文(英语)
ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIESBy A. EinsteinJune 30, 1905It is known that Maxwell's electrodynamics--as usually understood at the present time--when applied to moving bodies, leads to asymmetries which do not appear to be inherent in the phenomena. Take, for example, the reciprocal electrodynamic action of a magnet and a conductor. The observable phenomenon here depends only on the relative motion of the conductor and the magnet, whereas the customary view draws a sharp distinction between the two cases in which either the one or the other of these bodies is in motion. For if the magnet is in motion and the conductor at rest, there arises in the neighbourhood of the magnet an electric field with a certain definite energy, producing a current at the places where parts of the conductor are situated. But if the magnet is stationary and the conductor in motion, no electric field arises in the neighbourhood of the magnet. In the conductor, however, we find an electromotive force, to which in itself there is no corresponding energy, but which gives rise--assuming equality of relative motion in the two cases discussed--to electric currents of the same path and intensity as those produced by the electric forces in the former case.Examples of this sort, together with the unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the earth relatively to the ``light medium,'' suggest that the phenomena of electrodynamics as well as of mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the idea of absolute rest. They suggest rather that, as has already been shown to the first order of small quantities, the same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be valid for all frames of reference for which the equations of mechanics hold good.1 We will raise this conjecture (the purport of which will hereafter be called the ``Principle of Relativity'') to the status of a postulate, and also introduce another postulate, which is only apparently irreconcilable with the former, namely, that light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body. These two postulates suffice for the attainment of a simple and consistent theory of the electrodynamics of moving bodies based on Maxwell's theory for stationary bodies. The introduction of a ``luminiferous ether'' will prove to be superfluous inasmuch as the view here to be developed will not require an ``absolutely stationary space'' provided with special properties, nor assign a velocity-vector to a point of the empty space in which electromagnetic processes take place.The theory to be developed is based--like all electrodynamics--on the kinematics of the rigid body, since the assertions of any such theory have to do with the relationships between rigid bodies (systems of co-ordinates), clocks, andelectromagnetic processes. Insufficient consideration of this circumstance lies at the root of the difficulties which the electrodynamics of moving bodies at present encounters.I. KINEMATICAL PART§ 1. Definition of SimultaneityLet us take a system of co-ordinates in which the equations of Newtonian mechanics hold good.2 In order to render our presentation more precise and to distinguish this system of co-ordinates verbally from others which will be introduced hereafter, we call it the ``stationary system.''If a material point is at rest relatively to this system of co-ordinates, its position can be defined relatively thereto by the employment of rigid standards of measurement and the methods of Euclidean geometry, and can be expressed in Cartesian co-ordinates.If we wish to describe the motion of a material point, we give the values of its co-ordinates as functions of the time. Now we must bear carefully in mind that a mathematical description of this kind has no physical meaning unless we are quite clear as to what we understand by ``time.'' We have to take into account that all our judgments in which time plays a part are always judgments of simultaneous events. If, for instance, I say, ``That train arrives here at 7 o'clock,'' I mean something like this: ``The pointing of the small hand of my watch to 7 and the arrival of the train are simultaneous events.''3It might appear possible to overcome all the difficulties attending the definition of ``time'' by substituting ``the position of the small hand of my watch'' for ``time.'' And in fact such a definition is satisfactory when we are concerned with defining a time exclusively for the place where the watch is located; but it is no longer satisfactory when we have to connect in time series of events occurring at different places, or--what comes to the same thing--to evaluate the times of events occurring at places remote from the watch.We might, of course, content ourselves with time values determined by an observer stationed together with the watch at the origin of the co-ordinates, and co-ordinating the corresponding positions of the hands with light signals, given out by every event to be timed, and reaching him through empty space. But this co-ordination has the disadvantage that it is not independent of the standpoint of the observer with the watch or clock, as we know from experience. We arrive at a much more practical determination along the following line of thought.If at the point A of space there is a clock, an observer at A can determine the time values of events in the immediate proximity of A by finding the positions of the hands which are simultaneous with these events. If there is at the point B of space another clock in all respects resembling the one at A, it is possible for an observer at B to determine the time values of events in the immediate neighbourhood of B. But it is not possible without further assumption to compare, in respect of time, an event at A with an event at B. We have so far defined only an ``A time'' and a ``B time.'' We have not defined a common ``time'' for A and B, for the latter cannot be defined at all unless we establish by definition that the ``time'' required by light to travel from A to B equals the ``time'' it requires to travel from B to A. Let a ray of light start at the ``Atime'' from A towards B, let it at the ``B time'' be reflected at B in the directionof A, and arrive again at A at the ``A time'' .In accordance with definition the two clocks synchronize ifWe assume that this definition of synchronism is free from contradictions, and possible for any number of points; and that the following relations are universally valid:--1.If the clock at B synchronizes with the clock at A, the clock at A synchronizes with the clock at B.2.If the clock at A synchronizes with the clock at B and also with the clock at C, the clocks at B and C also synchronize with each other.Thus with the help of certain imaginary physical experiments we have settled what is to be understood by synchronous stationary clocks located at different places, and have evidently obtained a definition of ``simultaneous,'' or ``synchronous,'' and of ``time.'' The ``time'' of an event is that which is given simultaneously with the event by a stationary clock located at the place of the event, this clock being synchronous, and indeed synchronous for all time determinations, with a specified stationary clock. In agreement with experience we further assume the quantityto be a universal constant--the velocity of light in empty space.It is essential to have time defined by means of stationary clocks in the stationary system, and the time now defined being appropriate to the stationary system we call it ``the time of the stationary system.''§ 2. On the Relativity of Lengths and TimesThe following reflexions are based on the principle of relativity and on the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light. These two principles we define as follows:--1.The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change are not affected, whether these changes of state be referred to the one or the other of two systems of co-ordinates in uniform translatory motion.2.Any ray of light moves in the ``stationary'' system of co-ordinates with the determined velocity c, whether the ray be emitted by a stationary or by a moving body. Hencewhere time interval is to be taken in the sense of the definition in § 1.Let there be given a stationary rigid rod; and let its length be l as measured by a measuring-rod which is also stationary. We now imagine the axis of the rod lying along the axis of x of the stationary system of co-ordinates, and that a uniform motion of parallel translation with velocity v along the axis of x in the direction of increasing x is then imparted to the rod. We now inquire as to the length of the moving rod, and imagine its length to be ascertained by the following two operations:--(a)The observer moves together with the given measuring-rod and the rod to be measured, and measures the length of the rod directly by superposing the measuring-rod, in just the same way as if all three were at rest.(b)By means of stationary clocks set up in the stationary system and synchronizing in accordance with § 1, the observer ascertains at what points of the stationary system the two ends of the rod to be measured are located at a definite time. The distance between these two points, measured by the measuring-rod already employed, which in this case is at rest, is also a length which may be designated ``the length of the rod.''In accordance with the principle of relativity the length to be discovered by the operation (a)--we will call it ``the length of the rod in the moving system''--must be equal to the length l of the stationary rod.The length to be discovered by the operation (b) we will call ``the length of the (moving) rod in the stationary system.'' This we shall determine on the basis of our two principles, and we shall find that it differs from l.Current kinematics tacitly assumes that the lengths determined by these two operations are precisely equal, or in other words, that a moving rigid body at the epoch t may in geometrical respects be perfectly represented by the same body at rest in a definite position.We imagine further that at the two ends A and B of the rod, clocks are placed which synchronize with the clocks of the stationary system, that is to say that their indications correspond at any instant to the ``time of the stationary system'' at the places where they happen to be. These clocks are therefore ``synchronous in the stationary system.''We imagine further that with each clock there is a moving observer, and that these observers apply to both clocks the criterion established in § 1 for the synchronizationof two clocks. Let a ray of light depart from A at the time4, let it be reflected at Bat the time , and reach A again at the time . Taking into consideration the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light we find thatwhere denotes the length of the moving rod--measured in the stationary system. Observers moving with the moving rod would thus find that the two clocks were not synchronous, while observers in the stationary system would declare the clocks to be synchronous.So we see that we cannot attach any absolute signification to the concept of simultaneity, but that two events which, viewed from a system of co-ordinates, are simultaneous, can no longer be looked upon as simultaneous events when envisaged from a system which is in motion relatively to that system.§ 3. Theory of the Transformation of Co-ordinates and Times from a Stationary System to another System in Uniform Motion of Translation Relativelyto the FormerLet us in ``stationary'' space take two systems of co-ordinates, i.e. two systems, each of three rigid material lines, perpendicular to one another, and issuing from a point. Let the axes of X of the two systems coincide, and their axes of Y and Z respectively be parallel. Let each system be provided with a rigid measuring-rod and a number of clocks, and let the two measuring-rods, and likewise all the clocks of the two systems, be in all respects alike.Now to the origin of one of the two systems (k) let a constant velocity v be imparted in the direction of the increasing x of the other stationary system (K), and let this velocity be communicated to the axes of the co-ordinates, the relevant measuring-rod, and the clocks. To any time of the stationary system K there then will correspond a definite position of the axes of the moving system, and from reasons of symmetry we are entitled to assume that the motion of k may be such that the axes of the moving system are at the time t(this ``t'' always denotes a time of the stationary system) parallel to the axes of the stationary system.We now imagine space to be measured from the stationary system K by means of the stationary measuring-rod, and also from the moving system k by means of themeasuring-rod moving with it; and that we thus obtain the co-ordinates x, y, z, and ,, respectively. Further, let the time t of the stationary system be determined for all points thereof at which there are clocks by means of light signals in the manner indicated in § 1; similarly let the time of the moving system be determined for all points of the moving system at which there are clocks at rest relatively to that system by applying the method, given in § 1, of light signals between the points at which the latter clocks are located.To any system of values x, y, z, t, which completely defines the place and time of anevent in the stationary system, there belongs a system of values , , , determining that event relatively to the system k, and our task is now to find the system of equations connecting these quantities.In the first place it is clear that the equations must be linear on account of the properties of homogeneity which we attribute to space and time.If we place x'=x-vt, it is clear that a point at rest in the system k must have a system of values x', y, z, independent of time. We first define as a function of x', y, z, and t. To do this we have to express in equations that is nothing else than the summary of the data of clocks at rest in system k, which have been synchronized according to the rule given in § 1.From the origin of system k let a ray be emitted at the time along the X-axis to x', and at the time be reflected thence to the origin of the co-ordinates, arriving thereat the time ; we then must have , or, by inserting the arguments of the function and applying the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light in the stationary system:--Hence, if x' be chosen infinitesimally small,orIt is to be noted that instead of the origin of the co-ordinates we might have chosen any other point for the point of origin of the ray, and the equation just obtained is therefore valid for all values of x', y, z.An analogous consideration--applied to the axes of Y and Z--it being borne in mind that light is always propagated along these axes, when viewed from the stationarysystem, with the velocity gives usSince is a linear function, it follows from these equations thatwhere a is a function at present unknown, and where for brevity it is assumed that at the origin of k, , when t=0.With the help of this result we easily determine the quantities , , by expressing in equations that light (as required by the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light, in combination with the principle of relativity) is also propagated with velocity c when measured in the moving system. For a ray of light emitted at the timein the direction of the increasingBut the ray moves relatively to the initial point of k, when measured in the stationary system, with the velocity c-v, so thatIf we insert this value of t in the equation for , we obtainIn an analogous manner we find, by considering rays moving along the two other axes, thatwhenThusSubstituting for x' its value, we obtainwhereand is an as yet unknown function of v. If no assumption whatever be made as to the initial position of the moving system and as to the zero point of , an additive constant is to be placed on the right side of each of these equations.We now have to prove that any ray of light, measured in the moving system, is propagated with the velocity c, if, as we have assumed, this is the case in the stationary system; for we have not as yet furnished the proof that the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light is compatible with the principle of relativity.At the time , when the origin of the co-ordinates is common to the twosystems, let a spherical wave be emitted therefrom, and be propagated with the velocity c in system K. If (x, y, z) be a point just attained by this wave, thenx2+y2+z2=c2t2.Transforming this equation with the aid of our equations of transformation we obtain after a simple calculationThe wave under consideration is therefore no less a spherical wave with velocity of propagation c when viewed in the moving system. This shows that our two fundamental principles are compatible.5In the equations of transformation which have been developed there enters anunknown function of v, which we will now determine.For this purpose we introduce a third system of co-ordinates , which relatively to the system k is in a state of parallel translatory motion parallel to the axis of ,*1 suchthat the origin of co-ordinates of system , moves with velocity -v on the axis of .At the time t=0 let all three origins coincide, and when t=x=y=z=0 let the time t' of thesystem be zero. We call the co-ordinates, measured in the system , x', y', z', and by a twofold application of our equations of transformation we obtainSince the relations between x', y', z' and x, y, z do not contain the time t, the systems K and are at rest with respect to one another, and it is clear that the transformation from K to must be the identical transformation. ThusWe now inquire into the signification of . We give our attention to that part ofthe axis of Y of system k which lies between and. This part of the axis of Y is a rod moving perpendicularly to its axis with velocity v relatively to system K. Its ends possess in K the co-ordinatesandThe length of the rod measured in K is therefore ; and this gives us themeaning of the function . From reasons of symmetry it is now evident that the length of a given rod moving perpendicularly to its axis, measured in the stationary system, must depend only on the velocity and not on the direction and the sense of the motion. The length of the moving rod measured in the stationary system does not change, therefore, if v and -v are interchanged. Hence follows that, orIt follows from this relation and the one previously found that , so that the transformation equations which have been found becomewhere§ 4. Physical Meaning of the Equations Obtained in Respect to Moving Rigid Bodies and Moving ClocksWe envisage a rigid sphere6 of radius R, at rest relatively to the moving system k, and with its centre at the origin of co-ordinates of k. The equation of the surface of this sphere moving relatively to the system K with velocity v isThe equation of this surface expressed in x, y, z at the time t=0 isA rigid body which, measured in a state of rest, has the form of a sphere, therefore has in a state of motion--viewed from the stationary system--the form of an ellipsoid of revolution with the axesThus, whereas the Y and Z dimensions of the sphere (and therefore of every rigid body of no matter what form) do not appear modified by the motion, the X dimensionappears shortened in the ratio , i.e. the greater the value of v, the greater the shortening. For v=c all moving objects--viewed from the ``stationary'' system--shrivel up into plane figures.*2For velocities greater than that of light our deliberations become meaningless; we shall, however, find in what follows, that the velocity of light in our theory plays the part, physically, of an infinitely great velocity.It is clear that the same results hold good of bodies at rest in the ``stationary'' system, viewed from a system in uniform motion.Further, we imagine one of the clocks which are qualified to mark the time t when at rest relatively to the stationary system, and the time when at rest relatively to the moving system, to be located at the origin of the co-ordinates of k, and so adjusted that it marks the time . What is the rate of this clock, when viewed from the stationary system?Between the quantities x, t, and , which refer to the position of the clock, we have, evidently, x=vt andTherefore,whence it follows that the time marked by the clock (viewed in the stationary system)is slow by seconds per second, or--neglecting magnitudes of fourthand higher order--by .From this there ensues the following peculiar consequence. If at the points A and B of K there are stationary clocks which, viewed in the stationary system, are synchronous; and if the clock at A is moved with the velocity v along the line AB to B, then on its arrival at B the two clocks no longer synchronize, but the clock moved from A to Blags behind the other which has remained at B by (up to magnitudes of fourth and higher order), t being the time occupied in the journey from A to B.It is at once apparent that this result still holds good if the clock moves from A to B in any polygonal line, and also when the points A and B coincide.If we assume that the result proved for a polygonal line is also valid for a continuously curved line, we arrive at this result: If one of two synchronous clocks at A is moved in a closed curve with constant velocity until it returns to A, the journey lasting t seconds, then by the clock which has remained at rest the travelled clock onits arrival at A will be second slow. Thence we conclude that a balance-clock7 at the equator must go more slowly, by a very small amount, than a precisely similar clock situated at one of the poles under otherwise identical conditions.§ 5. The Composition of VelocitiesIn the system k moving along the axis of X of the system K with velocity v, let a point move in accordance with the equationswhere and denote constants.Required: the motion of the point relatively to the system K. If with the help of the equations of transformation developed in § 3 we introduce the quantities x, y, z, t into the equations of motion of the point, we obtainThus the law of the parallelogram of velocities is valid according to our theory only to a first approximation. We set*3a is then to be looked upon as the angle between the velocities v and w. After a simple calculation we obtain*4It is worthy of remark that v and w enter into the expression for the resultant velocity in a symmetrical manner. If w also has the direction of the axis of X, we getIt follows from this equation that from a composition of two velocities which are lessthan c, there always results a velocity less than c. For if we set ,and being positive and less than c, thenIt follows, further, that the velocity of light c cannot be altered by composition with a velocity less than that of light. For this case we obtainWe might also have obtained the formula for V, for the case when v and w have the same direction, by compounding two transformations in accordance with §3. If in addition to the systems K and k figuring in § 3 we introduce still another system of co-ordinates k' moving parallel to k, its initial point moving on the axis of *5 withthe velocity w, we obtain equations between the quantities x, y, z, t and the corresponding quantities of k', which differ from the equations found in § 3 only in that the place of ``v'' is taken by the quantityfrom which we see that such parallel transformations--necessarily--form a group.We have now deduced the requisite laws of the theory of kinematics corresponding to our two principles, and we proceed to show their application to electrodynamics. II. ELECTRODYNAMICAL PART§ 6. Transformation of the Maxwell-Hertz Equations for Empty Space. On the Nature of the Electromotive Forces Occurring in a Magnetic Field During MotionLet the Maxwell-Hertz equations for empty space hold good for the stationary system K, so that we havewhere (X, Y, Z) denotes the vector of the electric force, and (L, M, N) that of the magnetic force.If we apply to these equations the transformation developed in § 3, by referring the electromagnetic processes to the system of co-ordinates there introduced, moving with the velocity v, we obtain the equationswhereNow the principle of relativity requires that if the Maxwell-Hertz equations for empty space hold good in system K, they also hold good in system k; that is to say that thevectors of the electric and the magnetic force--(, , ) and (, , )--of the moving system k, which are defined by their ponderomotive effects on electric or magnetic masses respectively, satisfy the following equations:--Evidently the two systems of equations found for system k must express exactly the same thing, since both systems of equations are equivalent to the Maxwell-Hertz equations for system K. Since, further, the equations of the two systems agree, with the exception of the symbols for the vectors, it follows that the functions occurring in the systems of equations at corresponding places must agree, with the exception of afactor , which is common for all functions of the one system of equations, andis independent of and but depends upon v. Thus we have the relationsIf we now form the reciprocal of this system of equations, firstly by solving the equations just obtained, and secondly by applying the equations to the inverse transformation (from k to K), which is characterized by the velocity -v, it follows, when we consider that the two systems of equations thus obtained must be identical,that . Further, from reasons of symmetry8 and thereforeand our equations assume the formAs to the interpretation of these equations we make the following remarks: Let a point charge of electricity have the magnitude ``one'' when measured in the stationary system K, i.e. let it when at rest in the stationary system exert a force of one dyne upon an equal quantity of electricity at a distance of one cm. By the principle of relativity this electric charge is also of the magnitude ``one'' when measured in the moving system. If this quantity of electricity is at rest relatively to the stationary system, then by definition the vector (X, Y, Z) is equal to the force acting upon it. Ifthe quantity of electricity is at rest relatively to the moving system (at least at the relevant instant), then the force acting upon it, measured in the moving system, isequal to the vector (, , ). Consequently the first three equations above allow themselves to be clothed in words in the two following ways:--1.If a unit electric point charge is in motion in an electromagnetic field, there acts upon it, in addition to the electric force, an ``electromotive force'' which, if we neglect the terms multiplied by the second and higher powers of v/c, is equal to the vector-product of the velocity of the charge and the magnetic force, divided by the velocity of light. (Old manner of expression.)2.If a unit electric point charge is in motion in an electromagnetic field, the force acting upon it is equal to the electric force which is present at the locality of the charge, and which we ascertain by transformation of the field to a system of co-ordinates at rest relatively to the electrical charge. (New manner of expression.)The analogy holds with ``magnetomotive forces.'' We see that electromotive force plays in the developed theory merely the part of an auxiliary concept, which owes its introduction to the circumstance that electric and magnetic forces do not exist independently of the state of motion of the system of co-ordinates.Furthermore it is clear that the asymmetry mentioned in the introduction as arising when we consider the currents produced by the relative motion of a magnet and a conductor, now disappears. Moreover, questions as to the ``seat'' of electrodynamic electromotive forces (unipolar machines) now have no point.§ 7. Theory of Doppler's Principle and of AberrationIn the system K, very far from the origin of co-ordinates, let there be a source of electrodynamic waves, which in a part of space containing the origin of co-ordinates may be represented to a sufficient degree of approximation by the equationswhereHere (, , ) and (, , ) are the vectors defining the amplitude of the wave-train, and l, m, n the direction-cosines of the wave-normals. We wish to。
光电效应及其应用论文
光电效应及其应用机电工程学院 机制B124班 李攀峰201202024414摘要；本文介绍了光电效应的发现及发展，着重叙述了爱因斯坦的光量子假说对光电效应的解释及通过实验来验证了爱因斯坦的光量子假说对光电效应解释的正确性求出了普朗克常数。
关键词；光电效应；阴极；光量子；运动定律；相对论引言光照射到某些物质上，引起物质的电性质发生变化。
这类光致电变的现象被人们统称为光电效应（Photoelectric effect ）。
光电效应分为光电子发射、光电导效应和光生伏特效应。
前一种现象发生在物体表面，又称外光电效应。
后两种现象发生在物体内部，称为内光电效应。
1.爱因斯坦对光电效应的理论解释光电效应使经典电磁波理论陷入困境，给物理学的晴朗天空又增加了一朵乌云，这一事实激励着年青的爱因斯坦（A.Einstein ，德，1879－1955）他苦苦地思索着，正在这个时候，理论物理学家普朗克（M.Planck,德1858一1947）发表了能量子的假设，成功地解决了黑体辐射的问题，爱因斯坦对晋朗克的能量子假设进行了研究后，把量子论彻底贯彻到辐射和吸收过程中去提出了崭新的光量子的假设，从而解决了光电效应问题。
1.1爱因斯坦的光量子假说1.1.1 爱因斯坦光量子假说：光子论假设：一束光是一粒一粒以速度c 运动的粒子流，这些粒子称光子，但它们仍保留频率、波长的概念认为光不仅在与物质相互作用时（发射和吸收），具有粒子性，而且在传播过程中也有粒子性。
一个频率为ν的光子具有能量νεh =，其中h 为普朗克常数，值为s J h ⋅⨯=-341063.6由相对论知识可知：λνννϕ/////22h c h c E P c h c E m h E ====== （2-1）可见：光子即具有粒子特性m ϕ 、P ，又具有波动性λ、ν我们将这种波动性和粒子性并存的性质称为光的波粒二象性。
光的波动性（λ）和粒子性（p ）是通过普朗克常数联系在一起的。
矿产
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
矿产
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。