Lecture01投资的收益、风险与效用函数

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(1.1a)
其中, Rt 是第 t(t 1,) 期的总收益率, Pt 是第 t 期的证券价格, Dt 是第 t 期
的现金股利收入总和, Pt1 是第 t 1 期的证券价格, P0 是期初的证券价格。
净收益率(Net Rate of Return)定义为
rt
Rt
1
(Pt
Pt1) Pt 1
Dt
合收益率。
2.连续复合收益率(对数收益率)

r t
ln(1 rt )
ln
Pt Pt 1
pt
pt 1
(1.4b)
其中, pt ln Pt 为价格的对数,rt 为(单期)连续复合收益率(Continuously
Compounded Return)或对数收益率。
对式(1.4a)两边取对数,则有:
rt
案例1.2 债务/权益互换 课外阅读
——利用税收的不对称性为企业盈利
假设:
公司A:边际所得税率为40%,资金成本为 10%,股利收入的80%享受免税待遇。
公司B:发行优先股,股利为8%,边际所得税 率为12%。
投资策略:
公司A以10%的年利率向公司B借款,然后把 筹集的资金投资于公司B的优先股。
Chapter 1
Key Features in Financial Markets (Cont’d)
No-Arbitrage: An investor cannot earn money without investing anything
Consider (fictitious) banks that offer to loan or accept deposits at the same rate of interest. Suppose that the rate at one bank for loans and deposits is 10% and at another bank the rate is 12%. What would happen? This kind of things does not occur, or at least not very often The interest rates of the two banks would soon equalize Ruling out the possibility of arbitrage is a simple idea, but it has profound consequences
证明1:公司A的这种投资是有意义的
由于利息支出计入税前成本,因此公司A实际 税后成本为10%×(1-40%)=6%。
公司A投资于优先股的股息税后收入为: 8% -8%×(1-80%)×40%=7.36% 。
证明2:这笔交易对公司B来说亦是盈利的。
公司B通过借出资金获得利息收入,税后收益 为10%×(1-12%)=8.8%,而公司B向公 司A支付的优先股股息为8%。
方式:
1.算数平均值
算数平均值(Arithmetic Mean)是最简单的计算方式,只要将各期收益
率加总后取平均即可:
2.几何平均值
RA (R1 R2 Rn ) / n rA (r1 r2 rn ) / n
(1.2)
几何平均值(Geometric Mean)通常用于衡量成长率、或有巨幅波动时,
Chapter 1
Key Features in Financial Markets (Cont’d)
Risk Aversion: An investor accepts more risk only if he expects to get greater expected return
If a risk averse investor is given two investment opportunities with the same cost and the same expected return, one with certain return and the other with an uncertain return, the investor will prefer the former one Mean–variance model and utility function Rational and irrational investors; behavioural economics/finance
可能解决方案:通过订立赎回条款来解决,可 以通过第三方担保来解决:如交易所。
第一节 单一资产的收益与风险
一、资产收益
(一)(单期)简单收益率
投资收益(Return)有两个来源,即股利收入加上资本利得。证券投资
单期的总收益率(Gross Rate of Return)定义为:
Rt
Pt Dt Pt 1
计算公式为:
RG R1R2 Rn 1/n rG (1 r1)(1 r2 )(1 rn ) 1/n 1
(1.3)
(三)复合收益率与连续复合收益率
1.复合收益率(多期简单收益率)
如果从 t-k 时刻到 t 时刻内可以分为 k 个时期(即从第 t-k+1 期到 t 期,
共 k 期),则总收益率为(假设 Dt 0 ):
两个公司利用边际税率的不均衡性,通过 互换债权和权益都从中得到了利益。这就 是80年代发展起来的债务/权益互换。
政府的税收收入减少了。如果利用税制漏洞的 现象经常出现,那么政府就会采取行动来堵塞 这些漏洞。
如果公司A的边际税率下降或公司B的边际税 率上升,那么其中一个公司在互换中蒙受损 失;受损失的公司可能违约。
Chapter 1
Typical Investment Problems
Chapter 1
Portfolio Selection
Portfolio: Allocation of capital in different assets (combination of different cash flow streams) Portfolio selection is based on the risk aversion principle neoclassical finance Balance between return and risk
第一章 投资的收益、风险与效用函数
投资就是为了取得未来的资产使用权而转让现在的资产使用权,以期 在未来获得更多的货币收入。
投资就是规划现金流的形式。现金流则可ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้通过每一时期的现金流量 来表述,例如 (-1,0.1,0.1,0.1,1.1);也可以用图表形式表示。
图 1.1 现金流图示
Key Features in Financial Markets
(1.1b)
其中, rt 表示第 t 期的净收益率。
如果第 t 期共有 nt 天,投资者可以将净收益率转换成(名义)年收益率,
即计算持有期收益率:
(二)历史收益率
rt
(Pt
Pt1) Dt Pt 1
nt 365
(1.1c)
投资者可以通过计算过去某段时期内一项投资的平均收益率得出这样
一个总体数值。当投资不只一期时,平均收益率依适用情况分成两种计算
Balance between investment and consumption
Chapter 1
案例1.1:一个投资家的婚礼
——金融工具无所不在
假设你要结婚了,但是你首先要说服太太:婚纱 照我们不拍了。—别急,你仍然爱她,但是有更 有利可图的办法来表达你的浪漫。
出同样的钱,请一位现在还默默无闻的画师来给 你们画一幅婚礼盛装的油画。这样你们仍然拥有 纪念婚礼的浪漫,同时又创造了一个期权:画师、 你和你太太三个人中间,只要有一个人将来出名 了,那么这幅油画就价值连城了。因为油画是比 照片更好的金融工具,吸收更多市场信息,承载 着更多有关画师是否出名的不确定性。
(k
)
ln[1
rt
(k
)]
ln[(1
rt
)(1
rt 1 ) (1
rt
k 1
)]
ln
k
1
(1
rt
j
)
j0
k 1
ln(1 rt ) ln(1 rt1) ln(1 rtk1) ln(1 rt j ) j0
Chapter 1
Hedging
Hedging: Process of reducing financial risks A manufacturing firm signed a 5-year contract for raw materials from a European supplier. Current exchange rate is EUR1=HK$10 One conventional form of hedging is insurance which pays a fixed amount (a premium) to protect you against specified possible losses (by paid compensations) Hedging of financial investments is mainly through derivatives, including futures, forwards, options, and swaps
The Comparison Principle: The financial market provides a basis for comparing one investment alternative with others
Your uncle offers you a special investment opportunity: You lend him $100 now and he repays you $110 one year later. Will you take the offer? Consideration of the prevailing interest rate
1 rt (k)
Pt Pt k
Pt Pt1 Ptk1
Pt1 Pt2
Pt k
(1 rt )(1 rt1)(1 rtk1)
k 1
(1 rt j ) j0
(1.4a)
其中, rt (k) 表示 k 期简单净收益率, rt 表示单期简单净收益率。这样,k 期
简单总收益率就是其所包含的这 k 个单期简单总收益率的乘积,称之为复
Chapter 1
Key Features in Financial Markets (Cont’d)
Dynamics: The market changes over time The future price of an asset is not regarded as a single number, but rather as a process moving in time and subject to uncertainty: Binomial lattice models, difference equation models, and differential equation models To characterise the process: an important part of the investment science (modelling)
Chapter 1
Pricing
Pricing: Determination of the fair price of an asset or investment There is an investment that pays you $110 one year later. How much is this investment worth today? If a contract gives you the right but not obligation to buy a share of HSBC at $80 one year later, and HSBC’s current price is $70, how much should you pay to buy this contract? Pricing is based on the comparison principle and no-arbitrage principle
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