XXXX考研1号考研英语语法10天速成电子教材
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考研1号考研英语语法10天速成电子教材
定语从句(上)
一、定语从句的概念什么是定语从句?
例: Arich personisnottheone whohasthe most, butis the onewhoneeds theleast.
用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。
有两个必备的基本元素。
一个是先行词;一个是关系词。
1.名词或代词做先行词。
例:He laughs best who laughs last.
2.短语做先行词。
Many of life’s problemswhich were solved by askingfamily members, friendsor colleaguesare beyond thecapability ofthe extend ed family toresolve.
3.用句子做先行词。
The Greeksassumedthatthe structureoflanguagehadsome connection withtheprocess of thought, whichtookroot in Europelongbefore people realized how diverse languages could be.
I am a student whichyou all know.
当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。
如:Today,stepladders carrylabels several inches long thatwarn, among other things,that youmight--surprise!-- fall off.
找先行词的方法。
反证法。
把它带进去。
哪一个是通顺的,哪一个就是先行词。
1.翻译定语从句。
2.结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑
关系相符合的词。
定语从句(下)
二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。
1.常用的关系代词:which,that, who, whom。
Whom现在用的很少。
前面有介词只能用which,不能用that。
2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。
What:1)它是子母同体。
相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。
What前面不应该在出现先行词。
如果前面已经偶一个关系词,就不能用what来引导。
例如:You canhave ev erything what youlike.what=all that,所以这儿不能用what.
All---is a continuoussupplying of the basic necessities of life
A.whatistheneed
B.thethingsneed
C.for our needs
D.that isneed
2)what单独使用,后面不加名词。
例如:She is notwhat she used tobe.
3)what 后面加名词
例如:What money I have has been given to you.
1997年考题:______he knows about it is out of dateand in accurate
A.What little
B.So much
C.How much
D.So little
as
1.like
2.作为
3.when
4.引导定语从句。
即可引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
引导限
制性定语从句一般式固定用法。
如as…as,such…as
as引导非限制性定语从句
例如:I was a boy which youknow. which可以用as替换。
As is so often pointedout knowledgeisa twoedge weaponwhich can beused equally for good orevil.
as引导限制性定语从句
考试中往往考固定搭配。
例如:Such a studentas works hard were be sure to succeed.
than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句
More familiesconsistof one parenthouseholds or two working parents; consequently,childrenare likely to have less supervisionat ho me____ was common in thetraditional family structure.
A.than
B.that
C.whichD.as
特点:
1)than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。
2)than 前面的主句必须要有比较级
3)比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象
三、关系副词
When引导的定语从句。
1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。
Or so the thinking has gone sincethe early1980s, when juries began holding morecompanies liable fortheircustomers’misfo rtunes.
2)如何区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句。
用句子表示状语就是状语从句。
例如:Wh en I goto school, Iwill workhard.
从两方面区分:
When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词;When引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。
从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。
如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当……时候。
When=on which
Where
where=in which
where引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。
例如:
I was born in Beijing wherethe Olympicgames will beheld.
先行词表示地点,不一定用where来引导。
例如:
I haveneverbeentoBeijing,butit’s the place__.
A.where I’dlike to visit
B.in which I’dlike to visit
C.Imostwanttovisit
D.thar I want tovisit it most
名词从句
讲五个问题:
一、名词从句的本质。
1.概念:就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。
那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性
质。
主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
2.引导名词从句常用的连词。
有三类:1)that;2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how
等连接副词或what,who,whose等连接代词。
That引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。
what一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。
Which和whose后面必须接名词。
例如:
Concerns wereraised __witness might be encouraged toexaggeratetheir stories in courtto ensureguilty verdicts.
A.what B.when C.which D.that
3)多重的名词从句现象。
例如:
I realized that what Isaid wasnot exactly what meanttosay.
考题:Prof.Lee’s bookwillshow you________ can beused in other contexts.
[A] that you have observed
[B]that howyou have observed
[C] how that you haveobserved
[D]how whatyou have observed
二、名词从句中的主语从句
主语从句有如下几种表示方式:
1.用which,that放在句首引导主语从句。
例如:
That the seas are beingoverfished has been knownfor years.
3.用itis +ved+that…例如:
Itis believed that you aregoodboy.
3.用whether引导主语从句。
例如:
Whether theeyesare the windowsof the soul isdebatable.
三、宾语从句
需要掌握的几点:
及物动词后面的宾语从句。
2005年例句:
Do you remember allthose yearswhen scientists argued that smokin gwould killus?
四、表语从句
就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。
就是把从句放在系动词的后面。
1997年例句:
A report consistently brought back by visits to the US ishowfriendly,cautiousand hopeful most Americans were to them.
五、同位语从句
就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。
结构是:名词+that+从句。
同位语从句与宾语从句和定语从句的区别:引导宾语从句和定语从句的的that,which可以省略,而引导同位语从句的that不能省略。
定语从句中的that必须在从句中扮演主语或者宾语。
同位语从句的that不扮演任何成分。
例如:
There isa popular saying that family instability causessocialinstability. that不做句子成分。
状语从句(上)
第三讲状语从句(上)
一、状语从句的本质。
就是用一个句子来作另外一个句子的状语。
状语从句的分类:时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。
2005年例句
Strangely,somepeople find thatthey cansmellone typeof flower but not another,____othersare sensitive to the smells ofbo th flowers.
A. when B. since C. for D.whereas
难点:1.When
常考的句型:Hardly…when; when it comes that; when itcomesto;1991年例句:
____to speak when theaudience interrupted him.
A. Hardlyhad he begun B. No soonerhardly hadhe begun
C. Not until hebeginD.Scarcelyhad hebegin
1998年例句:
Doingyour homework is asure way to improveyour test scores, and this is especially true ________itcomesto classroom tests.
A.beforeB.as C since D. when
2.地点状语从句
Where 引导地点状语一般总是放在主句的后面。
例如:
Adrivershouldslower downwhere there are schools.
3.原因状语从句
Since从……起;因为……
比较特殊的连词:in that因为的意思。
例句:The girl islike her mother inthat she also hasverydelicatefeeling.
Nowthat…因为;giventhat…
4.目的状语从句
lest…唯恐,害怕;for fear当心,害怕引导的是虚拟语气。
谓语是should +动词原形。
should常省略。
5.结果状语从句有两种引导法so…that; so that;such…that;suchthat
2001年例句:Conversation becomes weaker in asociety that spendsso much time listening and being talked to________it has all but lost the willand the skill tospeak foritself.
A.as B. which C.that D.what
把so…that; so that; such…that;such that中的so或such放在句首形成倒装句。
例如:
So fastdoeslighttravelthat itis difficult for us toimagine it’s speed.
tothe extent (that)表示结果
to some extent表示在……之内。
在某种程度上
6.条件状语从句用unless;if引导
难点:onlyif ; if only
only if是“只有”的意思;if only是“只要”意思。
2000年例句:
He can continue to support himselfand hisfamily ____heproduces a surplus.
A.onlyif
B. much as C .long before D.ever since
要记住:supposing(that)…;provided (that)…;on condition that…
例如:He will surely finished job on time____he has left todo it in his own way.
A.inthat
B.in case
C.asfar as
D.so long as
状语从句(下)
7.让步状语从句although;though; evenif; even though
1997年例句:____ its economy continuestorecover, the US isincreasinglybecoming a nation of part timersand temporary workers.A.EventhoughB.NowthatC.If only D. Provided that
2004年例句:All these conditions tend to increasethe probability of achild committing a criminal act,___ adirec tcausal relationship has not yetbeenestablished.
A. provided B. sinceC.although D.supposing
表示让步转折的介词:inspiteof;despite例如:__whathe achievedin medicine he remained modest.
A. Despite
B.Although
C. IfD. Whereas
However; nevertheless;nonetheless
1998年例句:This view;__,isgenerallythought to be wrong.
A.howeverB.meanwhile C. thereforeD.more ov
er
While当……时候;然而,但是
重点:与as有关的让步状语从句
由as 引导的倒装句
adj.,adv.,分词,名词,短语+as+主语+谓语。
例如:Childashe is,hecan remembera lot ofthings.
as 或so+adj+as+主谓结构
例如:As much as John hatesto do it,hemuststay at home and study tonight.
8.比较状语从句
重点讲倍数为题
1.倍数+比较级A isthree timesbigger thanB.
2.倍数+as…as结构。
Ais threetimesas bigas B.
3.倍数+名词结构A is Three times the size of B.
Nomore than 特点:
1.No more than=not anymore than
2.从功能上看往往表示两个事物之间的类比关系。
3.从意义上看是和……一样。
Notso much as
结构上有两种1.NotA so much asB.
2.notso much as B.与其说A,不如说B。
例如:It wasn’t so much thatIdisliked her ________that Iju st wasn’t interestedinthewholebusiness.
A. ratherB.so C.than D. as
并列句
一、并列句
并列句的结构要从后面往前找。
例如:I likeapples from Japanand bananas.
and 可以连接两个并列的词语、短语、句子成分、从句以及句子。
1.有and 就肯定有并列。
有并列就一定要弄清楚并列的成分。
2.and 有并列。
但并列在考研中有几十种情况。
要根据每一种不同的并列进行不同
的处理。
3.有and 的并列就要从and的后面往前找,而不是从前面往后找。
二、定语后置
Sheis a beautiful girl.
一个形容词定语就相当于一个of引导的名词作后置定语。
上句可写成She isa girl of beauty.
插入语
插入语
能够从句子中拿出来而不影响整个句子主谓结构的部分就是插入语。
插入语与同谓语的区别:插入语往往是插在主谓之间。
例如:I am an ugly man.可换成I am a manwho is ugly.
还可换成I ,who is a man,am ugly.
1.从命题角度来看插入语的两个逗号就相当于两个括号。
表示对插入语前面的
解释和说明。
2.从长难句的处理角度来看。
插入语扮演的角色就是可以作为整体提出来放到
一边最后处理,就是直接把插入语翻译后放在括号里。
分词现象
主要有四种考法。
(略)
插入语
语法应用上
考研中不一定专门考语法。
主要是应用语法知识进行阅读、完型、写作等等。
关键就是运用语法处理长难句。
例如:She,who isher mother’s daughter ,is a girl ofbeauty which is env ied bylilywho isof ugliness which we all know.
剥洋葱似的分析句子的方法和步骤:
1.以句号为单元判断这个句子中有几个洋葱。
1)看句号句子中有没有and和or。
还要看它们连接的是不是句子。
如果是词和短语那么and前后就不是独立的洋葱。
只有当两个句子并列的时候才是连个洋葱。
例如:I lik e apples and bananas.其中的apples and bananas是宾语并列。
再如:I am 22 and Jim is 23.这时就是两个洋葱。
2)看句号里有没有but.有but 也不一定就是两个洋葱。
例如:But I am a boy.
3)看句号里有没有特殊的标点符号。
冒号“:”从命题的角度看如果问题出在冒号的前面,答案一般出现在冒号的后面。
如果问题出在冒号的后面,答案大多数情况下出现在冒号的前面。
从长难句解读角度看冒号前后是独立的。
破折号“—”考研英语中破折号“—”等于冒号“:”功能是一样的。
分号“;”分号前后独立各自成为一个洋葱。
2.对每一个洋葱分别剥皮。
每一个洋葱的第一层皮就是这个句子的核心内容。
此后
从第二层开始,每一层皮就表示一个语法现象。
3.把每一层皮分别翻译成中文。
4.在剥皮处设问。
用设问的方式把每一层皮连接在一起。
这就是化整为零,再从零
到整。
语法应用下
综合运用以前所奖的语法知识。
继续讲解利用剥洋葱的方法在考研的长难句中的应用。
1994年真题第一篇文章。
Passage I
TheAmericaneconomicsystem is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economyinwhichconsumers largely determinewhatshall be produced by spending their money in themarketplace forthose goodsandservicesthatthey want most. Private businessmen, strivingtomake profits,p roducethese goods and services incompetition withotherb
usinessmen; and the profit motive,operating under competitive pressures , largelydetermines how these goods and services areproduced. Thus, in the American eoonomic system it is the demand ofindi vidual consumers, coupled with thedesireof businessmento maximizeprofits and the desire ofindividuals tomaximizetheir incomes, that together determinewhat shallbeproduced and how resources are usedto produce it.
Animportant factor in a market-orientedeconomyisthemechanism bywhichconsumer demands can beexpressedandresponded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is providedby a price system, a process in which prices rise andfallinresponse torelativedemands ofconsumers and supplies offered by seller-producers.If theproductisinshort supply relative tothe demand,the price will bebid upand some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the otherhand,producingmoreof a commodity results in reducing itscost, this will tend toincrease the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower thepriceandpermit more consumers to buy theproduct.Thus,price is theregulatingmechanism intheAmericaneconomicsystem . ﻫThe importantfactor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals areallowed to own productivere sources(private progeny) , and they are permitted tohirelabor,gain control over natural resources,and produce goodsand servicesfor sale at a profit. In the American economy,the concept of private property embracesnotonly the ownership ofproductive resourcesbut also certain rights, including theright to determinethe price of aproduct ortomake afreecontractwith another private individ
51. In Line 11,Para 1, "the desireof individualsto ual . ﻫ
maximize theirincomes" means__. ﻫA. Americansarenever satisfied with theirincomes
B. Americans tendtoovenTate theirincomesﻫC. Americanswant to have their incomesincreased ﻫD. Americans want toincrease the purchasing power of theirincomesﻫ52. The firsttwo& ntencesinthe second paragraph tellus that__. ﻫA.producerscan satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
B. consumers can express theirdemands through producers ﻫC. producersdecidethe prices ofproducts ﻫD.supply and demandregulate pricesﻫ53. According to thepassage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.ﻫA. private property and rights concernedﻫB. manpowerandnatural resources control ﻫ
C.ownershipof productive resources
54. The passage is mainly about__.
D. freecontracts and pricesﻫ
A. how American goods are produced ﻫB. how American consumersbuy t heirgoods
C. howAmerican economic system worksﻫD.howAmerican businessmen maketheir profits。