英文摘要写作规范

英文摘要写作规范
英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。

按国际学术届有关规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(英文)摘要。

原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。

一．英文摘要的一般原则
英文摘要的句型力求简单，通常应有5-10个左右意义完整，语句顺畅的句子。

为了使英文摘要达到最简洁、明了的效果，可采用以下方法：
（1）摘要中第一句的开头部分, 不要与论文的标题重复。

（2）把背景信息删去，或减到最少。

（3）只限于新的信息。

过去的研究应删去或减到最小。

（4）不应包含作者将来的计划。

（5）不应包含不属于摘要的说法，如：
“本文所描述的工作，属于……首创”。

“本文所描述的工作，目前尚未见报道”。

“本文所描述的工作，是对于先前最新研究的一个改进”。

（6）相同的信息不要重复表达。

at a temperature of 250 ℃to 300 ℃应改为at 250~300 ℃
at a high pressure of 1.2 MPa应改为at 1.2 MPa
（7）以量的国际单位符号表示物理量单位（例如，以“kg”代替“kilogram”）。

（8）以标准简化方法表示英文通用词（可用“WTO, WHO”代替全称等）。

（9）删去不必要的短语，如：
“A method is described”，/ “In this work”，“It is reported that…”,
“Extensive investigations show that…”
二．英文题名
（1) 题名的结构
英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。

题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。

少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣
（2) 题名的字数
题名不应过长。

国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。

题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题内名词数越少越好。

三.作者与作者单位的写法
（1）作者姓名
中国人名按汉语拼音拼写；其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。

Ma Lin ；Li Zhaohui 别写成：Zhaohui Li / Li Zhao Hui / Li Zhao-hui
(2)单位
单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。

前段时间一些单位机构英译纷纷采取缩写，外人不知所云，结果造成混乱。

NJUE or NUFE; Nanjing University of Finance &/and Economics
四．英文摘要的正文
（1）英文摘要的时态
英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，现在完成时、过去完成时少用，其他复合时态基本不用。

一般现在时。

用于摘要开头说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。

举例如下：This study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…；The result shows(reveals)…，It is found that…The conclusions are…The author suggests…
涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。

（2）英文摘要的语态
采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。

一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。

在多数情况下可采用被动语态。

但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。

“A exceeds B”读起来要好于“B is exceeded by A”。

使用主动语态还有助于避免过多地使用类似于“is”, “was”, “are”和“were”这样的弱动词。

（3) 英文摘要的人称及词类
近些年来，摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态、不定式或分词短语开头。

例如：To describe…，To study…，To investigate…，To assess…，To determine …，…are developed，Based on…，行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。

（4）遣词
使用短的、简单的、具体的、熟悉的词。

不使用华丽的词藻。

也就是说，用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。

但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。

例如，英文中有不少动词，do，run，get，take,make等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词，诸如用conduct, perform, achieve, undertake等，以便于读者理解。

五．认识的2个误区
中英文摘要的一致性，目前存在两个误区：一是认为两个摘要的内容”差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题；
二是认为两种摘要应硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。

英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。

六.英文摘要写作答疑
从结构上看，英文摘要应包括主题句、发展句/支撑句和结论或建议句。

(1)主题句。

开门见山，点明主题。

主动句式:
如：The paper focuses on/ mainly discusses / deals with / describes/ reports on /analyzes…
This paper intends/aims to discuss /compares … with… ; The purpose of this paper/article is to explain…
The author/writer presents/looks at/explores…
被动句式如：
A(n) study / investigation was made /designed to …
A (n) method / approach of deriving program is described to…
（2) 发展句。

如：This paper explores the history of one company and its bid for survival in the rapidly changing world today. It examines the plastic industry in America and the position of the company within it, detailing the growth off the company over 50 years and the expansion of the product range facilities to the present time…
（3）结论或建议句如：
It is suggested / recommended that…
It has been found that…
The results suggest / show that…
The author suggests / concludes that …
另：摘要的常用句型：S+V+O
1.…address (the question / problems of …)
2.argue that…assess the effects…
3.cover/ describe (a method, the major features of… the design of …)
4.discuss / examine / investigate / present /review / survey/ trace / treat
5.Abstract 与Summary 区别
从位置上看（Position）: Abstract 独立于正文之前；Summary正文结尾部分，每一章节也可有的。

从长度上看（Length）: Abstract数十字到２００字左右，可视论文长度更长些；Summary则更长３００－５００－１０００字。

从作者情况上看（Author)：Abstract可自己或他人写，独立文字，客观概括，第三人称，一般现在时；Summary：自己写，有前后呼应作用，多第一人称，现在完成时和一般现在时并用。

Sample 1:
This paper defines quantitatively the concept that bigger stockholders control mutually, and positively analyses the relation among single bigger stockholder, bigger stockholders’ mutual controlling and legal person stockholder, different shares percentage and firm performance. It is suggested that the best stock ownership structure: first 3 bigger stockholders’ mutual controlling; domestic initialed share percentage in 20-30%,national share percentage in 10-20%, domestic raised share percentage in 20-30, circulating A- share percentage in 10-20%.
Sample 2:
In respect to the challenge posed by the development of information technology to traditional enterprises management, reform must be made in organizing structure of enterprises under the network environment. Business process reengineering (BPR) is the very precondition to undertake such a reform. As far as BPR is concerned, it is the most important goal for it to create value for customers and upgrade their level of satisfaction. A systematic study is made in this paper on the design of BPR, its modeling and the problems in realizing it.
Sample 3：
The Exploration of the Essence of Poetry Translation
Zhang Guoping
(Class 1, Grade 2002, Foreign Languages Dept., Nanjing University of Finance & Economics)
Abstract: No translation of any poem can be excellent if it only expresses the literal meaning. What should be done is to read between the lines and try to convey the implied spirit of the poem. This paper puts its focus on
the translation of Chinese poems, emphasizing that good translation should catch the essence of the original verse by picking out four important factors that consist of the essence of poetry translation. It also explains how to grasp the essence of poetry translation by providing some possible methods.
Key words:poetry translation; image; artistic conception; style; poetic sense
Sample 4: 中英文摘要实例比较
高校学生社区社会生态及其特征分析
【摘要】传统校园社会向现代高校社会转变的重要特征之一是高校学生社区的日臻成熟。

高校社区社会生态的优劣对学生的人格塑造、道德取向、行为规范、心理品质和文化镌刻，乃至对未来社会的主流文化的倾向都具有深刻的影响。

社区社会生态是一个复杂而特殊的系统，它包含了物质层面、制度层面、文化层面、社会心理层面的等多种要素的相互作用与和谐共生。

对这个系统的深度认识和把握，不仅具有理论意义，更有审视学生工作变革走向的现实意义。

【关键词】高校学生社区社会生态学生工作
An Analysis of the Social Zoology of University Students’ Community and Its Features
Abstract: One of the important features of the alteration from traditional campus society to modern university society is that the university students’ community is getting increasingly mature. The condition of the social zoology of university students’ community may have great influence on the students’ character molding, moral tropism, behavior criterion, psychological quality, cultural engraving, and even the future trend of mainstream culture. The social zoology of community is a special and complex system, which results from the mutual effect and harmonious intergrowth of various social aspects: material, system, culture and social psychology. The systematic and profound knowledge and mastery of this particular system not only has a great theoretical significance, but also practically contributes a lot to the survey of the direction of university student affairs reform.
Key words: university students’community; social zoology；student affairs
Sample 5:The Contrast in English and Chinese Cultural Thinking Styles and China’s EFL Teac hing
Liu Hao
Abstract: Language alone is not enough for successful learning and communication with the target language. The awareness of cultural difference, particularly the differences between English and Chinese cultural thinking styles also plays an important role in EFL teaching. Therefore, the differences between English and Chinese thinking styles and linguistic forms are explored from such perspectives as linear vs. circular, direct vs. indirect, objective vs. subjective, particular vs. general, accurate vs. vague, individualist vs. collectivist, abstract vs. concrete. In the meantime, the possible impact of the differences between English and Chinese cultural thinking styles on China’s EFL teaching is discussed in the hope of arousing sufficient a ttention to differences in cultural thinking styles among English teachers and learners in China’s EFL teaching and learning.
Key words: cultural thinking style; contrast; English; Chinese; China’s EFL teaching。