【最新】胡壮麟《语言学教程》第五章Meaningppt模版课件
英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
语言学精品课胡壮麟版ppt课件
2. Scopes of linguistics
☺General linguistics—studies linguistics as a whole.
☺ Phonetics—study of sounds ☺ Phonology--study of the system of
sounds, how they are combined ☺ Morphology—study of the structure and
language development, more practical than written form, hard to record • writing : • permanent, can be recorded
• ngue and parole • —by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
• descriptive –describes and analyzes the language people are currently speaking. It deals with “what people actually say”
• 3.2 synchronic vs. diachronic • synchronic—description of a language at
• 2.1.4. Language is symbolic. • 2.1.5. Language is human –specific. • 2.1.6. Language is used for
communication
2.2. Design features of language
• 2.2.1. arbitrariness • 2.2.2. productivity • 2.2.3. duality • 2.2.4. displacement • 2.2.5. cultural transmission
Chapter 5 大学语言学概论第5章ppt课件
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2. Linguistic model of the
conceptualist view
• SEMANTIC TRIANGLE • THOUGHT/REFERENCE
• 1. 形式与意义直接相关 ，用实线连接。意义通过 符号形式来表达，形式是 语义的载体。
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1. Definition
• Contextualism（语境论）： is a view
concerning meaning which holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context. According to this view, one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
• 2. 意义是在各观事物的 基础上概括而成的，是客 观事物在头脑中的概括反 映，两者也有直接联系， 用实线连接。
• 3. 形式和所指之间没有
SYMBOL/FORM REFERENT 必然的联系，故而两者间
用虚线连接，所以同一事
(Ogden and Richards 1923: 物可以用不同的形式来表
• Or what is exactly meant by “thinking of a concept”?
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6. Question
• What do you think of when you hear or see the words:
胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)测试题——第五章：意义
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第五章：意义Chapter 5 Meaning1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDAI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences:a. Tom divorced Jane.b. Jane was Tom’s wife.In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.32. Proposition: It is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example, the two sentences “Caesar invaded Gaul” and “Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold the same proposition.33. Compositional analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.34. Reference:It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots （青岛海洋大学，1999）Hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship36. What are the three kinds of antonymy? （武汉大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a) words and (b) words.(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, carb. milk, alcohol, rice, soup(3) a. book, temple, mountain, road, tractorb. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear （青岛海洋大学，1999）answer: (1) The (a) words and (b) words are male.The (a) words are human, while the (b) words are non-human.(2) The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.The (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible.(3) The (a) words and (b) words are worldly or conceptual.The (a) words are material, while the (b) words are spiritual.。
语言学教程胡壮麟（第四版）第5章
语言学教程胡壮麟（第四版）第5章Chapter 5 Meaning第一部分Meanings of “meaning”一、The Study of Meaning：1. Meaning:refers to what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world.2. Connotation: opposite to denotation, means the properties of the entity a word denotes. For example, the connotation of human is "biped", "featherless", and "rational", etc.3. Denotation: involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entity it refers to. So it is equivalent to referential meaning. For example, the denotation of human is any person such as John and Mary.二、Seven types of meaning (Recognized by Leech) 三大类七种论述1.Conceptual meaning:Logical, cognitive, or denotative content of language. It is the essential part of language and similar to literal meaning.E.g. What's this? It's a … (desk, boy, dog…). When you answer this question, you are expressing the conceptual meaning of language.Associative meaning: same in conceptual meaning but different in implication.2.Connotative meaning:What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.E.g. “mother” implies love, “blue” implies depressed.3.Social meaning:What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. It mainly involves dialect and status.E.g. Different style of words like horse and pony imply different social circumstances of language use.4.Affective meaning:What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/ writer. It involves the choice of commendatory or derogatory meanings of words.E.g. The difference between statesman and politician is connotative because the former is commendatory and the latter is derogatory .5.Reflected meaning:What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.E.g. Click the mouse twice. (Mouse may remind you of either the part of a computer or a kind of animal who is clicked twice by Tom in the cartoon Tom and Jerry.)6.Collocative meaning:What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.E.g. Different meanings of paper are expressed in its collocation with "exam, white and daily"7.Thematic meaning:What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.E.g. I hit a dog. A dog was hit by me.1第二部分Referential theory1.The referential theory:The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. We explain the meaning of a word by pointing to thething it refers to.E.g. proper nouns and definite noun phrases.Problem with this theory: the meaning of desk:When we explain the meaning of desk by pointing to the t hing it refers to, we don’t mean a desk must be of the particular size, shape, color and material as the desk we are pointing to at the moment of speaking. We are using this particular desk as an example of something more general.2.Semantic triangle:A th eory which employs the notion “concept”. Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle”. They argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by the concept. In a diagram form, the relation can be showed as follows:conceptword thingAnd something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our minds. This abstract thing is usually called concept.3.Sense and referenceSense and reference are two sides of meaning. Although they are different, they are closely to each other.1. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Sense refers to the main features, the defining properties an entity has.2. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.E.g. The sense of desk: a piece of furniture with a flap top andfour legs, at which one reads and writes. Sense is equivalent to concept. The concept of desk may also be called the sense of desk. The concrete entities a particular desk in the world is reference.3. The distinction between sense and reference:① It is comparable between connotation and denotation. The former refers to the abstract properties of an entity, while the latter refers to the concrete entities having these properties.① Every word has a sense, or we will not be able to use it or understand it. But not every word has a reference. Grammatical words like but, if, and don’t refer to anything. Words like God, ghost, and dragon refer to imaginary things, which don’t exist in reality. Abs tract words like love don’t have a concrete entities in the world.① Words are in different sense relations with each other. Sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. In contrast, reference is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unit and a non-linguistic entity it refers to.第三部分sense RelationsThere are three kinds of sense relations, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation.1. Synonymy 同义关系Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.e.g. buy and purchase. Synonym refers to the words that are closed in meaning.But total synonymy is rare. It can be divided into two sub-types: absolute synonymy (they are identical in meaning.) andrelative synonymy (they are similar in meaning.).The so-called synonymy are all context dependent. E.g.Little Tom ____ a toy bear. (buy/ purchase)1) dialectal synonyms: synonyms used in different regional dialects.There are dialectal differences.E.g. Autumn is British while fall is America.2) stylistic synonyms: they may differ in style.E. g. kid, child, offspring; start, begin, commence.3) synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning.E. g. thrifty-economical-stingy4)collocational synonyms:E. g. accuse…of, charge…with.5) semantic synonyms:E. g. amaze, surprise.2. Antonymy 反义关系Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three sub-types: gradable, complementary, and converse antonymy.1) Gradable antonymyGradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. They are mainly adjectives, e.g. good / bad, big / small, etc. They have three characteristics:First, they are gradable. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. E.g. big, medium, small.Second, antonymy of this kind are graded against different norms. E.g. big dog, small dog; big cat, small cat.Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. E.g. old covers young, highcovers low.2) Complementary antonymyThe members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each other. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.E.g. alive / dead, boy / girl, etc.There is no intermediate forms between the two. The adjectives of this kind can’t be modified by very, and they don’t have comparative or superlative degrees either. The norm in this type is absolute, and there is no cover term for the two members of a pair.3) Converse antonymyConverse antonyms are also called relational opposites. This is a special type of antonymy, because the members of a pair don’t constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities, e.g. buy / sell. The comparative degrees like bigger: smaller, longer: shorter.3. Hyponymy 上下义关系The sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Inclusiveness意义内包关系: Superordinate: the word which is more general in meaning.Hyponyms: the word which is more specific in meaning.Co-hyponyms: hyponyms of the same superordinate.Hyponymy involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion. It is a matter of class membership. That is, when x is a kind of y, the lower term x is the hyponym, and the upper term y is the superordinate. E.g. under flower, there are peony, tulip, violet, rose, etc., flower is the superordinate of rose, peony, etc., peony is the hyponym of flower, and peony, tulip, violet, rose, etc. areco-hyponyms.4. Polysemy 多义现象Polysemy means the same one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word. Historically polysemy can be understood as the growth and development or change in the meaning of words.E.g. “table” may mean a piece of furniture, all the people seated at a table, or the food that is put on a table, etc.5. Homonymy 同音异义Homonymy means different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. There are three kinds of homonyms:①Full hom onyms: words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.E.g. bear (n. a kind of animal), bear(v. to give birth to a baby)②Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.E.g. dear (a loved person), deer (a kind of animal)③Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.E.g. tear (n.), tear (v.)6. Sense relations between sentences 句子之间的涵义关系1) X is synonymous with Y X与Y同义X: The boy killed the cat.Y: The cat was killed by the boy.If X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false.2) X is inconsistent with Y X与Y不一致X: He is single.Y: He has a wife.If X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true.3) X entails Y X 蕴含在Y里X: Marry has been to Beijing.Y: Marry has been to China.Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y.If X is true, Y is necessarily true; if X is false, Y may be false.4) X presupposes Y X预设YX: His bike needs repairing.Y: He has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true; If X is false, Y is still true.5) X is a contradiction X是矛盾的* My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.6) X is semantically anomalous X是异常的* The man is pregnant.第四部分Componential analysisSemantic components: the meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. It is a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.It may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. There are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analysed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.优：①By showing the semantic components of a word in this way, we may better account for sense relations. Two words, or two expressions, which have the same semantic components will be synonymous with each other. For example, bachelor and unmarried man.②And these semantic components will also explain sense relations between sentences.弊：①O ne difficulty is that many words are polysemous. They have more than one meaning, consequently they will have different sets of semantic components.②Some semantic components are seen as binary taxonomies.③There may be words whose semantic components are difficult to ascertain.第五部分Sentence meaning一、Sentence meaning 句子意义The meaning of a sentence is obviously related to the meanings of the words used in it, but it is also obvious that the sentence meaning is not simply the sum total of the words. Sentences using the same words may mean quite differently if they are arranged in different orders. E.g.The man chased the dog. (人追狗。
胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part5
Chapter3 LexiconLexical change3.1 What is word?3.1.1 Three senses of word3.1.2 Identification of words1) stability2) Relative uninterruptibility3) A minimum free form3.1.3 Classification of words1) Variable and invariable words2) Grammatical words and lexical words3) closed-class words and open3.2 The Formation of Word3.2.1 Morpheme and MorphologyMorphemedestroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.2) Morphologywhich studies the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.3.2.2 Types of morphemes1) Free morpheme and bound morpheme2) Root, affix and stem3) Inflectional affix and derivational affix¾Inflectional affixes often only add a minute or delicate grammat to the stem, therefore serve to produce different forms of a sin derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning.¾Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word th whereas derivational affixes might or might not.¾Inflectional affixes are conditioned bythe word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence; derivA Basic Classification of English MorphemesMorphemesFree Bound Independent Affixes Bound Contracted Bases Bases FormsPrefixes Suffixes3.2.3 Inflection and word formation¾Compounds can be written in different ways.ii) Derivation¾Derivation shows the relationship between roots and affixes.¾Different from inflection, derivation can make the word class of original word either changed or unchanged.¾Forms derived from derivation are relatively large and potential3.2.4 The counterpoint of phonology and morphology1) Morpheme & phoneme2) Morphemic structure & phonological structure3) Allomorph¾Some morphemic shapes represent different morphemes and thus different meanings.4）Morphophonology or MorphophonemicsMorphophonologylinguistics referring to the analysis and classification of thephonological factors that affect the appearance of morphemes, and correspondingly, the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. Briefly, it studies the interrelationshi between phonology and morphology..3.3 Lexical Change3.3.1 Lexical change proper5) Back-formationBack-formation refers to an abnormal type of wordwhere a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.6) Analogical creation7) Borrowing3.3.2 Phonological change 3.3.3 Morpho-syntactic change1) Morphological change2) Syntactic change3.3.4 Semantic change1) Broadening2) Narrowing3) Meaning shift3.3.5 Orthographic changeQuestions for Discussionhush2) self-destruct; automate;emote3) homesick; drowse; peddle; frivol.3 What is the basic building blocks in the formation of complexwords?4 How are new words created?。
《胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)笔记和考研真题详解》读书笔记PPT模板思维导图下载精选全文完整版
9.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第10章 语言和计算机
10.1 复习 笔记
10.2 考研 真题与典型 题详解
第11章 第二语言和外语教学
11.1 复习 笔记
11.2 考研 真题与典型 题详解
第12章 现代语言学理论与流 派
12.1 复习 笔记
12.2 考研 真题与典型 题详解
读书笔记
谢谢观看
第1章 语言学导论
1.1 复习笔 记
1.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第2章 语 音
2.1 复习笔 记
2.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第3章 词和形态学
3.1 复习笔 记
3.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第4章 句法：从语词到篇章
4.1 复习笔 记
4.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第5章 意 义
5.1 复习笔 记
5.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第6章 语言与认知
6.1 复习笔 记
6.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第7章 语言 文化 社会
7.1 复习笔 记
7.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第8章 语言的使用
8.1 复习笔 记
8.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第9章 语言与文学
9.1 复习笔 记
08 第8章 语言的使用
09 第9章 语言与文学
010
第10章 语言和计算 机
011
第11章 第二语言和 外语教学
012
第12章 现代语言学 理论与流派
作为《语言学教程》（第5版）（胡壮麟主编，北京大学出版社）的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章 目编排，共分12章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分 是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。本书具有以下几个方 面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识 进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。 2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。 3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。本书精选名校考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。所选真题和习题基本 体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。另外，在笔记部分，对 于在《语言学教程》第三版或第四版提到而第五版删减的知识点我们也予以保留，并用“＊”标明，部分院校考 研真题依旧会涉及这些知识点的考查。相对于第三版或第四版，对于在第五版新增加的知识点用“▼”标明，以 便于使用不同版本教材的读者使用。
语言学MeaningPPT课件
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• domicile 住宅 : very formal, official • residence: formal • abode [ə'bəud] : poetic • home: general
• steed: poetic • horse: general • nag: slang • gee-gee: baby language
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• Health means everything. • His look was full of meaning.
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• What is the meaning of life?
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• What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you?
slender, slim
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(5) Reflected meaning
• What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.
• 通过同一表达式的其他意思所传达的意义 • Gay(快乐的，同性恋) • Many taboo terms are result of this.
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• Meaning has always been a central topic in human scholarship.
• Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists, e.g. Plato & Aristotle.
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）章节题库（5-8章）【圣才出品】
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）章节题库（5-8章）【圣才出品】第5章意义Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. According to G Leech, _____ meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. 【答案】connotative 【解析】利奇认为内涵意义是指通过语言所指传达的意义，是位于纯粹的概念意义之上的。
2. According to G Leech, _____ meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.【答案】conceptual【解析】利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
3. According to G. Leech, _____ meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker／writer.【答案】affective【解析】利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。
4. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the _____ theory.【答案】referential【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。
5. _____ is the technical name for the sameness relation.【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。
胡壮麟语言学教程汉语
《语言学教程》汉语解释第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。
第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。
第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。
第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。
第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。
第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。
第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。
第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。
第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。
第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。
胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part8
Chapter 5 Meaning Semantics:the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.5.1 Meanings of “meaning”7 types of meaning(Leech):1. Conceptual meaning: Logical, cognitive, ordenotative contentAssociate meaning:2. Connotative meaning:What is communicatedby virtue of what language refers to.3. Social meaning:What is communicated of thesocial circumstances of language use.4. Affective meaning: What is communicated ofthe feelings and attitudes of thespeaker/writer.5. Reflected meaning: What is communicatedthrough association with another sense ofthe same expression.6. Collocative meaning: What is communicatedthrough association with words which tendto occur in the environment of another word.7.Thematic meaning: What is communicatedby the way in which the message isorganized in terms of order and emphasis.-Connotation and denotation5.2 The referential theory-The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.-Semantic triangle(Ogden and Richards):conceptword thing-Sense and reference5.3 Sense relationsSense: the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generallybetween one linguistic unit and another.3 kinds of sense relations:1)Sameness relation---Synonymy2)Oppositeness relation---Antonymy3)Inclusiveness relation---Hyponymy5.3.1 Synonymy1)Differ in style: buy and purchase2) Differ in connotations: thrifty, economicaland stingy3) Dialectual difference: autumn and fall, flatand apartment, underground and tube5.3.2 Antonymy1) Gradable antonymy: good-bad, long-short, big-small, hot-cold, warm-cool“Marked”(unusual)and “Unmarked”(the cover term, unusual, e.g. old)2) Complementary antonymy:alive-dead, male-female,present-absent, pass-fail (a test),odd-even, hit-miss (a target), boy-girl3) Converse antonymy(Relational opposite): buy-sell, lend-borrow, give-receive, before-after, husband-wife, host-guest, employee-employer5.3.3 Hyponymy Hyponyms: the members, the lower termsCo-hyponyms: members of the same classSuperordinate:the name of a classA superordinate may be missing. Hyponyms may also be missing.Ex. livingplant animalbird fish insect animalhuman animaltiger lion elephant …5.4 Componential analysis Componential analysis refers to an approach by structural semantics in describing the meaning of words.It aims at breaking down the meaning of a word into its minimal distinctive features which are also called components.E.g. the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE; man into HUMAN, ADULT and MALE, and woman into HUMAN, ADULT and FEMALE.5.5 Sentence meaning5.5.1 An integrated theoryThe principle of compositionality: the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.A semantic theory consists of two parts(Katz and Postal): a grammantical classification and semantic rules.Grammatical/Syntactic markers Semantic markers DistinguishersSelection restrictions Problems5.5.2 Logical semantics Propositional logic( propositional calculus or sentential calculus) is the study of the truth conditions for propositions: how the truth of a composite proposition is determined by the truth value of its constituent propositions and the connections between them.“A proposition is what is expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statement.”(J.Lyons)Predicate logic( predicate calculus) studies the internal structure of simple propositions.Argument and predicateAn argument is a term which refers to some entity about which a statement is being made.A predicate is a term which ascribes some property, or relation, to the entity, or entities, referred to. In terms of the number of arguments it takes, it can be classified into: one-place predicate: Socrates is a man.two-place predicate:John loves Mary.three-place predicate: John gave Mary a book.Questions and Exercises Some people maintain that there are no truesynonyms. If two words mean really the same, one of them will definitely die out. Do you agree? In general what type of meaning we are talking about when we say two words are synonymous with each other?Consider the following antonyms: friendly:unfriendly, honest: dishonest, normal: abnormal, logical: illogical.Which type of antonymy do they belong to?Comment on F.R.Palmer’s following argument: “…We can treat male/female, married/single, alive/dead as gradable antonyms on occasions. Someone can be very male or more married and certainly more dead than alive.”Which type of antonymy do the following antonyms belong to? Bigger:smaller, longer:shorter, better: worse, older: younger.姜望琪（1991：79）claims that “To some extent, we can say that any two words of the same part of speech may become antonyms, as long as the meaning difference between them is what needs to be emphasized in the particular context.”He uses the two sentences below as examples. What do you think of the claim?You have to peel a raw potato but you can skin a boiled one. He’s no statesman, but a mere politician.。
胡壮麟语言学课件
胡壮麟语言学课件chapter12（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学课件chapter11-名牌大学教授整理胡壮麟语言学chapter10（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学第九章课件-名牌大学教授整理胡壮麟语言学第八章课件（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学第六章课件（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学第五章课件（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学第四章课件（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学第三章课件（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟英语语言学教学笔记Chapter 2 （名牌大学语言学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学教程第一章课件，名牌大学英语专业课课件，概括很全面，很到位哦胡壮麟语言学分章练习课件-chapter 12（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学分章练习课件-chapter 8（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学分章练习课件-chapter 7（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学分章练习课件-chapter 6（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学分章练习课件-chapter 5（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学分章练习课件-chapter 4（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学分章练习课件-chapter 2（名牌大学教授整理）胡壮麟语言学分章练习课件-chapter 1（名牌大学教授整理）大家论坛--英语专业考研--资料汇总--希望能对您的英语学习有帮助！！！鲜花送人，留己余香。
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胡壮麟语言学教程汉语
《语言学教程》汉语解释第一章 语言的性质语言的性质语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。
语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。
第二章 语言学语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。
学）等。
第三章 语音学语音学发音器官的英文名称；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；语音学的定义；发音语音学；发音语音学；听觉听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。
语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。
第四章 音位学音位学音位理论；音位理论；最小对立体；最小对立体；最小对立体；自由变异；自由变异；自由变异；互补分布；互补分布；互补分布；语音的相似性；语音的相似性；语音的相似性；区别性特征；区别性特征；区别性特征；超语段音位学；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。
音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。
第五章 词法学词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。
粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。
第六章 词汇学词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。
词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。
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Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning:
Conceptual meaning
Connotative meaning
Social meaning Affective meaning Reflected and meaning
A multitude of additional, non-criterial properties, including not only physical characteristics but also psychological and social properties, as well as typical features.
4
3. The meaning of meaning
C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards (1923).
The Meaning of Meaning.
John means to write. A green light means to go.
5
Health means everything. His look was full of meaning.
Chapter Five Meaning
1
1. The Study of Meaning
Semantics:
The meaning of words: Lexical semantics
The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning
Concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.
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(2) Connotative meaning
The communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.
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What is the meaning of life?
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What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you?
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What does ‘cornea’ mean? The transparent, convex, anterior portion of
the outer fibrous coat of the eyeball that covers the iris and the pupil and is continuous with the sclera.
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Involving the ‘real world’ experience one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it.
Unstable: they vary considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
The linguistic approach is broader in scope, aiming to study the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.
Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Aristotle.
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Logicians and philosophers have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or ‘propositions’) within a single language.
Any characteristic of the referent, identified subjectively or objectively, may contribute to the connotative meaning of the expression which denotes it.
Linguistic semantics vs. Logical semantics/philosophical semantics
Pragmatics:
The meaning of utterances
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2. Semantic Meaning
Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
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Step mother
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(3) Social meaning
What a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.
Associative Meaning
Collocative meaning
Thematic meaning
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(1) Conceptual meaning
Also called ‘denotative’ or ‘cognitive’ meaning.
Refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content.