朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解(加拿大文学)【圣才出品】

第21章加拿大文学
21.1 复习笔记
I. The literature of survival
1. Survival in nature
2. Cultural survival
II. Native Canadian mythology
III. Early colonial literature
1. Background
2. An era of reporting
IV. The literature of nation-building
1. Background
2. The era of realism in literature
3. Writers and works
V. Canada in the ascendant
1. The “Montreal Group” of poets
2. T ed Allan
3. Literature in the French language
VI. Canadian literature in the modern world
1. Main features
2. Writers and works
I. The literature of survival（“生存”文学）
In Canadian literature there is a common concern with the idea of “survival” and this idea, in its many different forms, is regarded as the central symbol of Canadian literature.
加拿大文学中普遍存在“生存”这一主题，有多种形式，被认为是加拿大文学的中心主题。

1. Survival in nature（自然中的生存）
The concern with “simple” survival in the face of hostile elements is a reflection of the dangerous natural world in which Canadians find themselves.
对在恶劣自然条件下求生存的关注反映了加拿大人所生活的自然环境的危险性。

2.Cultural survival（文化的生存）
This idea can extend to concern with “cultural” survival in a variety of ways:
生存主题可从多个方面延伸至文化层面。

(1)The maintenance of Canadian identity in colonial age
(2)The persistence of native Canadian peoples;
(3)The survival of a French-Canadian identity;
(4)The survival of any kind of overall Canadian identity over internal differences and over the huge neighbor—the USA.
(1)在殖民时期保持了加拿大自身的特性；
(2)加拿大本土民族的延续；
(3)法裔加拿大身份的保留；
(4)克服内部分歧与强大邻国美国的影响，加拿大文化的总体特性的保留。

II. Native Canadian mythology（加拿大本土神话）
(1)The diverse cultures of pre-European Canada were not literate but oral cultures.
(2)Native myths and legends are a well-known part of modern Canadian literature.
(3)Themes of these tales:
◆The first creation of the world and people.
◆How particular aspects of the world came to be.
(4)A common feature of different native mythologies is the occurrence of a “trickster” figure.
(1)前欧洲时期加拿大的各种文化都是口述而非书面的。

(2)本土神话传说是加拿大现代文学中著名的一部分。

(3)故事主题：
◆世界和人类的产生；
◆世界各部分的产生。

(4)不同本土神话中存在一个共同点，即均设有一个诡计多端的角色。

III. Early colonial literature（早期殖民文学）
1. Backgroud（背景）
Canada did not come into being as a single entity until 1867 when various British North American colonies were brought together into a confederation, so that before that date there was a definite marginal sense to Canadian writing.
1867年英属北美殖民地组成一个单独的自治领后，加拿大才成为一个独立的主体，因而此前加拿大文学只是一种边缘意识。

2. An era of reporting（报告时代）
Meaning of an era of reporting: telling people back “home” what it was like out there on the edge of civilization.
Forms: journals or collections of letters
Subjects: the “wilderness” or the native peoples
Eg. Susanna Moodie’s Roughing It in the Bush
报告时代的含义：告诉“家乡”的人们处在文明边缘的生活状态和情况。

形式：日记或书信集
主题：荒野或本地民族
如：苏珊·摩蒂的《丛林余生》
IV. The literature of nation-building（建国时期文学）
1. Background（背景）
After confederation in 1867 Canada can be seen as inhabited by a people on the road to nationhood.
1867年加拿大成为自治领后，成为一个走向争取独立国家地位的民族。

2. The era of realism in literature（现实主义文学时代）
Features: Plots were worked out in a coherent and predictable fashion, whereby the conclusion followed rationally from what went before, though much of the actual content might be romantic fantasy.
特点：故事情节连贯一致，可预测，由此从上文合理地引出结局，虽然实际内容可能大部分为具有浪漫色彩的幻想。

3. Writers and works（作家与作品）
(1)William Kirby’s The Golden Dog (1877)（威廉姆·可尔比的《金毛狗》（1877））
It is a romantic historical novel set at the time of the fall of the French colony to the English, concerning power struggles among that colony’s rulers. This novel embodies Quebec’s difficult relationship with the nation-building process.
它是一本法国殖民地沦为英国殖民地时期的浪漫历史小说，讲述了殖民地统治者之间的权力斗争。

该小说体现了魁北克在加拿大建国过程中的艰难处境。

(2)Lucy Maud Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables (1908)（露西·莫德·蒙哥马利的《绿檐园的安妮》（1908））
It is probably the most famous single work of Canadian literature, loved by reade rs all over the world. It is a children’s story about a red-headed orphan girl, Anne, and her adolescent predicaments in the idyllic setting of a small island town.
这是加拿大最著名的一部独立作品，受到世界各地读者的喜爱。

这是一个儿童故事，讲述了一个红发孤儿安妮年少时期在风景秀丽的海岛小镇上的艰辛少年经历。

(3)Robert Service(1874—1956)（罗伯特·塞维斯(1874—1956)）
Robber Service, one of Canada’s best-known poets, is famous for his memorable and entertaining rhyming verse which told stories about life in the
northern territories, such as “The Shooting of Dan McGrew”.
罗伯特·塞维斯是加拿大最著名诗人之一，以令人愉悦而难忘的韵体诗著称，讲述冰封的北方的故事,比如“The Shooting of Dan McGrew”。

(4)Duncan Campbell Scott (1862—1947)（邓肯·斯科特（1862—1947））
Scott was a poet and short-story writer, a member of a group known as the “confederation poets”. Many of his poems reflect the experience he had traveling around Canada, witnessing the tragedy of native life, and the beauty of the Canadian wilderness. His very modern short stories were psychologically realistic portrayals of the citizens of a small village in Quebec. That focus on individual psychology is an indication of a change in the cultural world from the relative certainties of the late 19th century to the questioning of the 20th.
诗人和短篇小说家，“联邦诗人”之一。

他的许多诗歌反映了自然生活中的悲剧和加拿大原野中的美景。

他的短片小说是对一个魁北克小镇居民的心理现实主义描绘。

对个体心理的关注标志着文化世界从19世纪相对的心安理得转变为20世纪的心存疑惑。

V. Canada in the ascendant（上升期的加拿大）
Canadian nationhood became a fact after the Statute of Westminster in 1931 when it took its position as an equal and vigorous nation within the voluntary association of the British Commonwealth.
1931年威斯敏斯特协议签订后，加拿大的主权国家地位才真正实现，成为英联邦中一个平等而充满活力的民族。