(仅供参考)药学英语整理

药学英语
一、Physiology and Pathology（P9）生理学与病理学
（一）概念
1、Physiology is the scientific study of function in living systems.（ppt）the study of how living organisms work.(书里)
2、Pathology is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medical practice and diagnosis.(ppt)
the science of disease,which deal with the studies of etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic structures, changes in functions and metabolism in the living organisms by means of natural science.(书里) 3、Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.a convergence of Pathology with Physiology
4、etiology is the study of causation,or the origination of diseases.
5、the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease.
6、inflammation is a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; (刺激）characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat. （红热胀痛）
(二)思考题
1.How do you understand pathology and pathophysiology?
Pathology is the science of disease
Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.
2. what is the difference between etiology and pathogenesis?
Etiology is the study of causation, or the origination of diseases.
the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease 3. Could you explain the symptoms and signs of a disease?
symptoms of a disease(“症”): as certain biologic processes are encroached on(侵害) ,the patient begins to feel subjectively that something is wrong., These subjective feelings are called symptoms of disease.
Symptoms are subjective and can be reported only by the patient to an observer.
signs of a disease（“征”）：when manifestations of the disease can be objectively identified by an observer, these are terms signs of the disease.
4、what is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?
the pathogenesis of tuberculosis would include the mechanisms whereby the invasion of the body by tubercle bacillus ultimately leads to the observed abnormalities
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms.
二、Medicinal Chemistry药物化学
(一)概念
1、Medicinal chemistry(药物化学)is the science that deal with the discovery or design of new therapeutic chemicals and the development of these chemicals into useful medicine.
2、Medicine（药品drug, pharmaceutics) is a compound that interacts with a biological system, and produces a biological response (ideally desired and positive)
3、Therapeutic index（治疗指数）sure of the ratio of undesirable to desirable drug effects. Therapeutic index=LD50/ED50
The larger the Therapeutic index, the greater the margin of safety of drug!
4、LD50（半数致死量）:the lethal dose for 50% of the test animals
5、ED50（半数有效量）:the effective dose that produces the maximum therapeutic effect in 50% of the test animals.
6、Log P（脂水分配系数）is the base-ten logarithm of the partition coefficients (分配系数)
7、Chirality（手征性）: a molecule is considered chiral if there exists another molecule that is of identical composition ,but which is arranged in a non-superposable mirror image.
8、Bioisosteres(生物电子等排体): are substituents or groups that have
chemical or physical similarities ,and which produce broadly similar biological properties.
9、Bioisosterism(生物电子等排性) is a lead modification approach that has been shown to be useful to attenuate toxicity （降低毒性）,modify the activity of a lead （修饰活性）and may have a significant role in the alteration of metabolism of the lead.
10、Prodrug（前药）is drug which is given (taken) in an inactive form. Once administered ,the prodrug is metabolized by the body into the biologically active compound.
（二）知识点
1、The difference of “good” and “bad” drugs:
Depend on dosage and chronic exposure. and therapeutic index can be the measure of safety of drugs
2、classification of drugs
Four main groups:
（1）B y biological effect---varied assortment of drugs
analgesics（止痛剂）,anti-asthmatics（平喘药）,antipsychotics（抗精神病药）etc.
（2）B y chemical structure---common skeleton
Penicillin （青霉素类）,opiates(阿片类药物) etc.
（3）B y target system（靶向系统）----affect a target system(synthesis, release, receptor)
antihistamine (抗组胺药)etc.
（4）B y target site of action(作用靶点)—target enzyme or receptor Anti-cholinesterase (抗胆碱酯酶)
3、Medicinal chemistry involves:
(1)synthesis (2)structure-activity relationships(SAR)
(3)receptor interactions
(4)absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)
4、Medicinal chemistry cover 3 critical steps:
● A discovery step
●An optimization step
● A development step
5、important functional groups on drugs:
(1)Alkanes&alkenes(烷烃和烯烃) (2)alcohol 醇（3）phenols 酚（4）ethers 醚（5）aromatic hydrocarbons 芳香化合物
6、a drug usually has 3 names:
（1）chemical (化学名)
Mostly following rules by chemical abstracts service(CAS)
One compound can only have one name
（2）international non-proprietary names(INN,通用名)
Convenient to remember ,needed when apply for registration, cannot be trade marked（商标）or patented(取得专利权)
One compound can only have one name
（3）commercial (商品名)
Named by manufactures ,can be trade marked to protect the brand. One compound can have many different names
7、prodrug strategies are used to overcome a variety of problems by:
(1)Altering solubility 改变溶解度
(2)Improving membrane permeability 提高细胞膜通透性
(3)Slow release of the active agent 缓慢释放活性
(4)Masking drug toxicity or side effects 掩蔽药物毒副作用
三、Phytochemistry and Natural Products 天然药物化学和天然产物
(一)概念
1、Phytochemistry（天然药物化学）is in the strict sense of the study of phytochemicals, which are derived from plants. In a narrower sense the terms are often used to describe the large number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants.
2、Primary metabolites(初级代谢产物): compounds that are common to many types of organisms, that fulfill basic biological
functions(e.g.respiration 呼吸,photosynthesis光合作用,DNA replication ＤＮＡ复制)
3、Secondary metabolites（次级代谢产物）：compounds that are not essential to daily ,common metabolism of cells and individual organisms. Instead, these compounds are unique to certain taxa and fulfill secondary functions ,often involved in signaling between organisms (e.g.mate recognition配偶识别, chemical defense化学防御, chemotaxis 趋化作用)
4、natural products: a natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism found in nature.
（Primary metabolites & Secondary metabolites）
（二）知识点
1、summary:
●natural products are compounds synthesized by living organisms,
usually organic molecules with 5-100 carbons
●natural products can be primary or secondary metabolites
●secondary metabolites are produced via enzymatic pathways from
primary metabolic building-blocks
2、how to get natural products?/the process to purify natural products?
(1)Plant collection植物采集
(2)Extraction萃取
(3)Fractionation分馏
(4)Isolation分离
(5)Structural determination 结构测定（UV，IR，MS,NMR）
3、Journals in Phytochemistry and Natural Products Chemistry:
●Journal of Natural Products 天然产物杂志
●Phytochemistry
●Journal of Ethnopharmacology 民族药物学杂志
●Planta Medica 天然药物学会志（欧洲）
●Phytochemical Analysis 植物化学分析
●Chemical &Pharmaceutical Bulletin 化学与药学通报（日本）Review journals 综述期刊
●Natural Product Reports 天然产物报告
●Phytochemistry Review
四、biochemistry 生物化学
1、What is the goal of biochemistry？
The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules （无生命的分子）that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life.（延长生命）
2、Macromolecules（生物大分子）that constitute living organisms include proteins, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and polysaccharides.
3、20种氨基酸：
1、丙氨酸Alanine/Ala/A
2、半胱氨酸Cysteine/Cys/C
3、天冬氨酸Asparticacid/ Asp /D
4、谷氨酸Glutamic acid/Glu/E
5、苯基丙氨酸Phenylalanine/Phe/F
6、甘氨酸glycine/Gly/G
7、组氨酸Histidine/His/H 8、异亮氨酸Isoleucine/Ile/I
9、赖氨酸Lysine/Lys/K 10、亮氨酸Leucine/leu/L
11、蛋氨酸Methionine/Met/M 12、天冬酰胺Asparagine/Asn/N 13、脯氨酸Procine/pro/P 14、谷氨酰胺Glutamine/Gln/Q 15、精氨酸Arginine/Arg/R 16、丝氨酸Serine/Ser/S
17、苏氨酸Threonine/Thr/T 18、缬氨酸Valine/Val/V
19、色氨酸Tryptophan/Try/W 20、酪氨酸Tyrosine/Tyr/Y
五、Microbiology 微生物学
1、Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa,virus and some types of algae, which encompass various sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology, and other branches.
2、几位科学家的成就
Bacteriology was found in the 19th century by Ferdinand Cohn
Cohn was also the first to formulate the scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacterial and discover spores
费迪南德∙科恩, Ferdinand Cohn德国博物学家和植物学家，以研究藻类、细菌和蕈类著称，被视为细菌学的创始者之一。

细菌能根据其形态和生理特征划分为不同的种；发现细菌内孢子，从而促进消毒技术发展
Louis Pasteur is the farther of microbiology.
1 disprove the theory of spontaneous generation.
2 Designed the methods for food preservation and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax,fowl cholera, and rabies
Robert Koch is the farther of medical microbiology
1 germ theory of diseases
2 developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch’s postulate.
3 one of the first scientists to isolatemycobacterium tuberculosis, the causing reagent oftuberculosis.
1. 人类第一次使用科学的方法证明了某种特定的微生物是某种特定疾病的病原。

2.根据自己分离致病菌的经验，总结出了著名的“科赫原则”，为后来许多病原菌的发现奠定基础。

3.发现了结核杆菌
Martinus Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the discovery of virus and the development of enrichment culture techniques
Sergei Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of chemolithotrophy （化能无机营养）and to thereby reveal the essential role played by microorganisms in geochemical（地球化学的）processes.
六、biopharmaceuticals
1、Biopharmaceuticals is most commonly used to refer to all the
therapeutic, prophylactic, and in vivo diagnostic reagents produced using living organismsor its function components.
2、同义词：biopharmaceuticals, biotech drugs or biotherapeutics. Diagnosis（in vivo diagnostic）,prevention (prophylactic)
and treatment (therapeutic)
3、Therapeutic biologics-compound classes
1, monoclonal antibody
2, recombinant protein therapeutics
3, hybrid and modified molecules
4, nucleic acid molecules
5, vaccines
6, gene therapy products and therapeutically used virus
7, cell therapy products
4、Please list at least 4 kinds of biopharmaceuticals you are familiar with. Answer: blood, plasma, tissue, hormone(insulin), growth factor, vaccine, monoclonal antibody…….
九、Drug Dependence 药品依赖性
(一)概念
1、Drug dependence(药品依赖性)：a state resulting from the interation of a person and a drug in which the person has a compulsion （冲动）to continue taking the drug in order to experience pleasurable psychic effects and sometimes avoid discomfort due to its withdrawl.
2、Psychic dependence（精神成瘾性）: the drug produces a pleasant feeling and the patient suffers mental anguish（痛苦）when it is withdrawn.
3、Physical dependence（身体成瘾性）: repeated administration produces biochemical changes in the subject taking the drug.
二、知识点
1、Classification of drug dependence :
Psychic dependence& Physical dependence
2、Why do people become dependent?
（1）Curiousity and wanting to belong好奇和归属感
（2）Mental tension and worries精神紧张和忧虑
（3）Biochemical make up生化结构
（4）Availability 可获得的程度
3、Typical drugs of dependence
(1)Opium and its derivatives鸦片及其衍生物
用的最多：heroin/diacetylmorphine 海洛因/二乙酰吗啡
精神上的戒断症状：渴望更多剂量craving for a further dose
更加躁动不安increasing restlessness
忧虑而悲痛anxiety and distress
身体上的戒断症状：恶心nausea, 呕吐vomiting, 肌肉痉挛mucle cramps,
起鸡皮疙瘩gooseflesh,发热pyrexia
(2)Cocaine 可卡因
过大的精神依赖性Largely psychic dependence
戒断症状：depression, sleepiness and decreased appetite
(3)Amphetamines 安非他明
用途：食欲抑制剂appetite suppressor
治疗轻抑郁症mild depression
强效兴奋剂powerful stimulant
(4)Barbiturates巴比妥类
最常用做镇静催眠药hypnotic and sedative drug
副作用：嗜睡drowsy 癫痫发作epileptic fits
(5)Cannabis 大麻
(6)Volatile solvent 挥发性溶剂
4、Therapy of the drug abuse
(1)Detoxification and medically managed withdrawl
去毒及医疗辅助下的撤去药品
(2)Long-term residential treatment长期居家治疗
24 hours care,6-12 months stay
(3)Short-term residential programs短期居家治疗Intensive but relatively brief短时间内集中进行
(4)Outpatient treatment 门诊治疗
比前三种便宜，方便人们工作，社会反响好
(5)Individualized drug counseling 个性化毒品咨询
(6) Group counseling 集体咨询。