写作教程第2版课件u9

• Summarize the pattern of the sample paragraph. • You may have noticed the difference in organization between Sample 1 and Sample 2. Sample 2 follows a point-by-point pattern where the writer compares and contrasts both subjects – Americans and Koreans—item after item.
Can you think out expression indicating comparison and contrast?
Linking Devices
• Questions • 1. What topics do the paragraphs mainly deal with? • Both paragraphs deal with the same topic: Egyptian and Greek mythology.
Comparison and contrast
• The purpose of comparing and contrasting is to understand either of the two things more clearly and, at times, to make judgments about them. In this unit, we are going to study how to write paragraphs of comparison and contrast.
• Now read Sample 2, and identify the different writing pattern of comparison & contrast: • Questions: • 1. Which two subjects are compared in this paragraph? And on how many points are the subjects compared? • The two subjects compared in the paragraph are Americans and Koreans. • There are three points under comparison or contrast: family structure, role relations and value orientations.
• Point 2. role relations: • Subject B (Americans): love and friendship as the main family ties • Subject A (Koreans): less emphasis on feelings as permanence is taken for granted • Point 3. value orientations: • Subject A (Koreans): filial duty and respect • Subject B (Americans): goodness and kindness and features of likability and sociability
• Please read Sample 1, and answer some questions: • 1.What is the topic of the paragraph? • This paragraph is developed around the concepts of “a long time” held by Americans and people from other cultures.
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In such a pattern, the writer structures his paragraph around points of comparison instead of subjects, moving back and forth between the subjects. The specifics of both subjects are placed close together for direct and immediate comparison and contrast, and transitions are often used so as to avoid abrupt switching between the two subjects.
• Summarize the pattern of contrast in the paragraph. • You may have noticed that the sample paragraph deals with what Americans think “a long time” is before it moves on to discuss the views held by other cultures. This pattern of organization is subject-by-subject or groupby-group.
• B. Other cultures’ concepts of “a long time”: not limited • Examples: • (1) murder report by a Truck Islander • (2) envoy’s waiting in a Latin American City • (3) ritual dance in Pueblo village • (4) South Asian concept: one thousand years or even forever
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In this pattern, you discuss the two subjects separately, that is to say, you discuss all of the characteristics of subdivisions of the first subject in the first half and then present all the characteristics of the other in the second half. The aspects examined in the two subjects should be the same and in both parts, you should follow the same logical order for each subject.
• Discuss in groups the organization of the paragraph and then fill in the table below. • Point 1. family structure: • Subject A (Koreans): more emphasis on male relatives and on the older generation; extended families • Subject B (Americans): less emphasis on male relatives and on the older generation; nuclear families
• 2. Does this paragraph stress the similarities or differences between the two subjects? • The paragraph stresses differences rather than similarities between the two subjects. • 3. Does it follow the same pattern as in Sample 1? If not, what are the differences? • No, it has a different pattern. • The writer shifts back and forth between the two subjects throughout the paragraph.
• Work in groups and find out those words or phrases that indicate either cragraph B. • Contrasted with • Whereas • In opposition to • Unlike • In direct contrast to
• 2. Which paragraph is easier to understand? • Paragraph B is easier to understand.
• 3. What makes this particular paragraph easier to understand? • Because it has certain words and phrases that help clarify the ideas in the paragraph.
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The point-by-point pattern works best with subjects that contain a lot of points. It can bring into sharp focus the similarities and differences for the reader to see as he reads along.
• 2. Now, complete the outline according to the organization of Sample 1: • A. Americans’ concept of “a long time”: anything from forty years to forty minutes, depending on the circumstances. • Examples: • (1) a proposal for an American businessman • (2) “long term” capital gain for the Internal Revenue Service • (3) accident report by a motorist • (4) for a business appointment or a date • Attitudes to promptness: it is a binding obligation