研究方法讲座精编版
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Questions: Start with provisional questions, which are open to change as the study progresses, rather than starting with fixed hypotheses.
These questions are answered through systematic empirical observation of specified events in their natural context, rather than in a controlled or experimental situation.
Questions: Start with Pre-formulated hypotheses, though these can be formed after observations of real behavior in real situations.
Systematic: Are concerned largely with controlling 'variables’.
研究的分类(陈向明)
行动研究
研究
学术研究
规范研究
定性研究
质的研究
实征研究 量的研究
Different categorization
Oppositional categorization. Four-parameter categorization (Van Lier,
1988) More specific/detailed categorization
Are 'subjective' is the sense that the researcher is necessarily involved with the processes and outcomes of the study.
Observations are processed in a variety of ways, not necessarily statistical.
Observational research (e.g., case study & ethnography).
Survey
With surveys, a large sample of individuals answer, in either written or spoken form, a series of questions on a specific issue.
E.g.: To count the type and frequency of teachers' questions used over a one week period in one classroom
Descriptive research includes
Self-report research (e.g., survey & developmental studies)
Assume that there is value in holistic study whose insights are not necessarily generalisable from the individual study.
Summary
Quantitative
Positivism Controlled “Objective” Removed from data,
Empirical research methods are commonly used in social sciences, e.g., sociology, psychology, anthropology, education, and communication studies.
Types of Empirical Research
Empirical methods are commonly used in certain subfields of linguistics, e.g., applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and anthropological linguistics.
view Discovery oriented
(Inductivism) Generate hypothesis Process oriented Rich & deep data Ungeneralizable
将简单的问题复杂化
Quantitative or Qualitative?
Introduction to Empirical Research Methods
in Language Studies
Liu Yi
Pre-writing
Please write down your plan for your research.
O来自百度文库TLINE
Definition of research. Categorization of research paradigms. Structure of a research report. Evaluation of a research project. Your research project.
Psychometric tradition Interaction analysis Discourse analysis Ethnography
Data collection
Grotjahn (1987)
Two pure research paradigms: 1. exploratory-interpretive 2. analytical-nomological
Answers: Use statistical ways of measuring and quantifying these variables (Psychometric).
Researchers: Are 'objective' in that the researcher is not personally involved with the participants or the outcomes.
It is generally agreed, however, that “empirical research” is data-driven, that is, the inquiry is based on systematic collection and analysis of data.
Quantitative (or 'Positivist') orientations
Objectivism: Assume that there is an objective 'Truth' about social life that can be measured. (VS Subjectivism and experientialism)
What Is Research
Research: “a systematic approach to searching for answers to questions’ (Hatch and Lazarton, 1991: 9).
• what is meant by 'systematic'? • what is meant by 'questions'? • what is meant by 'answers'?
Five mixed forms. 1. Experimental-qualitative-interpretative 2. Experimental-qualitative-statistics 3. Exploratory-qualitatve-statistical 4. Exploratory-quantitative-statistical 5. Experimental-quantitative-interpretive
Descriptive research Historical research Correlational research Causal-comparative research Experimental research
Descriptive Research
Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study. A descriptive study reports the way things are.
An attempt to collect data from members of a population in order to determine the current status of that population with respect to one or more variables
1. 学生的性别与其作文中情态动词的使用是什么 关系？
2、学习者是如何“选择”自己的学习策略的？
3、学生的英语口语与自信之间是什么关系？
4、在英语专业学生看来，“英语专业”对他们 意味着什么？
Empirical Research & Language Studies
Not all language studies will employ empirical approaches. Some studies are theoretical or speculative.
etic view Verification oriented
(Deductivism) Test hypothesis Outcome oriented Hard & replicable data Generalisable
将复杂的问题简化
Qualitative
Phenomenologism Naturalistic “Subjective” Close to data, emic
Empirical Research
A specific and strict definition: “Research is a systematic process of inquiry consisting 3 elements: (1) a question, problem or hypothesis, (2) data, (3) analysis and interpretation of data.” (Nunan, 1992:3)
E.g. Political pollsters use surveys to gauge the feeling of voters towards the various political parties; social surveyors might try to gauge the feelings of a community towards a local initiative,
4 parameters in research design (Van Lier 1988)
HIGHLY SELECTIVE
CONTROLLING INTERVENTION
ASKING/DOING
MEASURING WATCHING
NONINTERVENTION
NON-SELECTIVE
Chaudron (1988)
Generalisability: Are designed so that the results are generalizable. (part of 'answer’)
Qualitative (or 'Naturalistic') Traditions
Relativism: Assume that 'truth' is relative, and that knowledge is provisional.
These questions are answered through systematic empirical observation of specified events in their natural context, rather than in a controlled or experimental situation.
Questions: Start with Pre-formulated hypotheses, though these can be formed after observations of real behavior in real situations.
Systematic: Are concerned largely with controlling 'variables’.
研究的分类(陈向明)
行动研究
研究
学术研究
规范研究
定性研究
质的研究
实征研究 量的研究
Different categorization
Oppositional categorization. Four-parameter categorization (Van Lier,
1988) More specific/detailed categorization
Are 'subjective' is the sense that the researcher is necessarily involved with the processes and outcomes of the study.
Observations are processed in a variety of ways, not necessarily statistical.
Observational research (e.g., case study & ethnography).
Survey
With surveys, a large sample of individuals answer, in either written or spoken form, a series of questions on a specific issue.
E.g.: To count the type and frequency of teachers' questions used over a one week period in one classroom
Descriptive research includes
Self-report research (e.g., survey & developmental studies)
Assume that there is value in holistic study whose insights are not necessarily generalisable from the individual study.
Summary
Quantitative
Positivism Controlled “Objective” Removed from data,
Empirical research methods are commonly used in social sciences, e.g., sociology, psychology, anthropology, education, and communication studies.
Types of Empirical Research
Empirical methods are commonly used in certain subfields of linguistics, e.g., applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and anthropological linguistics.
view Discovery oriented
(Inductivism) Generate hypothesis Process oriented Rich & deep data Ungeneralizable
将简单的问题复杂化
Quantitative or Qualitative?
Introduction to Empirical Research Methods
in Language Studies
Liu Yi
Pre-writing
Please write down your plan for your research.
O来自百度文库TLINE
Definition of research. Categorization of research paradigms. Structure of a research report. Evaluation of a research project. Your research project.
Psychometric tradition Interaction analysis Discourse analysis Ethnography
Data collection
Grotjahn (1987)
Two pure research paradigms: 1. exploratory-interpretive 2. analytical-nomological
Answers: Use statistical ways of measuring and quantifying these variables (Psychometric).
Researchers: Are 'objective' in that the researcher is not personally involved with the participants or the outcomes.
It is generally agreed, however, that “empirical research” is data-driven, that is, the inquiry is based on systematic collection and analysis of data.
Quantitative (or 'Positivist') orientations
Objectivism: Assume that there is an objective 'Truth' about social life that can be measured. (VS Subjectivism and experientialism)
What Is Research
Research: “a systematic approach to searching for answers to questions’ (Hatch and Lazarton, 1991: 9).
• what is meant by 'systematic'? • what is meant by 'questions'? • what is meant by 'answers'?
Five mixed forms. 1. Experimental-qualitative-interpretative 2. Experimental-qualitative-statistics 3. Exploratory-qualitatve-statistical 4. Exploratory-quantitative-statistical 5. Experimental-quantitative-interpretive
Descriptive research Historical research Correlational research Causal-comparative research Experimental research
Descriptive Research
Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study. A descriptive study reports the way things are.
An attempt to collect data from members of a population in order to determine the current status of that population with respect to one or more variables
1. 学生的性别与其作文中情态动词的使用是什么 关系？
2、学习者是如何“选择”自己的学习策略的？
3、学生的英语口语与自信之间是什么关系？
4、在英语专业学生看来，“英语专业”对他们 意味着什么？
Empirical Research & Language Studies
Not all language studies will employ empirical approaches. Some studies are theoretical or speculative.
etic view Verification oriented
(Deductivism) Test hypothesis Outcome oriented Hard & replicable data Generalisable
将复杂的问题简化
Qualitative
Phenomenologism Naturalistic “Subjective” Close to data, emic
Empirical Research
A specific and strict definition: “Research is a systematic process of inquiry consisting 3 elements: (1) a question, problem or hypothesis, (2) data, (3) analysis and interpretation of data.” (Nunan, 1992:3)
E.g. Political pollsters use surveys to gauge the feeling of voters towards the various political parties; social surveyors might try to gauge the feelings of a community towards a local initiative,
4 parameters in research design (Van Lier 1988)
HIGHLY SELECTIVE
CONTROLLING INTERVENTION
ASKING/DOING
MEASURING WATCHING
NONINTERVENTION
NON-SELECTIVE
Chaudron (1988)
Generalisability: Are designed so that the results are generalizable. (part of 'answer’)
Qualitative (or 'Naturalistic') Traditions
Relativism: Assume that 'truth' is relative, and that knowledge is provisional.