浅谈定语从句

浅谈定语从句

发表时间：2011-03-22T11:24:11.277Z 来源：《学英语》（高中教师版）2010年第26期供稿作者：李强[导读] 在英语中用来修饰或限定一个名词或代词的句子。李强河南商城县达权店高中

一、定语从句的相关概念

1. 定义：在英语中用来修饰或限定一个名词或代词的句子。有的也把它称为形容词性从句或关系分句。

2. 位置：定语从句须放在所修饰或限定的词之后。

3. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词，位于定语从句之前。

4. 关联词（引导词）：引导定语从句的词，包括关系代词和关系副词。

5. 规则：判断定语从句用什么引导词的关键是看先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分。

6. 分类：

（1）限制性定语从句。它是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句，所修饰的词代表一个、一些或一类特定的人或事物。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。如：

A man who / that doesn’t want to learn from others can’t achieve much. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。

上述句子中限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，否则剩下的部分就意思不完整或失去意义而不能成立。

（2）非限制性定语从句。在意义上，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后并不影响整个句子的句意。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。如：

Tom’s father, who is over 60, still works hard day and night. 汤姆的父亲已年过六旬，依然日夜努力工作着。

二、关系代词的用法

1. 如果先行词是all, little, none, anything, something, nothing, everything, somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one等不定代词，关系代词一般用that，不用which / who / whom。 All that are present burst into tears.

2. 如果先行词被形容词的最高级、the ＋序数词、the last, the only, few, any, much, no, some, very等修饰，关系代词常用that。 The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.

3. 先行词中既有人又有物时，关系代词用that。 The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.

4. “介词+关系代词”可以引导定语从句，但关系代词只可用whom / which，不可用who / that。但如果将介词放在句尾，关系代词可以用whom / who / which / that。

The room in which (where) there is a machine is a workshop.

注：像look for, look after, listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，与介词联系紧密，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。

This is the boy whom/who she has taken care of.

5. “whose+n.”引导定语从句时可以换成“the+n.+of whom / which”或“of which+the+n.”。 He lives in a big house whose window faces the sea. He lives in a big house the window of which faces the sea. He lives in a big house of which the window faces the sea.

6. which 引导的定语从句还可以修饰前面整个主句，表示前面整个主句的内容。此时which 相当于and this或and that。 He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

7. 关系代词which和as引导定语从句时的区别。

（1）引导限制性定语从句时

①先行词如为表示物的名词或代词，在从句中又作介词的宾语时，只能用which。 This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.

②前面有as时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as，不用which。 There are as many dictionaries as are needed.

③前面有such时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as，不用which。 Such women as know Tom thought he was charming.

I have never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such a man as I expected.

④前面有the same时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as / that，而不用which。 We are facing the same problems as / that we did years ago.

试比较：

This is the same wallet as I lost. 这个钱包与我丢的那个一样。（同类不同一） This is the same wallet that I lost. 这个钱包就是我丢的那个。（同一物）（2）引导非限制性定语从句时

①which只能放在主句后面，而as引导的从句位置相对较灵活，可在前、中、后。 He came late again, which made his boss angry. As I realized, I was very useful to him.

Air, as we know, is a gas.

He is a foreigner, as I know from his accent.