浅析英语测试理论

浅析英语测试理论
浅析英语测试理论

浅析英语测试理论

Lynette

(学号2009XXXXXXXX)

外国语学院

2009级英语1班

浅析英语测试理论

内容摘要

作为英语教学不可分割的一部分,英语测试的重要性日趋凸显。如果测试能够正确开展,可以提高教学效益,反之则会事倍功半。本文重点探讨英语测试理论中的交际语言测试法,并提出改进建议。英语测试理论包括写作-翻译法、结构主义心理测量法、综合法和交际法。而交际语言测试法的理论基础是功能语言学鱼言语行为理论,它把语言作为一套行为来检测,考试采用定性评估方式,以取代纯粹的定量评估方式或作为补充。

关键词:英语测试;交际法;研究;理论

Analysis of English Testing Theory

Abstract

As an indispensable part in foreign language teaching, testing is showing greater importance. Its impacts on teaching cannot be neglected. Properly used, it can enhance the teaching results; on the contrary, it will spoil the efforts. This paper will focus on analyzing the communicative approach of the English testing theory, and put forward advice to improve the situation. The English testing theory consists of the essay-translation approach, the structural-psychometric approach, the integrative approach, and the communicative approach. The theoretical foundation of the communicative approach is functional linguistics and behavior theory.

Key words: English test; communicative approach; research; theory

浅析英语测试理论

一、引言

作为英语教学一种评估手段,英语测试的重要性日趋凸显,其对教学所产生的作用不容小觑。如果测试能够正确开展,可以提高教学效益,反之则会事倍功半。语言教学离不开测试,英语测试是大学英语课程教学的一个关键环节,它是联接教学环境中多种、多层次因素的桥梁和纽带。一方面,测试本身具备的诊断、引导、评定、鼓励等积极促进作用,联系并维护着学生、教师、教学管理部门等相关人员和部门的良性互动关系,通过测试鉴定学生的各项语言能力,提供改进学习的诊断信息,测试也能做出对教学效果的评定,较为客观地反映教学中存在的问题,引导教师提高教学能力。另一方面,语言测试的目的不只是把测试结果作为评判标准来评定教与学的质量,语言测试的目的也是要师生关注教学过程和学习过程的各个环节,从教学过程角度来看,测试引导教师重视课程设置、教材、教学方法、教学计划与实施、教学态度等,使测试有效地为提高教学质量服务。

传统的英语测试生硬地将知识输入和知识输出分离,造成了英语知识水平和交际能力的脱轨。理解和掌握英语测试理论是提高英语教学的关键,普通高校推行英语测试可以进一步深化教学改革,提高学生实际运用英语的能力。分析英语能力特征可以更好地把握测试的信度,使得试题更加切合实际和科学化。同时,以试题的反拨作用,推动并加强英语教学过程中对听说能力的训练环节,重视培养和提高学生实际应用语言的能力。

纵观国内语言测试研究的发展,语言测试的研究热点历经几次转变,从测试理论的引介发展到实践验证,从测试信度研究转向提高测试效度,从关注测试的反拨效应扩展到以多角度审视语言测试研究,如研究语言测试的社会性[1]。这一发展过程足以看出我国外语界学者们在语言测试领域所取得的成绩是一种质的飞跃,部分学者已从关注语言测试理论发展为可以采用科学的教育测量方法,即运用各种测试方法、测试工具和计算机技术,采用“数字”对教学效果、教学过程、学生的学习过程等方面加以测定,提高了语言测量的真实性、可靠性和有效性。学者语言测量能力的提升推动了语言测试研究的纵深发展,研究内容主要体现在理论及实践两个方面。

语言测试理论研究方面主要聚焦在对语言测试理论的分析、借鉴和运用以及从不同理论视角对语言测试的阐释。韩宝成通过对不同语言测试时期的语言测试理论的回顾,综合分析语言测试的两个基本问题:语言能力和如何对其进行测量,介绍设计或开发语言测试的原则,并讨论了语言测试研究的发展方向,如在语言测试中采用新的研究方法及结合最新电子技术开发智能型电子评分及测试系统等[2]。杨惠中和桂诗春从考试社会学的新视角,审视语言测试工作者、政府职能机构、教师和学生及社会等各相关者的责任。他们认为作弊与应试教育的倾向严重不是考试本身的问题,而是赋予考试的社会权重造成的,考试的社会权重越大,考试结果所产生的负面影响就越大,维护考试的社会公正性就越发重要,这跟题型和考试内容无关。决定考试社会权重的因素常常超出语言测试工作者的控制范围,尤其是当考试成为一种体现政策的工具的时候,改进考试后效需要更高层次的决策[3]。

语言测试实践的研究焦点主要集中在等级测试、测试模式以及语言知识、语言能力测试研究。作为全国性的大规模标准化语言能力测试,在实施的20年间,大学英语四、六级考试备受瞩目,历经了方方面面的探索研究和改革。杨惠中回顾大学英语四、六级考试15年的发展历史,证明它已经达到国际教育测量学专业标准,从命题、审题、考务组织、统计分析到成绩发布已形成一套完整的制度[4]。许多研究者从测试制度、效度、题型、考试对英语教学的负作用等方面,也指出了大学英语四、六级存在的弊端。如蔡基刚指出四、六级考试中的写作词数要求、命题形式、评分标准都存在一定的问题[5]。另外,全国高校英语专业等级考试同样受到业内人士的关注。如文秋芳、王文宇等报告了“全国英语专业八级口试试点”课题研究的结果,完成了如调整八级口试的题型及难易度,制定评分的分项指标及其标准5项任务[6]。在测试模式方面,相对于英语全国统一水平测试体制的研究,校内测试模式的研究屈指可数,应给予更多的重视。如郭丽对部分高校的大学英语校内测试模式进行了调查,提出了改进测试模式的建议[7]。语言知识、语言技能测试研究成果涉及听、说、读、写、译、词汇等各个方面,如王立非和周丹丹评述了我国12年来的英语口语研究[8]。本文主要选取交际语言测试这一方向进行浅析。

二、交际语言测试法

英语测试理论包括写作-翻译法、结构主义心理测量法、综合法和交际法。写作-翻译法对测试的技能或专长没有特殊的要求,主要依靠教师的主观判断力。试卷通常包括翻译、写作和语法分析等项目,且内容带有比较浓厚的文学或者文化色彩,一般采用书面回答形式,试卷需人工评阅。结构主义心理测量法是指一道题可以单独测试一个语言成分或技能:以结构主义语言学为其理论基础;强调不同的语言成分可以分别测试,比如语音、语法和词汇都可以脱离上下文进行单独的测试。此外,还采纳了心理测量学的一些方法,强调语言测量的可靠性和客观性,以多项选择题为代表。综合法主要特征是语言测试要在一定的上下文中进行,不在测试中可以追求区分各单项语言成分、技能或能力、强调两项或两项以上的综合评估,代表题型为完形填空。而交际语言测试法的理论基础是功能语言学鱼言语行为理论,它把语言作为一套行为来检测,考试采用定性评估方式,以取代纯粹的定量评估方式或作为补充。

1.交际语言测试的理论与实质

与第一代教学与测试体系测试“知识”,第二代体系测试“技能不同的是”,第三代体系(交际语言测试)测试的是“能力”(交际能力)或者是说交际行为。交际行为是交际能力的具体体现,交际语言测试理论体现了语言学习观与语言能力观的重大改变,揭示出语言学习的真正内涵,是思想认识上的重大进步。一般认为,交际能力包括以下四个方面:语言能力(语法规则知识),社会语言能力(使用规则的知识),话语能力(保持话语衔接与连贯的能力)和策略能力(言语与非言语交际策略知识)。李筱菊则概括为三个能力:言语能力,语篇能力,语用能力[9]。交际能力包括的各种因素之间的关系为互动关系,即在言语运用中,它们结合为一个整体而起作用。因而在测试中,就应该把他们结合为一个整体加以测试——即综合考试。由此我们可以看出,交际测试内容是一个庞大的系统。交际语言测试属于语言运用参照式测试,同时又是准则参照式测试。前者测量考生的语言运用情况,而语言运用繁纷复杂,千奇百态;后者强调测试语言运用应尽量与准则语言运用一致。在方法与效度上,它属于直接测试。交际测试处于两个极端之间,而且更倾向于右端,如下所示:

分析式(Analytical)——整体式(Integrative)

分离式(Discrete point)——综合式(Holistic)

常模参照式(Norm-referenced)——标准参考式((Criterion-referenced)

接受(Reception)——生成(Production)

形式(Form)——功能(Function)

用法(Usage)——运用(Use)

语言分析(Language analysis)——需求分析(Needs analysis)

能力知识测试(Competence knowledge testing)——行为测试(Perform testing) 间接的(Indirect)——直接的(Direct)

信度(Reliability)——效度(Validity)

2.交际语言测试的不足

(1)直接测试的局限性

交际语言测试属于直接测试,因此具有高效度,这是它的一大优点。但同时直接测试有成为交际测试的一个问题所在。测试强调对目标能力的表征行为直接抽样,因此必须进行以受试者为调查对象的需求分析。而需求分析费时费力,变量太多,往往受到人力、物力、时间等条件的制约,有时难以很好的进行。另外,建立在需求分析基础上的直接测试往往针对性较强,测试内容具体,相应地这种考试的受试面也就较小,难以应用于大规模测试。

(2)考试的实施与评分造成的信度问题

交际语言测试的测量是在真实的语言情境或语境下考生的语言综合运用能力,但怎样提供情景,语境常常是一个难题,尤其是在大规模考试中。交际语言测试的评分采用标准参照法,因而难以制定精确的评分标准,无法对测试结果进行量化分析,再者,交际测试往往采用主观题型,主观题的评分一直是测试中的大问题,难以排出评分中的不一致现象,评分人员自身前后一致,评分人员之间不一致,各评分点之间不一致等等,由此又导致了信度较低的问题。

所谓交际语言测试的不足,最大的局限性不再是人力,物力还有评分标准的限制,而在于所朝向的目标不对。交际语言测试的目标是为了测试出应试者的真实水平,而不是在于考试形式或是评分的标准。机助测试在一定程度上有利于使交际测试大规模推广,另外,电子评分系统只适用于客观题型,不能用于客观题型,主观题型是人与人思维之间的交流,电子系统无法替代。以下为在搜集资料

基础之上设想出的新型的测试方法的框架。

三、组合式测试法

1.听和说的组合测试

本着宁缺毋滥的原则,测试的能容不在于多,而在于精。听说组合测试需要借助于机器,受试者人耳一机,先听后复述,并针对所提出的问题直接进行回答,并且录音。测试不是打分制,而是等级制,答卷的形式为录音稿。

2.读和写的组合测试

通过大量的阅读得到其中的观点,再以此中的任何观点进行自己的观点写作,其中只做时间和字数的限制,时间以最长作限,而字数以最少作限。

3.译

翻译的测试应放于高级测试中,汉英互译是相当的必要。

对于设计各个测试的组合,可以提高测试的效度,在实际教学上起到积极的反拨作用,最终达到终极目标:提高英语学习者的实际运用能力,更好的实现各个方面的交流。相信在不久的将来,这个新型的组合式测试会更加的合理完善。

四、小结

掌握科学的研究方法是实现测试科学化和系统化的前提条件,目前尽管外语教师对语言测试方面的知识有一定的了解,但是熟悉最新的测试理论,掌握现代教育技术,能运用先进的测试手段和统计方法,具有较好的计算机操作能力的老师可谓是凤毛麟角。因此,应该对外语教师进行长期和定期的测试知识方面的培训。可以通过参加教育部门、重点高校、各省外语教学研究会举办的研修班进行提升;在有条件的高校可以定期组织科研方法、统计方法等的培训活动;外语教师也可以自修测试学、教育测量学、统计学等教学科研所需的必备知识。

测试探究离不开实验的验证,因而实证研究方法将更加受到重视。语言测试从语言学、语言教学法和学习论取得学科内容,从心理测量学获得科学手段,因而,它是一门跨学科的综合性科学,关注语言学、应用语言学、社会学、社会语言学、教育测量学、心理测量学、统计学等学科发展的最新动向、研究方法和研究成果,开拓研究者的视野,以便更好地进行语言测试研究,改进测量手段,实现评测的多样化和科学化。

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Test Three (A) I Reading Comprehension Passage One The man who, legend has it, escaped from an early grave when his uncle pulled him from drowning in a dirty pond is notorious for his dirty deeds but that what cannot be forgotten are his achievements in the 1986 World Cup. Forget the handball against England, feel the quality of his 50-yard solo goal in the same game and the near repeat performance in the semi-final against Belgium. The Argentina side of the 1986 was functional and hard-working but it was Maradona who fired them to the final and then set up two of the goals in their 3-2 win over West Germany in the final. In 1990, a barely-fit Maradona fought his way to the final where the Germans took their -match tears. In fact many rejoiced that such an ugly revenge. Few people shared Diego’s post brute of a team had lost. Eight years before, in Spain, Maradona , then newly arrived at Barcelona, disgraced himself by being sent off in a Second Phase game with Brazil. Even four years before that the 18-year-old Maradona was a source of great controversy when he was left out of the victorious squad that won on home ground. USA 1994 was the end for Maradona as a player. Right after the Nigeria game, he was picked for drugs-screening and tested positive for banned stimulant ephedrine (麻黄硷). He was banned from the rest of the tournament and the team fell apart, going out in the second round to Romania. 21. How many World Cups are mentioned in the passage? A) Three. B) Four.C) Five D) Six. 22.Which country won the 1990 World Cup? A)Argentina B) West Germany C) Romania D) England 23. Maradona won the World Cup. A) once B) twice C) three times D) four times 24.When in 1994, Maradona was driven out of the World Cup, he was close to . A) 18 B) 24 C) 26 D) 31 25. According to the passage, Maradona is a man . A) full of ideas B) with cruel behaviors C) having good luck D) of great controversy Passage Two Many companies have run into serious troubles trying to coordinate their sales and promotional efforts. For example, one firm authorized a large promotional drive to introduce a new product in Latin America. The promotion ran smoothly, but someone forgot to coordinate product delivery — ship the product. Consumers were confused and money was wasted when the promoted product was not available. To avoid such occurrences, all plans should be in writing and someone should be responsible for central coordination. Hence, risks are lessened and opportunities to save money may arise. Coca-cola, for instance, requires that all overseas marketing plans be submitted to the central office well in advance. This gives the company a chance to examine 1 / 6

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