转换生成语法的发展过程12-5

grammar (FSG).
FSG is the simplest type of grammar which, with a finite amount of apparatus, can generate an infinite number of sentences.
Properties of Finite State Grammars
的意思完全不同.
Standard Theory（标准理论时期）
时间：1965-1970
代表作：Aspect of the Theory of Syntax（《句
法理论面面观》，1965）
三大部分：
基础部分：包括短语结构规则、词库和词汇搭配规则。 语义部分：在深层结构层次上做出语义表达 语音部分：对表层结构做出语音表达
Tom loves Mary.
短语结构 规则：改 写规则
转换规则
形态音位规则: love[lʌv]+s[s]=[lʌvz]
强制转换 转换条件
转换 部分
转换wk.baidu.com作 区域
非强制转换：否定、疑问、被动
狭义转换：单个句法结构内部
广义转换：两个独立的句法结构之间
古典理论存在的问题
1.乔姆斯基的规则在生成规范句子的同时也生成不
(3) VP → Verb + NP (4) Det. → the, a, ... (5) N. → child, puppy, ... (6) V. → found
Representation using a Tree Diagram
S
NP Det. N V
VP NP
The
child
found
Det. the
Such grammars allow transition from one state to another. Each state represents the grammatical restrictions that
limit the choice of the next word.
Machines that produce languages in this manner are also known as “finite state Markov processes”.
sequence of states and ends in the final state.
Finite State Grammar
The man comes.
Each node in the diagram corresponds to a state.
The men come.
State Diagram man The men initial state
The fundamental aim in linguistic analysis Separate the grammatical sentences from the ungrammatical sentences. Study the structure of the grammatical sentences. The grammar of a language (L) will be a device that generates all of the grammatical sentences of L and none of the ungrammatical ones.
基础部 分
结构部 分
转换部 分
形态音 位部分
有音位 值的句 子
词汇
形态标志 标点符号
短语结构规则：转换规则 改写规则
形态音位 规则
词汇搭配规 则——次范畴
1950s
1960s
SS
ST
1970s
1980s
Extended Standard Theory
Government and Binding
EST
GB
1990s
Minimalism Programme
MP
Classical Theory（古典理论时期）
时间：1957-1965 代表作：Syntactic Structure （《句法结构》， 1957） 主要运作手段：结构转换 转换的概念：同一个句子派生过程中的运作方式。
comes
come final state
Finite State Grammar
Language produced by such a machine is called a finite state
language.
Machine that produces such a language is called a finite state
It builds up phrases out of words and put the phrases together into sentences. The kind of structural description assigned by a phrase-structure grammar is, in fact, an immediate constituent analysis of the sentence. It assigns to each sentence that it generates a structural description. It makes use of phrase structure rules.
N puppy
Inadequacies of PSG
Although Chomsky found phrase-structure grammar to be necessary, he argued that this was not sufficient.
1. It under-generates i.e. fails to generate all the grammatical sentences of the language.
Transformational and Generative Grammar
A Generative Grammar is a set of formal rules that can generate an infinite set of sentences that constitute the language as a whole. Chomsky insisted that a grammar Must systematically describe all of the sentences in a language that a native speaker would regard as grammatical. Must sort out all of the possible "good" sentences from all of the possible "bad" ones.
Must use a finite set of rules.
Must provide a way to account for our perceived ambiguity of certain sentences.
五个发展阶段
Period Model Syntactic Structure (Classical Theory) Standard Theory Abbreviation
基础结构
经转换后 的句子
例句：Tom loves Mary.
基础 部分
词汇: Tom ,love, Mary 形态标志: -s 标点符号: . 基本材料
基础结构: Tom -s love Mary 经转换后的句 子： Tom love -s Mary
结构 部分
转换 部分
形态 音位 部分
有音 位值 的句 子
转换生成语法的发展过程
Introduction
The Independence of Grammar
grammatical
grammatical + meaningful
Tom loves Mary.
grammtical, non-meaningful
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
He burst into a loud cry and left the room. The man was bitten by the dog. Did the dog bite the man? Was the man bitten by the dog?
2. It over-generates. It blindly allows many sentences as grammatical which are in fact ungrammatical.
合格的句子。 Eg: 用S→NP+VP, VP→V+NP两条规则,我们可以 得出John drinks wine.和Wine drinks John,这 说明动词和名词之间有一定的选择限制. 2.转换规则的力量过大，一个普通的句子可以随意 地被改变，得不到任何限制。 比如John married Mary 和Mary was married by John
ungrammatical
ungrammatical, meaningful
Which artists did you find works by interesting.
ungrammtical, non-meaningful
Furiously sleep ideas green colorless.
An example of a Phrase Structure Grammar
The child found the puppy.
An example of a PSG (associated with constituent analysis) :
(1) S → NP + VP
(2) NP → Det. + N
*The boy died Bill. *The men would put the book.
3. Not all cases of ambiguity are accounted for by such Grammar.
4. To account for such phenomena, the grammar must also include special transformational rules that grab phrases or pieces of phrases and move them around in specified ways.
Problems with FSGs
不能处理非连续出现的句子成分间的关系；
The old man comes.
不能反应非相邻成分间的依存关系；
What does the old man speak?
有限的意味着规则不能重复使用，会导致语法
系统过于复杂。
Phrase Structure Grammar
Three models for the structure of a language
Finite State Grammar
Phrase Structure Grammar Transformational & Generative Grammar
Finite State Grammar
Suppose we have a machine (the speaker) –
That has a finite number of different internal states an initial state a final state.
That switches from one state to another by producing a symbol.
That begins in the initial state, runs through a
转换运作的对象：现成的句子
短语结构规则，负责生成现成的句子 转换规则，负责改造现成的句子
派生过程=生成+转换
Classical Theory（古典理论时期）
基础 部分
词汇
结构 部分
转换 部分
形态 音位 部分
有音 位值 的句 子
形态标志
标点符号
短语结构 规则：改 写规则
转换规则
形态音位 规则
基本材料