满族文化英文介绍

Clothing
They traditionally coiled （缠）their hair in high tufts （绺，髻）on top of their heads and wore earrings, long gowns （长袍）. The women with higher social status (社会地位)wore silk clothing while cotton clothing was worn by women of lower social status. Some costumes （服饰）including qipao(旗袍) and mandarin jacket （马褂）, Mandarin dress are still popular all over China. The man‘s clothing once consisted of a short and adjusted jacket over a long gown with a belt at the waist to facilitate （协助） horse-riding and hunting. Unlike the Han, the Manchu did not practice foot binding（裹足）.
Mandarin Jacket for Empress皇后龙褂
Long gown and mandarin jacket 长袍和马褂
Belt and accessories 腰带和配饰
The orwenku.baidu.comginal qipao
Waistcoat 马甲、坎肩
The modern qipao
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Manchu History
The first ancestors of the Manchu were the Sushen （肃慎）, a people who lived during the second and first millennia（千年） BC. One of the tribes （部落）of the Mohe（靺鞨）, the Heishui (Black Water) tribe, eventually became the ancestors of the Jurchens （女真）, from whom the Manchu originated.（起源） The Jurchens under the lead of Wanyan clan（完颜 家族） established the Jin Dynasty (literally Golden Dynasty) that ruled the northern half of China (1115–1234) and rivaled the Song Dynasty in southern China. The Jin were conquered（征服） by the Mongols . （蒙古） Before the seventeenth century, the ancestors of the Manchus were generally a pastoral people （游牧民 族）, existing on hunting, fishing and engaging in
Which ethnic minority(少数民族) do they belong to?
Manchu
满族
Brief Introduction Manchu History 渊源 Manchu Distribution 分布 Cultural Assimilation 文化同化 Mandarin 普通话 Clothing 服饰
Mandarin(普通话)
Common Language (also Putonghua) was formed with the help of Manchu dialect （方言）. If there were no Manchu dialect, we haven’t spoken this kind of common language for so many years! If there were no Manchu dialect, the received pronunciation of Chinese today would be like Jiangsu dialect ! Common Language was based on the pronunciation of Beijing dialect, and the vocabulary and pronunciation of Beijing dialect was deeply influenced by Manchu dialect! So now you’ll be clearer about how does the word “mandarin” comes from？
The original qipao（旗袍） was wide and loose. It covered most of the woman’s body, revealing（露出） only the head, hands, and the tips of the toes. The modern version, which is now recognized popularly in China as the "standard" qipao, was first developed in Shanghai after 1900, the Qing Dynasty decline. Nowadays, they don’t have their own ethnic cloting except those live in remote areas. The dress like han people.
Cultural Assimilation
The Manchu people has been largely assimilated （同化） with the Han（汉族） Chinese. The Manchu language is almost extinct(消失), and now is spoken only among a small number of elderly people in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars（学者）.In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence（复兴） of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry （血统）is quite large, and the adoption （采纳） of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities（少数 民族）such as preferential（优先） university admission, government employment opportunities and more than one child admission has encouraged some people with mixed Han and Manchu ancestry to reidentify themselves as Manchu.
Their tradition—— Hunting
Manchu Distribution
Manchu spreads almost all over the China . It is in the country's 31 provinces, mainly concentrated in the province of Liaoning, accounting for 51% of the total population of the manchu. In addition, the areas of the Manchu population at about 1000000 are Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Jilin. 满族的分布几乎遍布全国，在全国31个省，主要集中 在辽宁省，总人口51%。此外，满族人口约1 000000 的地区是北京，河北，内蒙古，黑龙江和吉林。