THE METHODS 方法论(纽马克《翻译教程》第五章)

THE METHODS 方法论
Word-for-word translation逐字翻译
This is often demonstrated as interliner translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
其通常的表现形式为行间翻译，即将目的语直接标在源语的下方。

源语语序会予以保留，每个词译出其最常见的意思。

文化性词语只作字面翻译。

逐字翻译的主要作用或是帮助理解源语句子结构，或是作为翻译前的一个过程，用来分析解释一个较难的文本。

Literal translation直译
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
源语当中的语法结构会被转换成目的语中与之最接近的对等体，但是词汇的意义同样也是脱离上下文单独译出的。

作为翻译前的一个过程，直译会把要在翻译过程中解决的问题表现出来了。

Faithful translation 忠实翻译
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It …transfers‟ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical …abnormality‟ (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.
忠实翻译是在源语语法结构的限制下，根据上下文准确地再现原文的意义。

在翻译过程中，文化特色词会做相应的转化，在某种程度上保留那些语法和词汇的“非常规性”（偏离了源语的规范）。

忠实翻译完全忠实于源语作者的意图及其文本表现方式。

Semantic translation 语义翻译
Semantic translation differs from …faithful translation‟ only in as far as it mu st take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on …meaning‟ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents--une nonne repassant un corporal may become …a nun ironing a corporal cloth‟--and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between …faithful‟ and …semantic‟ translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator‟s intuitive empathy with the original.
语义翻译与“忠实翻译”的不同之处，仅仅在于，语义翻译必须更多地考虑源文本的美学价值（即读起来要优美自然），在必要的时候，可以妥协语义，以便译文在谐音、双关语、反复这些手法方面与原文一致。

而且，对于不太重要的文化特色词，语义翻译可能会用与目标语中与文化无关的中性词或是有同等功能的词来翻译，而不用文化对等词——une nonne repassant un corporal会译为a nun ironing a corporal cloth——语义翻译也可能为了译文读者
而做些许变通。

“忠实翻译”与“语义翻译”的区别在于，前者拘泥于原文，不做变通，后者更加灵活，除了绝对忠实外也接受创造性，并考虑译者在思想情感上与原作者的一致。

Adaptation 改编
This is the …freest‟ form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have …rescued‟ period plays.
改编是一种最为“自由”的翻译技巧。

通常运用于戏剧（喜剧）和诗歌翻译；一般是在保留主题、人物和情节的基础上，将源语言和目的语的文化背景进行转换，然后将文本进行改写。

有一种应受谴责的做法是先将戏剧和诗歌直译，然后经由成名的戏剧家或诗人依据译文进行改写，这种做法制造了许多蹩脚的改编作品。

但是有的改编作品则“挽救”了一些具有时代特征的戏剧。

Free Translation 意译
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original，a so-called …intralingual translation‟, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.
意译是翻译原文的主旨而忽略其风格，或仅译原文内容而忽略其形式。

经由意译的文章通常比原文篇幅要长，也就是所谓的“语内翻译”，冗长而又做作，全然不是翻译。

Idiomatic Translation习语翻译
Idiomatic translation reproduces the …message‟ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. (Authorities as diverse as Seleskovitch and Stuart Gilbert tend to this form of lively, …natural‟ translation.)
习语翻译再现原文的“信息”，但偏好采用原语中不存在的口语和习语表达方式来曲解原文意义的细微差别。

（很多权威专家如赛莱丝科维奇和斯图亚特•吉尔伯特这种生动而“自然”的翻译。

）
Communicative Translation交际翻译
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. 交际翻译是从内容和语言两方面出发，将原文的准确语境意义译为读者易于接受和理解的文本。