THE METHODS 方法论(纽马克《翻译教程》第五章)

THE METHODS 方法论

Word-for-word translation逐字翻译

This is often demonstrated as interliner translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.

其通常的表现形式为行间翻译，即将目的语直接标在源语的下方。源语语序会予以保留，每个词译出其最常见的意思。文化性词语只作字面翻译。逐字翻译的主要作用或是帮助理解源语句子结构，或是作为翻译前的一个过程，用来分析解释一个较难的文本。

Literal translation直译

The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.

源语当中的语法结构会被转换成目的语中与之最接近的对等体，但是词汇的意义同样也是脱离上下文单独译出的。作为翻译前的一个过程，直译会把要在翻译过程中解决的问题表现出来了。

Faithful translation 忠实翻译

A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It …transfers‟ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical …abnormality‟ (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.

忠实翻译是在源语语法结构的限制下，根据上下文准确地再现原文的意义。在翻译过程中，文化特色词会做相应的转化，在某种程度上保留那些语法和词汇的“非常规性”（偏离了源语的规范）。忠实翻译完全忠实于源语作者的意图及其文本表现方式。

Semantic translation 语义翻译

Semantic translation differs from …faithful translation‟ only in as far as it mu st take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on …meaning‟ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents--une nonne repassant un corporal may become …a nun ironing a corporal cloth‟--and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between …faithful‟ and …semantic‟ translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator‟s intuitive empathy with the original.

语义翻译与“忠实翻译”的不同之处，仅仅在于，语义翻译必须更多地考虑源文本的美学价值（即读起来要优美自然），在必要的时候，可以妥协语义，以便译文在谐音、双关语、反复这些手法方面与原文一致。而且，对于不太重要的文化特色词，语义翻译可能会用与目标语中与文化无关的中性词或是有同等功能的词来翻译，而不用文化对等词——une nonne repassant un corporal会译为a nun ironing a corporal cloth——语义翻译也可能为了译文读者