大学英语(三)--问题答疑材料

大学英语（三）·问题答疑材料
一、定冠词与不定冠词
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。

英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。

（一）不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。

a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。

1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

（二）定冠词的用法:
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
Take the medicine.把药吃了。

2）上文提到过的人或事：
He bought a house.I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。

我去过那幢房子。

3）指世上独一物二的事物：
the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。

5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面：
Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。

That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。

6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：
She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。

8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国
the United States美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。

10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：
the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning等等。

二、虚拟语气的用法：
（一）: 最基本的虚拟语气句型:
1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。

If places were alike, there would be little need for geographers.如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。

2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had ＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。

If he had known your address yesterday,he would have telephoned you.
3. 虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。

If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should/could/ might +动词原形。

If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday
4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句。

有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。

If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.==>Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday.==>Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.If I were in your pl ace, I wouldn‟t do that.==>Were I in your place, I wouldn‟t do that.
5. 有时虚拟条件句并没用if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。

如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without you help, I wouldn‟t hav e achieved so much. But for （“要不是......”的意思）your help, I would not have succeeded.
（二）: 虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况:
1. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的动词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.
His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.
The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.
2. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的名词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如advice, decision, agreement, command, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.
It was Bill‟s suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.
He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
3. 在It is/was +形容词后的that 从句中用should的结构, should 可以省略. 这类形容词常见的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.
It…s natural that she (should) do so.
It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.
4. 在lest 和for fear that(以免),in case(以防)从句中用should, should 可以省略.
She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.
Have your gun ready in case we should need it.
（三）: wish 后的that 从句中:
1. 表示现在或将来的愿望,从句中过去式.
I wish I knew his address.
I wish I were young.
2. 表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望, 从句用过去完成式或would, could, might + have + 过去分词.
I wish you had written to him.
I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
3. 如果将wish改成wished, 其后that 从句中动词的形式不变.
4. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
（四）: 在It‟s about/ high/ first(second, third etc)time 后的that 从句中,用过去式.表示“该是做什么的时候了”
It is about time you were in bed.
It is high time we left.
It is the first time I came here.
（五）: 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中,用过去式或过去完成式,表示“宁愿做什么”
I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
（六）: 在if only（“如果....就好了”的意思）感叹句中,谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.
If only he didn‟t drive so fast! (现在)
If only she had asked someone‟s advice.(过去)
If only the rain would stop.(将来)
（七）: 在as if / as though 从句中,表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况, 用过去完成式
He speaks as if he were on the spot.
She spoke to me as if I were deaf.
This device operated as though it had been repaired.
注: 1. 在as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成为事实, 用陈述语气.
He looks as if he is going to be ill.
2. 在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
She insists that she is right.
She insisted that I should finish the work at once.
三、非谓语动词与谓语动词
非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词（现在分词和过去分词），.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
它有三种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。

例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。

（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。

（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。

（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制。

四、比较级和最高级的构成和用法
①单音节形容词以及少数以er, ow结尾的形容词和副词加“er”,“est”。

例
如:great,greater,greatest;fast,faster,fastest;clever,cleverer,cleverest;narrow,narrower,narrowest
②以e结尾的单音节形容词和副词,以及少数以ble,ple结尾的双音节形容词和副词后,加“r”,“st”。

例如:large, larger, largest; able, abler, ablest; simple, simpler, simplest
③以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节形容词,其前的元音字母发短元音时,该辅音字母要双写,然后加“er”,“est”。

例如:hot, hotter, hottest; big, bigger, biggest
④以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词和少数不是形容词加ly构成的副词,要将y改为i,再加“er”,“est”。

例如:easy, easier, easiest; early, earlier, earliest
⑤一般双音节词、多音节形容词和副词在原级前加more或most。

例如:beautiful, more beautiful ,most beautiful; carefully, more carefully, most carefully
⑥少数单音节形容词如real, glad, fond, tired, pleased等也加more和most构成比较级和最高级。

例如:tired, more tired; most tired, pleased, more pleased, most pleased。

形容词与副词的比较等级
1. 原级比较（肯定形式as…as…和否定形式not as / so…as…）
Chinese is not so difficult as Latin.
注：在形容词原级比较结构的句子中，可以加上数量词作状语，表示倍数或分数关系。

We‟ve produced twice / three times as much cotton this year as we did last year.
This lake is half / one-third as big as that one.
2. 比较级（…than…或more…than…）
(a) 构成方法：单音节词和少数双音节词（主要是以y结尾的词）前加-er，多数双音节词和全部多音节词前加more。

当然，还有些不规则变化的词，如
far, old, little, late, good / well, bad / badly / ill, many / much等。

(b) 用法（其基本结构为…than / more…than…）
(1) 当同一个动词用于than前后时，一般用一个助动词代替第二个动词。

Now we speak more English than we did last term.
(2) 比较级前可加表示程度的状语（如much, many, far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit等），也可加数量词表示倍数、分数和百分数。

They have much more knowledge / many more books than me.
Cotton output was 2 percent higher than in the previous year.
The price of our product is one fourth cheaper than the market price.
(3) 使用比较级时要注意避免比较级的重叠、比较级对象的重叠、不合逻辑的比较和搭配错误。

* It is less colder today than yesterday.（应改为less cold或colder）
* Mary is more beautiful than any girl in the class.（应改为any other girl）
* The climate of Japan is milder than Canada.（应改为that of Canada）
* This book is the same like that one.（应改为as）
(4) 句型“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越…越…”之意。

The harder you work, the more you will learn.
(5) 注意区别more…than…（比…更…，与其说…不如说…）/more than（超过，多
于）, no more…than…（和…一样不…）/no more than（仅仅）, not…more than…（不如）/not more than（不超过）.
五、动词时态
1．一般情况下，动词时态可根据句中表示时间的状语而定。

（具体情况见教材）
2．固定句型中的时态情况：
(1) 时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

Please give the book to Jack when/if he comes here tomorrow.
注：有时will可用于条件状语从句中，但不是表示将来，而是表示意愿。

We‟ll ask someone else if you won‟t come. （注意翻译）
(2) 虚拟条件状语从句中的时态问题详见下面的“虚拟语气”部分。

(3) since引导的时间状语从句中，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。

Great changes have taken place in my hometown since I left.
注：如果主句是表示一段时间的话，既可用现在完成时，也可用一般现在时。

It is /has been 10 years since I left my hometown.
(4) 动作动词 come, go, leave等可用现在进行时代替一般将来时。

I‟m leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. (当然也可用will leave)
(5)since liberation, for two days, so far, until now, up to now, in recent years, in/for/over/duri ng the past/ last/recent ten years等作状语，谓语动词用现在完成时。

We have seen each other three times in the past two months.
(6) 在句型“It /this is the first/second time (that)…”中常用现在完成时；在句型
“It/that was the first/second time (that)…”中常用过去完成时。

It is the third time (that) I have visited Japan.
That was the first time (that) he had spoken to me.
(7 由by构成的时间状语常跟完成时相呼应。

若表示将来，则用将来完成时；若表示过去，则用过去完成时。

We‟ll have learned 3,000 English words by the end of this term.
By the end of last year, he had worked for ten years.
注：由up to构成的时间状语跟by的用法相似，若表示现在，则用现在完成时，如up to now；若表示过去，则用过去完成时，如up to then。

(8) 在句型“hardly…when…”和“no sooner…than…”中主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。

He had hardly reached home when it began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived than the meeting began.
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
（1）在与表示一段时间的状语(如since, for)连用时，谓语动词既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，只是后者更强调动作的延续性。

It has rained/has been raining for 3 days.
(2)在不用时间状语时，现在完成时表示动作已结束，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。

I have prepared for the final exam. （已准备好）
I have been preparing for the final exam. （还在准备）
(3) 现在完成进行时只用于动作动词，若是状态动词只能用现在完成时。

（状态动词表示感觉、情感、看法、存在、认识、愿望、所有关系等，如
feel, love, exist, be , know, want, belong等）
They have known each other since childhood.
(4) how long（多久，多长时间）常跟现在完成进行时相呼应。

How long have you been listening to music?
4. 时态的呼应
时态的呼应常出现在宾语从句中主句谓语动词为过去时的时候。

其规则是从句的谓语动词由一般现在时变成一般过去时，一般过去时或现在完成时变成过去完成时，一般将来时变成过去将来时，现在进行时变成过去进行时。

He said he liked his new teacher very much.
The girl knew that he had forgotten his promise.
The secretary told me that the manager would come soon.
Thomas said he was holding a meeting.
注：表示客观真理或从句中有表示过去的时间状语时，不遵守时态呼应原则。

六、被动语态
1. 不及物动词和连系动词没有被动语态。

In the past decade, great changes have taken place in our city.
2. 短语动词若是及物的，则也可用被动语态，但不要忘掉其小品词。

The poor boy was laughed at by his classmates.
3. 带双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能将其中一个宾语改为主语。

此外，当原主动句中直接宾语变成主语时，原间接宾语前加不加介词都可以，因为原主动句有两种表达方式。

I gave my friend a book on his birthday. = I gave a book to my friend on his birthday.
My friend was given a book on his birthday. （常用）
A book was given (to) my friend on his birthday.
附：（a）give sb. sth.= give sth to sb.
类似的动词还有
award, bring, lend, offer, pass, leave, show, teach, lend, rent, pay, hand, recommend, read, write, tell, send, sell,
return等。

其中最后6个动词也可转换为由介词for引导的短语，但意义不同。

试比较：Please write a letter to me. (请写封信给我) =Please write me a letter.
Please write a letter for me.（请代我写封信）
(b) buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb.
类似的动词还有 get, save, order, fond, spare, sing等。

4. 英语中有些动词常用主动结构表示被动含义，如write（写起来），wash（洗起来），sell （卖起来），cut（切起来），drive（骑起来，开起来），cook（煮）等。

The pen writes smoothly.
The noodles are still cooking.
5. 使役动词make, have, let以及感官动词
see, hear, notice, feel, observe, listen to, look at, watch等在主动句中后面跟不定式作宾补要去掉to，但当变成被动句时要加上to。

（当然，have和let表示“使役”时，一般无被动语态） I saw the girl cross the street.
The girl was seen to cross the street.
七、独立主格
（一）独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

（二）独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

（三）前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。

独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。

独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。

（四）注意：引申：With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise
八、基数词和序数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。

表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

1、基数词
1）基数词写法和读法：345three hundred and forty-five；
2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：
a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people 指许多人；
b.在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里；
如：They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。

c. 表示"几十岁"；
d. 表示"年代"，用in +the +数词复数；
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.
2、序数词
序数词的缩写形式：first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st
3数词的用法
1）倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。

b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

2）分数表示法
构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。

分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third ；3/37 three and three-sevenths.
4基数词的用法:
从句子成分上分析,基数词在句中可用作主语,宾语, 定语,表语等。

Four of them went to the factory.
他们四个人去了工厂。

(主语)
I want two. 我要两个。

（宾语）
There are thirty classrooms in our school.
我们学校有三十个教室。

（定语）
My classmate is eighteen.
我的同学十八岁。

（表语）
九、名词性从句
1. 主语从句
(1) 常见的以it作形式主语的that-从句及其句型转换。

It is said / believed / thought / reported / estimated / supposed that…
It is believed that he will come here tomorrow.
He is believed to come here tomorrow.
It is reported that the criminal has died in the car accident.
The criminal is reported to have died in the car accident.
(2) 如果主语从句是一个疑问句，必需要用it作形式主语的结构。

Has it been decided where we will hold the meeting?
Is it true that he will take the risk?
2. 宾语从句
(1) 宾语从句中常可省去引导词that，但只是指可省去第一个that，若有几个并列的宾语从句，则后面几个的that不可省去。

They thought (that) the house was too expensive and that they would look for another ch eap one.
2) 如果宾语从句后跟有补语，常用it作形式宾语，而将从句放到补语之后。

She has made it cleat that she has nothing to do with him.
We think it necessary that we should learn a foreign language.
(3) that引导的宾语从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语，而要在that前加上形式宾语it。

但wh-从句可直接用作介词宾语。

I‟m counting on it that you will come.
You can depend on it that I will keep my words.
It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.
注：that引导的宾语从句可用作介词in，except和but的宾语，但多看作固定用法,it that （因为），except that（除了…）,but that （要不是…）.
I like the city in that I have many friends here.
He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless.
He would have helped us but that he was short of money.
(4) 当主句谓语动词为think, suppose, believe, assume, expect, guess , imagine等表示“认为”、“猜想”的动词时，其后的宾语从句如果带有否定意义，则否定前移。

I don‟t think (that) you two have met before.
I don‟t suppose (that) anyone will object to the plan.
注：此类动词若主语为第一人称，变反意疑问句时，应该反问宾语从句中的谓语动词，而其它带宾语从句的动词变反意疑问句时，则反问主句谓语动词。

I don‟t believe she known the matter, does she?
He said she was not a good player, didn‟t he?
(5) 在由doubt和doubtful引导的宾语从句中，若主句为肯定句，则宾语从句的连接词用whether或if；若主句为否定句或疑问句，则宾语从句的连接词用that.
I‟m doubtful whether / if he had left the country.
We don‟t doubt that he will succeed.
Do you doubt that he will come?
注：doubt作为名词，用法也一样。

There is no doubt that…
Is there any doubt that…?
There is some doubt whether/if…
(6) 宾语从句的连接词whether和if常可互换，但whether多与or not连用。

另外，介词后的宾语从句只能用whether引导。

He asked me whether / if my brother was at home.
He asked his mother whether she would return soon or not.
It‟s a question of whether we should go.
3. 表语从句
(1) 表语从句的连接词that等不能省去。

The fact is that he din‟t notices the car until too late.
(2) 主语是reason的表语从句要用引导，不要误用because引导
The reason for his absence /(why) he was absent is that he was ill.
4. 同位语从句
由that引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别：前者的that为连接词，在从句中不作任何句子成分，没有词义；而后者的that为关系词，在从句中充当一定的成分（主语或宾语），含有代替所修饰或限制词语的意义。

They were shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
They were shocked at the news that was announced on the radio.
十、定语从句
1. 引导定语从句的关系词及其作用（见下页列表）
关系代词who 代替人，作从句的主语或宾语
whom 代替人，作从句的宾语
which 代替物，作从句的主语、宾语，可引导限制性、非限制性从句
that 代替人、物，作从句的主语、宾语，只能引导限制性从句
whose 代替人、物，作定语
as 代替物，常与the same, such连用，引导限制性定语从句；单独使用引导非限制性从句，作主语、宾语或宾补
关系副词when 先行词是表示时间的词，作时间状语
where 先行词是表示地点的词，作地点状语
why 先行词是reason, 作原因状语
as 先行词是作状语的词组，作方式状语
2. 先行词为表示方式的the way时，应用that或in which引导，或全部省去。

This is not the way (that / in which) we did it last time.
3. which和as 引导的非限定性定语从句还都可指代整个主句，其主要区别在于：
(a) which引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于句首，而as引导的非限定性定语从句
位置很灵活，可在句首、句未或句中。

(b) as在其引导的非限定性定语从句中充当主语时，其谓语动词通常是be或其它连系动词汇以及被动语态。

此时，如果从句不在句首，as和which可互换。

若是其它谓语动词，则用which。

(c) as引导的非限定性定语从句常有归纳概括之义，常译作“这…”；
而引导的非限定性定语从句常含有“正如…”之义。

As was usual at the weekend, the club was almost empty.
Her performance was wonderful, as we had expected.
She was absent, which /as is often the case.
As was expected, he performed the task with success.
She has remarried, which delighted us.
4. 当介词of与关系代词所构成的介词短语在定语从句中作定语时，of不可移到句未，
但不作定语时，可移到前面，也可放在后面。

We found a house, of which the roof / the roof of which / whose roof had been damaged.
I‟ve read the poem of which she is speaking / which she is speaking of.
十一、状语从句
1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词
(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。

主要的 when, while, as, whenever
(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。

主要的有before, after
(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。

主要的有since, until, till
(4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。

主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second,
the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。

(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。

主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每
次)
(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)
2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词
这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等。

3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词
主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。

4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词
主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等。

5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词
主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。

6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词
主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等
7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词
主要的有as, like, as if, as though, the way等。

8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词
主要的有where, wherever, everywhere等。

9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词
主要的有than和as…as
注：when，while，as引导时间状语从句的区别
一）、when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。

① Why do you want a new job when you‟ve got such a good one already？（get为短暂性动词）你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？
②Sorry，I was out when you called me．（call为短暂性动词）对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。

③Strike while the iron is hot．（is为延续性动词，表示一种持续的状态）趁热打铁。

④ The students took notes as they listened．（listen为延续性动词）学生们边听课边做笔记。

二）、when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。

1．从句动作在主句动作前发生，只用when。

①When he had finished his homework，he took a short rest．（finished先发生）当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。

②When I got to the airport，the guests had left．（got to后发生）当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。

2．从句动作和主句动作同时发生，且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as都可使用。

3．①When ／While ／As we were dancing，a stranger came in．（dance为延续性动词）当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。

②When ／While ／As she was making a phone call，I was writing a letter．（make为延续性动词）当她在打电话时，我正在写信。

3．当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用as。

这时，as常表示“随着……”；“一边……，一边……”之意。

① As the time went on，the weather got worse．（as表示“随着……”之意）
② The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases．随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。

③As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer．随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。

④The little girls sang as they went．小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。

⑤The sad mother sat on the roadside，shouting as she was crying．伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫。

4．在将来时从句中，常用when，且从句须用一般时代替将来时。

①You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it．在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。

②When the manager comes here for a visit next week，Ill talk with him about this．下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。

三）、when用于表示“一……就……”的句型中（指过去的事情）。

sb．had hardly（＝scarcely）done sth．when．．．＝Hardly ／Scarcely had sb．done sth．when．．．I had hardly ／scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．＝Hardly ／Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。

十二、强调句“It be …that”句型
其结构为：It is/ was +被强调部分+that+句中其它部分（动词be的时态取决于that从句中的时态）
1．当被强调部分指人时，若在原句中作主语还可用who，作宾语还可用whom。

当被强调部分指明构成时，还可用which。

尽管如此，最好还是使用that.
It is the young man that / who the girl is in love with.
It was Newton that / who discovered the law.
It was that knife that / which killed the man.
2. 强调原因状语从句时，只能用because, 不能用since, as for等
It was because her mother was ill that she didn‟t go with us.
3. 强调“not…until…”结构时，要用。