模式识别的几种方法

2模式识别四种方法

In science,new knowledge is phrased in terms of existing knowledge.The starting point of this process is set by generally accepted evident views, or observations and facts that cannot be explained further.These foundations,however,are not the same for all researchers.Different types of approaches may be distinguished originating from different starting positions.It is almost a type of taste from which perspective a particular researcher begins.As a consequence,different‘schools’may arise.The point of view,however,determines what we see.In other words,staying within a particular framework of thought we cannot achieve more than what is derived as a consequence of the corresponding assumptions and constraints.To create more complete and objective methods,we may try to integrate scientific results originating from different approaches into a single pattern recognition model.It is possible that confusion arises on how these results may be combined and where they essentially differ.But the combination of results of different approaches may also appear to be fruitful,not only for some applications, but also for the scientific understanding of the researcher that broadens the horizon of allowable starting points.This step towards a unified or integrated view is very important in science as only then a more complete understanding is gained or a whole theory is built.

对于科学，新的知识是从已有的知识发展出来的。这个过程的起始点是来源于一般可让人接受的、显而易见的观点，或无法被进一步解释的观察结果和因素。然而这些创建过程不同的研究者有不同的过程。从最初的观点可以区别出各种不同的方法类型，这几乎成了发现某个研究者的研究起点的方法。这样便导致了不同派别的产生。然而，不同的看问题的角度决定了我们对问题的理解，换句话说，在某个思想的框架下，我们只能从相应的假设和约束去推理。如果要建立更全面和客观的方法，我们可以尝试把来源于不同方法的科学成果集成到一个模式识别模型中，不过，在集成方法和区别方法上有可能会产生混淆。但是综合应用各种方法也有可能看上去是很有用的，不仅是对于一些应用，对于研究者的科学理解也是很有益处的，帮助他们从更宽的角度来研究问题，这个方法便是统一或集成的观点，这种观点在科学研究中非常重要，可以让你得到更全面的理解或建立一个完整的理论。

Below we will describe four approaches to pattern recognition which arise from two different dichotomies of the starting points.Next,we will

present some examples illustrating the difficulties of their possible interactions.This discussion is based on earlier publications[16,17].下面我们将描述从两种不同出发点而区分出来的四种模式识别方法。后面我们还将举些例子说明这四个方法要相互交互应用的困难。

2.1Platonic and Aristotelian Viewpoints

2.1柏拉图和亚里士多德观点

Two principally different approaches to almost any scientific field rely on the so-called Platonic and Aristotelian viewpoints.In a first attempt they may be understood as top-down and bottom-up ways of building knowledge.They are also related to deductive(or holistic)and inductive(or reductionistic)principles.These aspects will be discussed in Section4.

几乎所有的科学领域主要都是通过这两个途径来进行研究的：柏拉图和亚里士多德观点。首先可以分别把它们理解成从顶到下和从底到上的建立知识的方法。它们又分别一个跟演译推理（或从整体上研究）有关，另一个跟归纳推理（或从重现的角度）有关。这些问题将在第四小节会有介绍。

The Platonic approach starts from generally accepted concepts and global ideas of the world.They constitute a coherent picture in which many details are undefined.The primary task of the Platonic researcher is to recognize in his observations the underlying concepts and ideas that are already accepted by him.Many theories of the creation of the universe or the world rely on this scenario.An example is the drifts of the continents or the extinction of the mammoths.These theories do not result from a reasoning based on observations,but merely from a more or less convincing global theory(depending on the listener!)that seems to extrapolate far beyond the hard facts.For the Platonic researcher, however,it is not an extrapolation,but an adaptation of previous formulations of the theory to new facts.That is the way this approach works:existing ideas that have been used for a long time are gradually adapted to new incoming observations.The change does not rely on an essential paradigm shift in the concept,but on finding better,more appropriate relations with the observed world in definitions and explanations.The essence of the theory has been constant for a long time. So,in practise the Platonic researcher starts from a theory which can be stratified into to a number of hypotheses that can be tested.