管理心理学 第五章 职场压力管理

Single process perspective 单一过程视角
Transactional model 交易模型 (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) Stress as a process that describes the interaction between the person and the environment 压力是个体与环境交互作用的过程 Cognitive appraisal as the focal process 认知评价是关键机制 Primary appraisal 初级评价
Strains 压力反应/结果
Job-related -job satisfaction -motivation -performance -withdrawal Emotion-related -exhaustion -depression -irritability Self-esteem physiological -illness -blood pressure -heart problems behavioral -substance abuse -smoking
Single process perspective 单一过程视角
Transactional model 交易模型 Connected to the physiological model of stress

Allostatic load model Allostasis: stability through change-physiological systems that make adjustments in response to or anticipation of environmental demands Allostatic load: prolonged exposure to demands resulting overloads the systems and resulting in pathology
Working conditions 工作条件

Role variables 角色变量 Role ambiguity 角色模糊 Role conflict 角色冲突
Stressors 压力源
Interpersonal relationships人际关系 Conflict with supervisors, coworkers, or clients 与上级、 同事、顾客的人际冲突 Perceptions of organizational politics 知觉的组织政治
Job Stress
二、Theoretical perspectives 压力的理论视角
-Single process models 单一过程模型 -Dual-process models 双过程模型 -Resources-based perspectives 资源视角
Theoretical perspectives of stress 压力研究的理论视角
Workload, stress and performance
高 最优工作 负荷水平 绩 效
低
低
厌倦和冷漠
高精力和激励 工作负荷过重诱导的压力
紧张和焦虑 高
Strains 压力反应/结果
Physiological 生理的反应 Physical symptoms 心理征兆

Dizziness, headache, stomach distress 头昏、头痛、胃痛 Sleep disorder 睡眠紊乱 Coronary disease 冠心病 Hypertension 高血压 Illness frequency 疾病频率

Internal + controllable = guilt + problem-focused coping Internal + uncontrollable = shame + emotion-focused coping External + controllable = anger + emotion-focused coping External + uncontrollable = frustration + emotion-focused coping
Long-term effects 长期影响

Behavioral 行为的反应 Smoking 吸烟 Substance use 物质滥用 Bullying? 威胁、欺负、暴力？
Stress 压力
Sources of stress 压力源
Intrinsic work factors -job characteristics -working conditions -work load -travel Role variables -role conflict -role ambiguity Interpersonal relationships -supervisors -co-workers -customers/clients Career development -job security -lack of advancement -obsolete skills -change
Single process perspective 单一过程视角
Transactional model 交易模型
Further refinement of the appraisal process 评价过程 Incorporate attribution theory (Parrewé & Zellars, 1999) Identify the controllability and internality of the demand

Stressor→strains 压力源导致压力感或压力反应
例如：温州动车事故后，中国铁路系统积极寻求EAP服务
Stress process 压力的过程
一般适应综合征(general adaptation syndrome) (Hans Selye)
Stress process 压力的过程
Goal is to identify: 研究目标 What elicit the stress process 引发压力的因素 How the stress process relate stressors and strains 压力 的过程/机制 When such process will vary 压力过程的调节因素 Three categories of theories 三种代表性的理论视角 Single process perspective 单一过程视角 Dual process perspective 双过程视角 Resource-based perspective 资源视角
Different coping strategies can be considered as
managing the allostatic load at different levels

Problem-focused: change things that trigger allostasis Emotion-focused: better management of allostasisi process
一般适应综合征(general adaptation syndrome) (Hans Selye)
Stressors 压力源
Intrinsic work factors 工作的内在因素 Demanding job characteristics 工作特征的要求

Low autonomy or control 低度自主或自控 Little feedback 较少的反馈 Low skill demands or task variety 低度技能要求或任务多样性 High workload 高工作负荷 Physical conditions 物理条件 Psychological conditions 心理条件
一、Stress 压力的本质
Stress 压力
Stress 压力 Process through which individuals respond to excessive environmental demands 个体对刺激的适应性反应，这些刺激对个体提出了超出正常水平的 心理和生理要求 Stressor 压力源 Any force that pushes psychological and/or physiological functioning beyond its normal range 任何能够引起压力的东西，即环境刺激 Strain 压力感/压力反应 Undersirable stress-related outcomes


Cognitive evaluation of the environmental demand 对环境要求的认知评 价 Threatening? 威胁有多大？ Relevant to oneself? 与个体的相关？
Single process perspective 单一过程视角
Transactional model 交易模型 Secondary appraisal 次级评价
Career developmeຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidut 职业发展 Job insecurity 工作不安全感 Lack of advancement opportunities 缺少发展机会 Organizational change 组织变革
Strains 压力反应/结果
Job-related 与工作相关的反应 ↓Job satisfaction, motivation 工作满意度、工作动机 ↓Productivity, performance 生产率、绩效 ↑Accidents, injuries 事故、伤害 ↑Turnover, absenteeism 离职、缺勤 Emotion-related 与情绪相关的反应 Anger 愤怒 Anxiety 焦虑 Depression 抑郁 Frustration 挫败感 Burnout symptoms 倦怠



Assessment of coping potential 应对潜能的评估 Various coping styles to address the stressors or symptoms 采 用不同应对风格 Problem-focused coping 问题指向的应对 Targets at the source of stress 直接聚焦压力源 Emotion-focused coping 情绪指向的应对 Cognitive-strategies that aimed to reduce the negative emotional effects 通过认知策略减少负性情绪影响 Avoidance coping 回避应对 Repress the reactions towards stressors 压制对压力源的反应
Occupational Stress Management 职场压力管理
华中师范大学心理学院 王忠军
引言
天天谈激励，谁来管压力
组织：更快速、更高效、更节省
成本、更多的绩效
员工：压力、倦怠、侵犯、不愉
快、低度幸福感
Outline
Stress 压力的本质
Theoretical perspectives 压力的理论视角 Single process models 单一过程模型 Dual-process models 双过程模型 Resources-based perspectives 资源视角 Future directions 压力管理与未来研究方向