不同食物链对富营养化水体的改善作用

不同食物链对富营养化水体的改善作用
刘存歧
摘
要
摘
要
白洋淀作为华北平原最典型的湖泊湿地，其富营养化问题日益严重。目前采用物 理和化学的手段对白洋淀进行了治理，但效果不佳。生物手段一直以来是为众多学者 所推崇的方法，应用生物方法进行水生态修复是在维护其生境的一种有效手段。生物 操纵法已成功应用于我国武汉东湖、巢湖、滇池、千岛湖等地，并取得了较好的效果。 本研究对白洋淀鱼类进行了调查，构建了白洋淀鱼类食物网结构，拟合了适合白洋淀 特点的生态修复生物链并进行围隔试验，观察其修复效果，为白洋淀的整体修复提供 理论依据。 1、 于 2009 年至 2010 年对白洋淀 8 个典型采样点鱼类进行了调查， 分析了白洋淀 鱼类的食性、营养级和食物网特征，绘制了白洋淀鱼类食物网及能量流动途径。结果 发现，白洋淀现共有鱼类 25 种，隶属于 5 目 11 科。与历史资料相比，白洋淀鱼类食 物网趋于简单，中级肉食性鱼类匮乏，能量流动出现越级现象， 食物网结构不完整， 说明白洋淀渔业资源破坏严重。 2、 于2010年8月31日至9月28日在白洋淀利用原位围隔试验， 研究了当地优势沉水 植物穗花狐尾藻 (Myriophyllum spicatum) 和金鱼藻 (Ceratophyllum demersum) 对富营养 化水体浮游植物群落结构的影响。围隔中分别植入密度为 20株/m3的金鱼藻和10株/m3 的穗花狐尾藻，并对围隔进行了连续5次的采样调查。结果表明，穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻 能有效控制浮游植物的生物量并提高水体水质，降低了富营养化程度。穗花狐尾藻对 水质的改善效果优于金鱼藻；通过对水体理化指标的测定分析，发现浮游植物的群落 结构与营养盐含量密切相关。各围隔内浮游植物的Shannon—Weaver多样性指数（H） 、 Margalef指数 （Dm） 和Pielou均匀度指数 （J） 等生物多样性规变化律性不明显 （P>0.05） ， 与理化指标相关性不显著，无法利用单一指数评估围隔内的水质。 3、 于2011年7月15日至8月19日在白洋淀利用原位围隔试验进一步研究了不同生物 链组合（穗花狐尾藻10株/m³+圆顶珠蚌200g+日本沼虾200g、金鱼藻20株/m³+圆顶珠 蚌200g+日本沼虾200g、鲢+穗花狐尾藻10株/m³+圆顶珠蚌200g+ 日本沼虾200g、鲢+ 金鱼藻20株/m³+圆顶珠蚌200g+日本沼虾200g等四种）对白洋淀富营养化水体浮游植 物群落结构和水质的影响。研究发现，各试验组水体透明度变化不明显，但放入鲢的
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. CODMn of Myriophyllum spicatum enclosures was lower than Ceratophyllum demersum enclosures. The chla of four test encloures had been in a steady
Candidate: Ma Xiaoli Supervisor: Prof. Liu Cunqi Academic Degree Applied for : Master of Science Specialty: Hydrobiology University: Hebei University Date of Oral Examination: June, 2012
state. And the results suggested that nonclassical biomanipulation had very good effect on water body of Baiyangdian lake, filter-feeding fish could effectively control the cyanobacterial water bloom, but can not reduce the total content of phytoplankton.
I
Baidu Nhomakorabea 摘
要
试验组较其他试验组略低，而对照组透明度明显降低；具有底栖动物围隔内的溶解氧 含量高于有鲢围隔内的溶解氧含量，同等条件下比较穗花狐尾藻组的溶解氧含量高于 金鱼藻组的溶解氧含量；试验组水体有机物含量低于空白对照组，底栖动物组有机物 含量低于有鲢组，穗花狐尾藻组有机物含量低于金鱼藻组；四个试验组叶绿素含量基 本处于稳定状态；利用优势浮游植物结合修正的卡尔森指数分析得出，非经典操纵法 对白洋淀富营养化水体有很好的治理效果；通过对各围隔内浮游植物观察发现，滤食 性鱼类能有效控制蓝藻水华，但并不能减低浮游植物总量。
community and water quality was conducted. The result showed that SD in test enclosures changed a little, but that of control decreased obviously. In the enclosure which has
spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum on the phytoplankton community in eutrophic water
body. The situ enclosures were selected for Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum
demersum being planted with different density, 20 and 10 ind./m3, respectively. Due to
five-week observation, the biomass of phytoplankton decreased, the SD increased in enclosures, and the eutrophication level reduced. improvement on the water quality of
Classified Index: U.D.C.:
CODE: 10075 NO: 20091054
A Dissertation for the Degree of M.Science
s Improvement of Different Food Chain hains on Eutrophic water
III
Abstract
and chemical index. The index of Shannon - Weaver diversity, Margalef and Pielou changed insignificantly which suggested that the single index could not be used to evaluate water quality of enclosures. 3 、 Using situ enclosures in Baiyangdian Lake from July 15th to August 19th, 2011, further research to investigate the effect of different food chains on phytoplankton
Myriophyllum spicatum was better than Ceratophyllum demersumn. The phytoplankton
composition was closely related with nutrient concentration by determination of physical
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, SD and DO were lower than the enclosures of benthos. Under
the same conditions, DO in test enclosures planted
Myriophyllum spicatum was higher
关键词
生物操纵
白洋淀
生态修复
浮游植物
围隔
II
Abstract
Abstract
Baiyangdian lake is the most typical lake and wetland in the North China Plain, the eutrophication is a serious problem there. Although physical and chemical methods are used to restore Baiyangdian lake, the water quality has not been ideal. At present, biological method is applied in water ecological restoration. The biological method has been successfully used in China's East Lake, Chaohu, Dianchi, Qiandao Lake and other places, but has not been applied in region of Baiyangdian Lake. This paper mainly focused on the application of biological control for the water ecological restoration of Baiyangdian lake. Based on survey data of the fish in Baiyangdian Lake, the food web of fish was constructed. After the suitable chains were fitted, the improvement on water quality was assessed due to enclosure experiment, providing a basical theory for restoration of Baiyangdian lake. 1 、 Based on the survey of 8 typical sampling sites in Baiyangdian lake from 2009 to 2010, the paper described the feeding habit, the trophic level and the food web characteristics of 25 species of fish in Baiyangdian lake, and the energy flow path of the fish food web, the current status and the historical changes were analyzed. The results showed that the fish resources in Baiyandian lake was destroyed seriously, the medium predatory fish species became few, skipping trophic level occured, and the structure of food web was becoming simple and incomplete. 2 、 During August 31, 2010 to September 28th 2010, situ enclosures (9m2 each) were constructed in Baiyangdian Lake, and mainly used for investigating effects of Myriophyllum
than the enclosures planted Ceratophyllum demersum. The test enclosures’s CODMn were lower than the others. CODMn of bentho’s enclosures was lower than the enclosures of