英汉翻译教程讲解第四章

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第4章Unit 4 Economy
1. 经济文章选篇。

其特点是:着重说明经济形势,提出主张和建议,以大量数据说明问题。

所用语言视场合而定,文件的语言正式而精练,演讲的语言则要比较易于上口。

2. 语言对比:
(1)经济术语。

经济领域有大量的专门术语。

如:
two way trade双向贸易
l ucrative export markets 获利的出口市场
foreign exchange 外汇
commercial opportunities商业机会
export opportunities 出口机会
potential exports潜在市场
(2)有些普通词语在经济文章中有特殊含义。

经济术语有特殊的用法和搭配。

例1)The result, I believe, is that we have built the beginnings of a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.
我相信我们已经为今后贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。

例2)There are more than 20 joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors.
现在有20多家中美合资企业。

(3)数字及有关的术语和量词。

数字很容易出错,因此要特别仔细核对。

和数字有关的动词、介词、形容词、副词也很重要。

如“增加了”和“增加”表示的意思是不一样的。

by用来表示增加或减少的幅度。

表示倍数时汉语与英语不一样。

汉语:
1)甲比乙...(形容词或副词)n倍:不包括基数。

2)甲是乙n倍:包括基数。

英语:
1) "n+ times + adj.比较级+than"式:包括基数;
2) "n+ times + as + adj. + as"式:包括基数;
3) "verb (e.g. increase, grow, rise, be raised, etc.) + n + times"式:包括基数。

3. 考核要求:翻译中有处理下列问题的能力:
(1) 所选经济文章的特点及理解方面的难点
(2) 本单元出现的经济术语
(3) 数字的译法
Exercise 10
New Opportunities in China's Economic Cooperation with Other Countries
一、解说
1、Exercise 10 ∽悦拦骋状砺薏亍せ袈泶脑谥泄难萁病吨泄酝饩煤献鞯男禄帷贰Q萁舶ǎ骸袄止鄣睦碛伞薄ⅰ凹际酢薄ⅰ敖鹑诠叵怠薄ⅰ霸谥泄耐蹲省薄ⅰ爸泄诠獾耐蹲省薄ⅰ靶枰朔睦选薄ⅰ胺闹贰薄ⅰ俺隹诳刂啤薄ⅰ巴蚪坏馈被褂小敖崧邸钡燃覆糠帧?BR>罗伯特·霍马茨生平介绍:
Robert D. Hormats is Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (International) and Managing Director of Goldman, Sachs & Co. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1982 as a Vice President in the Investment Banking Division and a Director of Goldman Sachs International.
Mr. Hormats served as Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs at the Department of State from 1977 to 1979, Ambassador and Deputy U.S. Trade Resentative from 1979 to 1981 and Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1981 to 1982. He served as a Senior Staff Member for International Economic Affairs on the National Security Council from 1969 to 1977 during which time he was Senior Economic Advisor to Dr. Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Mr. Hormats was a recipient of the French Legion of Honor in 1982 and Arthur Fleming Award in 1974.
Mr. Hormats is a board member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Engelhard Hanovia, Inc., and Human Genome Sciences, Inc. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and the Columbia University School of International Affairs. He is a member of the Advisory Boards of Foreign Policy and International Economics magazines. He was appointed by President Clinton in 1993 to the Board of The U.S.-Russia Investment Fund.
Mr. Hormats publications include American Albatross: The Foreign Debt Dilemma and Reforming the International Monetary System. Other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, American Banker and The Financial Times. He was visiting lecturer at Princeton University in 1983.
2、本练习经济术语:
b ilateral trade双边贸易two way trade双向贸易
i nvestment投资total trade 总贸易额
commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系
commercial and financial relationships贸易与金融关系
labour intensive industries劳动密集型企业
technological transformation of existing industries现有企业的技术改造
joint venture 合资企业
imports 进口额exports 出口额
productivity生产率
resource capabilities资源潜力
3、本练习数量的表达法:
something in the order of 6 billion大约为60亿美元
amount to 总数达
roughly $10 billion大约100亿美元
4、China is the world's largest developing nation and the US is the world's most developed large nation. Bilateral trade between the two has grown imssively.
1)英汉翻译要注意不能忽视英语原文中的动词时态、语态,才能正确地表达。

本句中的两个分词developing 和developed在翻译时要体现“现在分词”的“进行”的特点和“过去分词”的“完成”的特点。

2)imssively:显著地
下文中还有同义词:dramatically
3)英语一般一对主谓(宾)结构构成一个句子,如果几个句子构成一个复合句,中间要有连接词。

而汉语可以几个小句在一起构成一个复合句,中间没有连接词也可,靠逻辑意义连接。

本注释点的两个句子在逻辑上相关性较大,可以译成一个汉语句子。

下文有类例,如:
a. There are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future. But there are also difficulties to be solved.
我们有理由感到乐观,并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展,但也有困难尚待解决。

b. In many of these areas, particularly agriculture, the results have been very positive. Food production is increasing rapidly.
中国在许多领域里,特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果,粮食迅速增产。

以上两个类例都是这样:译成一个句子,更紧凑。

译文:
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,而美国是最发达的大国,
两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。

5、Today, two way trade is something in the order of $ 6 billion and increasing.
of the order of = in the order of (BrE): approximately大约,
in the order of 常常与something 用在一起。

例如:
a. There were of (in) the order of 300 people at the festival. 节日活动大约有300人参加。

b.“How much is the project going to cost?”
“Something in the order of 5000 pounds.”
“这项计划要花多少钱?”
“大约5000英镑。


译文:
如今,两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元,并且还在增加。

6、The result, I believe, is that we have built the beginnings of a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.
built the beginnings of a sound foundation for:如果逐字翻译,此短语译成“为...建立坚实的基础的开始”,显然译文达不到“达”的标准,难以理解,因此要运用翻译技巧(词类转换)进行处理。

把名词the beginning转换成相应意义的副词“初步”,译文就通顺了。

译文:
我相信,我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。

类例:
When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.
只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。

7、China's imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982.
which amounted to $900 million in 1978为非限制性定语从句,不能用前置法翻译非限制性定语从句时,可用后置法或别的方法翻译。

有时可以用后置法翻译,在译文中把原文从句后置,不重复关系代词所代表的含义,译成并列分句。

如:After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直到深夜。

译文:
中国从美国的进口额,1978年为9亿美元,到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。

8、Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically , from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly $10 billion to $22 billion, while imports increased from $ 10 billion to just over $ 21 billion.
中国的总贸易额也显著增长,从1978年到1983年,中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元,进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。

注意译文与原文之间的差异,原文中的关系词while是不能少的,而译文中不需要译出。

原因见上面的第3的解释3)。

9、joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors中美合资企
10、China's Strong Economic Performance: 中国在经济上的出色表现
注意:Strong译为“出色”。

英汉语言的搭配能力不同,要根据具体的情况进行意译。

如:put on a coat, put on a hat两个put意义一样,但分别译为“穿外衣”
和“戴帽子”,因此翻译时一定要看目标语的搭配能力与习惯。

11、decided on 选定,决定
12、It is aimed at adjusting the pace of modernisation to China's resource capabilities and its goal of major increases in employment, providing incentives for agricultural and industrial productivity; strengthening light, labour intensive industries, using technology to modernise and promote the technological transformation of existing industries; and removing bottlenecks imposed by energy and transportation constraints.
注意本句结构的理解,本句多处出现平行结构,不同层次的平行结构不能混为一团。

1)It is aimed at 是句子的主干,at后面有几个平行的现在分词短语作介词宾语:adjusting..., providing..., strengthening..., using..., removing...;
2)再下一层,the pace of...,和its goal of...平行,作adjusting的宾语;agricultural 和industrial平行作productivity的定语;light和labour intensive平行作后面的industries 的定语;modernise 和promote平行,由不定式符号to总管;energy 和transportation 平行,都是constraints的定语。

二、参考译文
中国对外经济合作的新机会(摘录)
罗伯特·霍马茨
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,而美国是最发达的大国,两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。

70年代早期,美中之间实际上无贸易可言。

如今,两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元,并且还在增加。

美国在中国的投资越来越多,中国在美投资也在进行。

我相信,我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。

中国从美国的进口额,1978年为9亿美元,到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。

在那个时期,出口额从3亿美元增长到23亿美元。

中国的总贸易额也显著增长,从1978年到1983年,中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元,进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。

1983年,美国在中国投资大约总计为8,500万美元;有20多个美中合资企业。

此外,美国公司对近海石油勘探投资5亿多美元。

我们有理由感到乐观,并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展,但也有困难尚待解决。

让我先谈谈可望发展的原因,然后再讨论问题所在。

乐观的理由:
中国在经济上的出色表现
中国的经济改革经过戏剧性的转变之后,决定走上稳定而大有前途的道路,它的目的在于:调整现代化的步伐,以适应其资源潜力及其大量增加就业机会的目标,刺激工农业生产率,加强轻工业及劳动密集型工业,利用技术促进现有工业的技术改造并使之现代化,以及排除由于能源及交通运输紧张所造成的障碍。

中国在许多领域里,特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果,
粮食迅速增产。

全国都在发展现代化工业生产,生产单位合并构成大规模企业。

经济增长率约有10%,虽然重工业发展速度比希望的要快些,某些轻工业要慢一些。

我相信中国经济管理部门已认识到这个问题,在下一个五年计划有效地克服这一问题。

Exercise 11
The Challenges of Reform
一、解说
1、练习出处同课文。

2、本练习经济术语:
reform改革
cost 费用;代价
economic transition 经济转轨
enterprises企业
inflation 通货膨胀
uncompetitive industries缺乏竞争力的工业
declining industries每况愈下的工业
customer 顾客
the liberalization of world trade世界贸易自由化
established market 已经发育健全的市场
multilateral disciplines多边规则
3、Of course, building a modern economy carries costs 代價too.
这里的carries 是动词,“具有”,“含有”的意思,可以根据上下文和汉语“代价”这词的搭配能力,意译本句。

译文:
当然,建立现代经济也需要付出代价。

同样意义的词在不同的语言环境里,需要根据搭配词的搭配能力,译成不同的词,下文有类似的例子,如manage 在下面不同的两个句子里,根据需要分别先后译成“应付”和“处理”。

a. Different countries will manage應付these costs in different ways.
各国应付这种代价的方式也不尽相同。

b. Of course change must be managed sensitively, with care.
当然,处理变革问题应该十分谨慎。

4、But the problems China has had to deal with in recent years are familiar to Britain and other countries undergoing major economic transition: the conundrum of unleashing enterprises while keeping inflation in check; the social consequences and complexity of reforming uncompetitive or declining industries.
而中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题是英国和其他处于重大经济转轨时期的国家所熟悉的:即如何在控制通货膨胀的情况下使企业获得发展,如何处理由于改造缺乏竞争力或是每况愈下的工业所造成的复杂的社会后果。

注意本句的理解。

1)China has had to deal with in recent years是限制性定语从句,可以用前置法翻译。

因此,the problems China has had to deal with in recent years译成:“中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题”。

下文有类例:
a. ...the British experience is that the industry that can adapt to the demands of competition will usually thrive.
英国的经验是,能够适应竞争的工业通常会昌盛。

b.The enterprise that best meets the needs of its customer, at the best price, offers the most secure future for its workers.
那些能以最低价格最大限度地满足客户要求的企业就能为其工人提供最可靠的前途保障。

2)be familiar to :为...所熟悉
3)undergoing....到句末是现在分词短语做定语,修饰other countries。

4)the conundrum of...和the social consequences and complexity of...是平行结构,作the problems 的同位语。

同位语是对名词(或代词)的进一步的解释。

同位语可以是单词、短语或从句。

一般把含有同位语的英语句子翻译成汉语时,可以把同位语提前,也可以不提前,也可以按原来的顺序翻译,可以在同位语的前面增加“即”(或“以为”)、“也就是”或用冒号、破折号分开。

如:
Influenced by these ethics, Powers lived under the delusion that money does not stink..." “受到了这种道德观念的熏陶,鲍尔斯生活在一种错觉中,以为金钱总是香喷喷的......”
5)keeping inflation in check;控制通货膨胀
k eep / hold something in check : limit something控制...;限制...
如:
We must find ways of keeping our expenditure in check.
我们必须找出限制我们的开销的办法。

本句译文:
而中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题是英国和其他处于重大经济转轨时期的国家所熟悉的:即如何在控制通货膨胀的情况下使企业获得发展,如何处理由于改造缺乏竞争力或是每况愈下的工业所造成的复杂的社会后果。

注意:
这里也使用了增词法,增加了“如何”"和“如何处理”。

5、That is why the British Government believes strongly in the case for economic liberalisation and deregulation at home.
注意at home在这里不能译为“在家”,而应译为“在国内”,
下文有:at home and abroad 是“在国内外”的意思。

believe in:相信
译文:
这就是为什么英国政府坚信应当在国内实行经济自由化和撤销经济管制。

6、Opening up national economies brings fresh challenges as well as new opportunities. New opportunities to do business and win investment; but fresh challenges from foreign firms too, new competition in established markets at home and abroad.
注意:
这里可能是演讲口语体的原因,正式的语言中,一般New在这里不大写,前面用逗号。

因为这里与前面是同一个谓语动词下的宾语。

因此,翻译时译成一个句子。

译文:
开放本国经济既带来新的挑战,也带来新的机遇,既带来新的商业和投资机会,也带来外国公司的新的挑战以及在国内外业已发育健全的市场上的新的竞争。

7、has brought this home :
this 这里指前面这句话。

bring something home to somebody:使某人清楚地(深切地)认识到某事
8、Foreign investment, successfully deployed, benefits donor and recipient alike.
1)successfully deployed相当于一个条件状语从句:if it is successfully deployed 2)alike :in the same way
外国投资若投向合理,则可使投资方和接受投资方均收益。

二、参考译文
当然,建立现代经济要付出代价的。

各国应付这种代价的方式也不尽相同。

而中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题是英国和其他处于重大经济转轨时期的国家所熟悉的:即如何在控制通货膨胀的情况下使企业获得发展,如何处理由于改造缺乏竞争力或是每况愈下的工业所造成的复杂的社会后果。

我们英国人得出的结论是,改革是大势所趋。

一个工业要生存下去,就必须学会靠自身的力量去竞争。

当然,处理变革问题应该十分谨慎。

但依赖保护和补贴来保障就业是不能持久的。

英国的经验是,能够适应竞争的工业通常会昌盛。

那些能以最低价格最大限度地满足客户要求的企业就能为其工人提供最可靠的前途保障。

这就是为什么英国政府坚信应当在国内实行经济自由化和撤销经济管制。

但这样做的政策性影响并不仅限于国内。

随着世界贸易的自由化,现在的经济竞争意味着既是国际的竞争,也是国内的竞争。

开放本国经济既带来新的挑战,也带来新的机遇,既带来新的商业和投资机会,也带来外国公司的新的挑战以及在国内外业已发育健全的市场上的新的竞争。

对我们英国来说,我们参加欧盟和世界贸易组织的经历使我们对这一点深有感触。

但我们接受这一现实,因为我们认识到自由贸易不是一种我赢多少你就输多
少的游戏。

也就是说,一个国家的增长井非必须建立在另一个国家的经济衰退的基础之上。

相反,贸易的扩大会带来进一步的经济增长,使所有参与者更加繁荣。

外国投资若投向合理,则可使投资方和接受投资方均收益。

因此,经济上的相互依存并不是一种有害物,不需将其缩小到最低程度或加以避免;相反,它给我们提供了机会,我们应予以促进和利用。

而要利用这种机会,就必须依靠在国际上建立一种强有力的多边规则的框架。

后面我还将谈到这一点。

Exercise 12
一、解说
1、本练习选自《中国的粮食问题》第三章。

2、粮食专业术语:
农业科技agricultural science and technology
科教兴农develop agriculture by relying on science , technology and education
贡献率the contribution rate
粮食生产grain production
非粮食实物资源non-grain food resources
水域water
内陆水域inland waters
养殖aquaculture
水产品aquatic products
集约化intensification
畜产品animal by-products
木本食物arbor foodstuffs
3、--依靠科技进步有潜力。

译文:
There is scope for scientific and technological improvement.
原文是一句无主句,汉语的无主句译为英语时可以通过增加主语或译成被动句的方法,如课文中的例子:
改造中低产田、兴修水利、扩大灌溉面积、推广先进适用技术等工程和生物措施,可使每公顷产量提高1500公斤以上。

--> The grain output per hectare can be increased by more than 1,500 kg through the upgrading of medium- and low-yield land, intensifying water-control projects, enlarging irrigated areas and sading the use of advanced agrotechnology and taking biological measures.
也可以译成there be 句型,如:
总之,是两点而不是一点。

-->In short, there are two aspects, not just one.
下文有类例:
1) --利用非粮食食物资源有潜力。

本句可以用there be 句型翻译,译为:
There are non-grain food resources.
也可以译为被动句:
Non-grain food resources can be exploited also.
相比之下被动句更好,一方面与前面的“--依靠科技进步有潜力。

”的译文句式有变化,使译文更丰富;另一方面,被动句的译文为意译,特别是“开发资源”"exploit the resources用得很好。

2) --节约粮食有潜力。

Grain losses can be curtailed.
4、目前,农业科技在中国农业增产中的贡献率约为35%,世界上农业发达国家在60%以上。

注意本句的理解,汉语靠逻辑意义表达,少用代词,这里后面小句是一个省略结构,省略了前小句中已经出现的“农业科技在农业增产中的贡献率”,翻译时要根据具体情况做一些编辑,把句子补完整才能使读者看懂。

而英语不喜欢重复,因此,这里可以用代词来代替重复的话。

另外还要注意本句数字的表达方法。

译文:
At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries.
5、中国政府已确定并正在努力实施科教兴农战略,力争逐步缩小中国与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距,到2000年使科技进步对农业的贡献率提高到50%,到2030年接近世界发达国家水平。

1) 科教兴农:develop agriculture by relying on science, technology and education
2) 确定...战略:draw up a strategy for...
实施...战略: put the strategy into practice
3) 科技进步对农业的贡献率: the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture
4)“与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距”在上一句已提到,汉语多重复,英语多代词,这是常见现象,因此这里用“this gap”代替即可。

5)这是一个长句,开头到“差距”两字已是一个完整的语意单位,后面半句是“缩小差距”的具体目标,可以另译一句。

注意这句的数字表达。

译文:
The Chinese government has drawn up a strategy for agricultural development by relying on science, technology and education and is striving to put it into practice so as to narrow this gap. By 2000 the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture will be increased to 50 percent, and by 2030 it will be close to that of the advanced countries.
6、注意下面这些统计数字的翻译:
1)据统计,全国1747万公顷内陆水域中,可供养殖的水面675万公顷,目前利用率仅为69%;可供养鱼的稻田670万公顷,利用率仅为15%;海水可养殖面积260万公顷,利用率仅为28%。

这句除了数字的表达法之外,还要注意标点符号的转换。

在翻译中,要使译文准确、通顺,就不能忽视对标点符号的运用和转换。

因为英语标点符号与汉语标点符号有些不同之处。

本句牵涉到分号,汉语中往往出现很长的句子,并喜欢用分号。

在这种情况下,我们把句子分开,因此,分号也转换为句号。

如:
中秋过后,秋风是一天凉比一天,看看将近初冬;我整天靠着火,也穿上棉袄了。

(鲁迅《孔乙已》
-->After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day, and winter was approaching. Even though I spent all my time by the stove, I had to wear my padded jacket. 本句译文:
According to statistics, among the 1747 million hectares of inland waters, 6 .75 million ha can be used, for aquaculture. At sent, only 69 percent of the water area is used. About 6 .70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at sent is only 15 percent. And China has an offshore water area of 2 .60 million hectares suitable for aquaculture, but the utilization rate is only 28 percent.
2)中国现有草地面积3.9亿公顷,其中可利用面积3.2亿公顷,居世界第三位,句子可以在此处断句,接下去可以另译一句。

译文:
China has a grassland area of 390 million hectares, of which about 320 million hectares can be used, which places China third in the world in the area of usable grassland. 3)...中国山区面积占国土总面积的70%...
...mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory...
4)中国粮食在种、收、运、储、销和加工、消费等环节的损失率至少为10%,总损失量在4500万吨以上。

the loss rate of grain is at least 10 percent in the course of planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling, processing and consumption - a total of well over 45 million tons.
注意:
在...环节:意译为“in the course of ”(在...过程中)
...以上:over; more than
5) ...每年至少可节约粮食2000万吨。

...it will be possible to save at least 20 million tons of grain every year...
二、参考译文
China Can Basically Achieve self-Sufficiency in Grain Through Self-Reliance
There is scope for scientific and technological improvement. At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries. The Chinese government has drawn up a strategy for agricultural development by relying on science, technology and education and is striving to put it into practice so as to narrow this gap. By 2000 the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture will be increased to 50 percent, and by 2030 it will be close to that of the advanced countries. This will enable China to go a step further in grain production.
Non-grain food resources can be exploited also. China has rich water, grassland and sloping land resources which have great potential for exploitation. According to statistics, among the 1747 million hectares of inland waters, 6. 75 million ha can be used, for aquaculture. At sent, only 69 percent of the water area is used. About 6 .70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at sent is only 15 percent. And China has an offshore water area of 2 .60 million hectares suitable for aquaculture, but the utilization rate is only 28 percent. China will actively increase the productivity of its waters so as to keep a continuous rapid increase of aquatic products. China has a grassland area of 390 million hectares, of which about 320 million hectares can be used, which places China third in the world in the area of usable grassland. If the intensification level of livestock farming in grasslands is improved through the development of artificial grassland, animal byproducts will increase greatly. Moreover, mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory, and this favorable condition for the development of arbor foodstuffs will offer China wide prospects for increasing the supply of such stuffs.
Grain losses can be curtailed. According to estimates by experts, the loss rate of grain is at least 10 percent in the course of planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling, processing and consumption - a total of well over 45 million tons. So it will be possible to save at least 20 million tons of grain every year if such losses are reduced to within the rational limits.。

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