人类进化史【英文】

Time scheme of Human Evolution
Homo ergaster
Time scheme of Human Evolution
• 35 million years ago – dawn ape: anthropoid Aegyptopithecus • 5-7 million years ago - diversion of humans and apes • from the common ancestor • 4 million years ago – ape-man: Australopithecus • 2.4 million years ago – handy man: Homo habilis • 1.9 million years ago – working man: Homo ergaster • 1.8 million years ago – upright man: Homo erectus • 0.5 million years ago – archaic Homo sapiens 0.2-0.03 million years ago – Homo neanderthalensis • 0.2 million years ago – Homo sapiens
multicellular eukaryotes (prokaryotes) unicellular eukaryotes
Time scheme of Evolution
• Paleozoic era (supercontinent Pangea) • 500 million y. a. – plants, fungi, animals colonize land (Cambrian period) • Mesozoic era = “Dinosaurs period” • 250 million y. a. – first mammals • Cenozoic era (after extinction of dinosaurs) • 50 million y. a. – majority of mammals • 5 million y. a. – diversion of humans and apes
Evolution of Humans
Marie Černá
Time scheme of Evolution Precambrian era
4.0 billion years ago 4.6 billion years ago 3.5 billion years ago 2.5 billion years ago 1.5 billion years ago
Important Characters of Human Evolution
• Size of brain
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱAustralopithecus 400cm3 = Homo sapiens 1 300cm3
• Shape of jawbone - shorter and reduced jawbone
Multiregional Model for the Origin of Humans
1-2 million years ago
Monogenesis Model for the Origin of Humans
100 000 years ago
Proof for Monogenesis Model:
• Changes in social life
monogamy with long-term pair-bonding – longer care of the young allows better learning and complex behaviour formula
Three Models for the Origin of Humans
• Multiregional model – Modern humans evolved in many parts of the world from regional descendants of Homo erectus, who dispersed from Africa between 1 and 2 million years ago. • Monogenesis model (“out of Africa” model) – Only the African descendants of Homo erectus, who dispersed from Africa just 0.1 million years ago, gave rise to all the diverse populations of modern humans. All other regional descendants of Homo erectus, including Neanderthals, became extinct without contributing to the gene pool of modern humanity. • Intermediate model - Modern humans may be the result of a migration out of Africa as well as some genetic contribution from non-African archaic groups.
= flat face, chin protrusion, change of dentition
• Upright bearing, bipedal locomotion → skeleton • Reduced sexual dimorphism
higher weight of male than female: gorilla 2x = human 1,2x