天大研究生考试英语复习
工程英语期末考试复习资料
一、词汇及语法（20points）（老师上课讲的选词填空,考试估计不会是原句，但
要知道这些词的意思用法，其他再看看课后单词。第 1.3.6.9.11.13单元）
1、They maderegular visits to the park on thesuburbsduring the weekends.
2、Shewaspromoted to division managerlast year.
3、Wetried to walk to the park but ended up taking a taxi there.
4、The movie received generally favorable reviews.
5、The earthquakesurvivors arein desperate needof help.
characteris greatly influenced by his home environment.
6、A child’ｓ
7、If you are in doubt abouthis ability to do the task,don’ｔ
entrust him with it.
8、The Mexican minority in the southwesternpart of the United Statesnumbers up to threemillion.
9、The companywent out of businessbecauseit couldn’ｔ
sell its products.
10、A political dispute involving six nations may be settledby an agreementbetween them.
11、All this occurredin an already desperately poor country.
12、Efforts havebeenmadeto prevent the extinction of the buffalo.
13、The new interest ratebecomeseffective next month.
14、The device is usedto measurethe range of the gun.
15、The artist spent many years on his monumental painting,which covered all the walls of the exhibition hall.
16、The designis worthless for all practical purposes.
17、The company has expanded its operationsin Stanford by opening a new branch office there.
18、In system development,the specification refers to a description of how the designof a system,device,or program is to be implemented.
19、His wife left him when the children were small,so he effectively brought up the family himself.
20、We’re looking for someonewho will beable to motivate the staff to work hard.
21、Listen to both sidesand you will be enlightened.
22、He tendsto view most issuesfrom a philosophical perspective.
23、Harlem hasbeenadvanced to a higher position.
24、Scientistssuccessfully found that some kinds of bacteria grow very fast because they canreplicate by themselves.
25、The union is on strike in pursuit of a10%pay increase.
26、The housestrikes you aswelcoming when you go in.
expectations.
27、He tried hardto live up to his parent’ｓ
28、Marriage is a significant commitment.
29、They havebarely enoughto pay the rent his month.
30、When the old lady enteredthe apartment,the thief had escapedalready.
31、By the time he getshome,his father will have left for shanghai.
32、Irene has taught English at our school for two years.Shewill renew her contract tomorrow.
33、From3to5yesterday,they were repairing the car on the way to the park.
34、According to the time table,the train for London leaves at7in the evening.
beena long time sinceI saw you last.How are you?
35、It’ｓ
36、This is the first time I have seenthis kind of refrigerator.
37、Before long,shewill forget all aboutthe matter.
38、In terms of customersatisfaction,the policy cannot be criticized.
39、How much you get paid is dependenton how much you produce.
40、The dispensewith the formalities.
41、I’ｍskeptical of theteam’ｓ
chancesof winning.
42、So fast doeslight travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
43、Hardly had the plane landed when the peopleran toward it.
44、There existed a certain doubt amongthe studentasto thenecessityof the work.
45、Seldomdid I make any mistakesduring my pastfive yearsof service here.
二、完型填空（10points）（第6.11单元，瞎划的线，还是全文都了解，记住）1、
Engineering is the profession that puts scientific knowledge to practical use. Engineersuseprinciples of scienceto design structures,machines,and products of all kinds.They look for better ways to use existing resourcesand often develop new materials.Engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of modern technology-the tools,materials,techniques,and power sourcesthat make our lives easier.
The field of engineering includes a wide variety of activities.For example, engineering projects range from the construction of huge dams to the design of tiny electronic circuits.Engineersmay help produce guided missiles,industrial robots,or artificial limbs for the physically handicapped.They develop complex scientific equipment to explore the reachesof outer spaceand the depths of oceans.Engineers
also plan out electric power and water supply systems,and do researchto improve automobiles,television sets,and other consumer products.They may work to reduce environmental pollution,increase the world's food supply,and make transportation faster andsafer.
The history of engineering is record of human ingenuity through the ages.Even in prehistoric times,people adapted basic engineering techniques from things that were available in nature.For example,sturdy sticks becamelevers to lift large rock, and logs were used as rollers to move heavy loads.The development of agriculture and the growth of civilization brought about a new wave of engineering efforts. People invented farming tools,designed elaborateirrigation networks,and built the first cities.The construction of the gigantic Egyptian pyramids at Giza during the 2500s B.C.was one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient times.In ancient Rome,engineer built large aqueductsand bridges and vast systemsof roads.During the200s B.C.,the Chinese erectedmajor sectionsof the monumental Great Wall of China.
Early engineers used such simple machines as the inclined plane,wedge,and wheel and axle.During the Middle Ages,a period in European history that lasted from the A.D.400s to the1500s,inventors developed machines to harness water, wind,and animal power.The growing interest in new types of machines and new source of power to drive them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and1800s,during which,their role expanded rapidly.The practical steam engine developed by the Scottish engineer JamesWatt in the1760s revolutionized transportation and industry by providing a cheap,efficient source of power.New iron-making techniques provided engineerswith material to improve machines and tools and to build bridges and ships.Many roads,railroads,and canals were constructedto link the growing industrial cities.
Distinct branches of engineering began to develop during the Industrial Revolution.The term civil engineer was first used about1750by John Smeaton,a British engineer.Mechanical engineersemergedas specialistsin industrial machinery, and mining and metallurgical engineerswere neededto supply metals and fuels.By the late1800s,the development of electric power and advances in chemical processinghad createdthe fields of electrical and chemical engineering.Professional schoolsbeganto be founded as the demandfor engineersteadily increased.
Since1900,the number of engineers and of engineering specialities has expandeddramatically.Artificial hearts,airplanes,computers,lasers,nuclear energy, plastics,spacetravel,and television are only a few of the scientific and technological
breakthroughsthat engineerhave helped bring about in this century.Becausescience and technology are progressingand changing so rapidly,today's engineersmust study throughout their careers to make sure that their knowledge and expertise do not become obsolete.They face the challenging task of keeping pace with the latest advanceswhile working to shapethe technology of the future.
The field of engineeringoffers a broad rangeof job opportunities.Engineersmay work in factories,offices,and governmentlaboratories or at construction sites.Some engineersare involved in the researchand development of new products.Others are responsible for turning plans and specifications for new structures,machines,or systemsinto reality.Still others usetheir background and training to sell and service technical equipment.Many engineerswork on projects in teamsthat include scientists, technicians,and other engineers,however,some engineers act as independent consultants who sell their services to people who need engineering assistance. Engineersmay also hold teaching positions or move up into managementpositions in business.
Certain abilities and traits help qualify a person for an engineering career. Engineers must have technical aptitude and skill in mathematics and the sciences. They should be curious about the"how"and"why"of natural and mechanical things and creative in finding new ways of doing things,able to analyze problems systematically and logically and to communicate well-both orally and in writing,and willing to work within strict budgets and meet tight deadlines.In addition,skill in directing and supervising other workers is an important part of many engineering jobs.
2、
The commercial exploitation of crude oil has been among the most liberating technologiesthe world hasever known.When pumped though an internal combustion engine stuck in a metal box,refined oil has given freedom of movement to billions. Before the automobile,the life experiencesof most of those who lived in the rich world were limited—as in much of the poor world they remain—to neighborhood and family.When shot through gas turbines on wings,oil has shrunk the planet in a way that was once the stuff of sciencefiction.Neither of my parents ever flew;both my children had flown30,000miles beforethey were2yearsold.
But on Sept.11,2001,the world was reminded that oil is also a dangerousdrug. The cheapest,most easily accessible oil reserves are in the Middle East,the most volatile region on earth.Future supplies of oil will be costly not simply in terms of dollars and cents but also in their effect on the environment.As those in poor
countries dream of the samefreedom of movement that the wealthy have enjoyed for a century,oil's polluting effects will only get worse.The number of cars in Beijing, for example,is growing15%a year,contributing to the yellowy-gray hazethat often envelopsthe city.
For all these reasons,it makes sense to dream of a world that is far,far less dependenton oil than it is now.Winning the Oil Endgame:American Innovation for Profits,Jobs and Security,written by a team led by Amory Lovins of the Rocky Mountain Institute in Snowmass,Colo.,is one of the best analysesof energy policy yet produced.Lovins,who has been preaching the needfor fuel efficiency for some 30years,thinks big.His aim is to promote a set of policies that over the next two decadeswould save half the oil the https://www.360docs.net/doc/c817023389.html,es,before moving to a hydrogen-based economythat dispenseswith oil altogether(savefor possibleuseas a fuel to produce hydrogen.)If that seemshopelessly Utopian,Lovins reminds us that we have done something very like it before.Spurred by the oil price shocksof the1970s,the U.S. between1977and1985increasedefficiency and cut oil consumption17%(and net oil imports50%)while the economy grew27%.The key to that revolution was a huge increase in average miles-per-gallon of the U.S.automobile fleet.If we had continued to increase energy efficiency at the same rate,the stability of Iraq and Saudi Arabia would by now be of minor concern to U.S.policymakers.Instead,we bought SUVs andwastedtwo decades.
Those SUVs are no joke.In the U.S.,where70%of oil is used for transportation,any energy policy is necessarily also an automobile policy.The single key insight of Lovins'report is to focus on the needto reducethe weight of cars (without sacrificing safety)by using advanced materials like carbon fiber and composites instead of heavy steel.When powered by hybrid technologies that combine electricity with the internal-combustion engine,such light vehicles will produce enormousoil savings.Lovins proposesa nifty scheme，which would reduce the consumer price of such energy-efficient cars while increasing the price of gas guzzlers.
So far,Japanesefirms,especially Toyota and Honda,have taken the lead in advancedautomobile technology.The Japanese car industry,Lovins said to me last week,has"uninhibited visionary leadersin a country which hasno oil and is acutely aware of its oil dependence."If the U.S.automobile industry waits for years to seeif lightweight fuel-efficient cars are more than a niche business,Lovins argues,it will one day discover that it haslost anothermarket to overseasfirms.There is a need too for political leadership.Lovins insists the study's recommendations require"no
major federal legislation."But at the very least,they need a Federal Government preparedto encouragestatesand localities to experiment with policies that increase energyefficiency.
All reports that promise an easysolution to a complex problem needto be taken with a degreeof skepticism,and Winning the Oil Endgameis no exception.The usual pork-barrel politics could quickly bog down some of the policy prescriptions in the book,like loan guarantees for the development of new energy-saving technologies. But in a sensible presidential election,the recommendations of Winning the Oil Endgame would be discussedand debatedfrom now through November.Don't hold your breath.
三、阅读理解（30points）（3篇课外文章，就没法准备了。）
四、英译汉（15points）（老师讲的课文中的内容，尤其注意第 1.3.9.13单元的句子）.
1、I have never thought I was better than anyone else,but I have always believed I could not beoutworked.
参考译文：我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别
人都赶不上。
2、Except they are no longer women purchasingcosmetic from me;instead,they are kids who tell me which toys they would like to seedesignedand developed.
参考译文：只不过她们不再是从我这儿买化妆品的妇女，而是那些孩子们，他们对我说喜欢哪些设计和开发出来的玩具。
3、Humans are thought to be responsible for a large number of environmental problems,ranging from global warming to ozonedepletion.
参考译文：人类被认为应在为一系列环境问题负责：从全球温度上升到臭氧大大
减少。
4、Unlike global warming and ozone depletion--which,if the political will wasthere, could be reduced by cutting gas emissions--preserving bio-diversity remains an intractable.
参考译文：和全球温度上升到臭氧大大减少这些问题不一样，如果政府进行干
预，这两种情况可以通过减少废气的排放得以减弱，而保护生物的多样性却依然
是一个十分棘手的问题。
5、Engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of modern technology --the tools,materials,techniques,andpower sourcesthat make our lives easier.
参考译文：工程师在绝大部分现代科技的创新中发挥着直接的作用，例如：为使
生活更加轻松自如，我们靠他们才有了工具、材料、技术和能源等。
6、Even in prehistoric times,people adapted basic engineering techniques from things that were available in nature.
参考译文：甚至是在史前时期，人们就利用自然界里可获得的事物作为原始的工
程手段。
7、The growing interestin new types of machinesand new sourcesof power to drive
them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of the1700s and1800s,during which,their role expandedrapidly.
参考译文：对新型机械和驱动这些机械的动力源不断增长的兴趣促使他们引发了
18和19世纪的工业革命，在工业革命时期，工程师的作用得到迅速的扩展。
8、Becausescience and technology are progressing and changing so rapidly,today’ｓengineersmust study throughout their careersto make sure that their knowledge and expertisedo not becomeobsolete.
参考译文：因为科学技术在飞速的发展和变化，工程师在从事其事业的过程中必
须不断学习以确保他们的知识和专门技能不过时。
capital markets that has occurred in the past10
9、The globalization of the world’ｓ
yearswill replicated right acrossthe economy in the next decade.
参考译文：过去十年世界资本市场出现的全球化在未来十年中，也将在整个经济
中重现。
10、Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will becomea smaller fraction of the work force as women and minorities grow in importance.
参考译文：人口统计和不断变化的社会习俗意味着，随着妇女和少数民族重要性
的增加，白人男子在劳动力群体中所占比例将会减少。
11、In addition,the need to produce goods and servicesat quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in massproduction and the spreadinguseof participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of educationandskills.
参考译文：此外，提供有质量的产品和服务的需要（而过去认为大批量生产是不
可能做到的这一点），以及参与性管理技术的推广应用，都将要求劳动力具有更
高的教育和技术程度。
12、Each of us owes it to our spouses,our children,our friends to be ashappy aswe canbe.
参考译文：为了我们的配偶、孩子、朋友，我们每个人都有责任尽可能感受幸福。
13、Most of us compare ourselves with anyone we think is happier--a relative,an acquaintanceor,often,someonewe barely know.
参考译文：我们大多数人都爱拿自己和任何我们认为比我们幸福的人做比较--亲戚、熟人，或者常常是我们勉强算是认识的某个人。
14、Finally,the belief that something permanenttranscendsus and that our existence hassomelarger meaningcan help us behappier.
参考译文：最后，相信有某种永恒的东西超越我们，相信我们的存在具有某种更
大的意义。
五、汉译英（10points）（老师上课让做的课后练习，此部分也就看看，考试的
时候完全是课外的。要求是成句，要出来句子结构）
1、我们部门有一个助理的职位空缺。
参考译文：Thereis an opening for an assistantin our department.
2、该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。
参考译文：The organization works to promote friendship betweennations.
3、这场特大洪水给长江中下游地区造成了严重的灾害。
参考译文：The extremely heavy flood did great damage to the middle and lower reachesof the YangtzeRiver.
4、这本畅销书对读者产生了深刻的影响。
参考译文：The bestsellerhad a great impact on its readers.
5、这辆旧自行车，我最多能付你5美元。
参考译文：I cangive you5dollars,at most,for the usedbicycle.
6、他们的经济利益和政治权利都应当受到保护。
参考译文：Their political rights,as well as their economic benefits should be safeguarded.
7、科技力量上的优势帮助这家公司战胜所有对手。
8、The superiority in science and technology helped this company defeat all the rivals.
六、作文（15points）
主题：1、Social responsibility of scientistsand engineeringprofessionals
2、Education and work