必修五语法 省略句

省略句的用法
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。

按照语法的分析，句子应该具备的成分，有时出于修辞上的需要，在句中并不出现，这种句子叫做省略句（elliptical sentences，这种语法现象称为“省略”（ellipsis or leaving words out。

其特点是：虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分，但仍能表达其完整的意义。

一、简单句成分的省略
1. 省略主语。

如:
Haven't seen you for ages!好久不见了!
2.省略谓语。

如：
(Is there) Anything you want? 你要什么东西吗?
(Does) Anybody need help? 有人要帮忙吗?
3. 省略宾语。

如：
I don't know (where he is ). 我不知道。

4.省略主语和谓语（或谓语的一部分），只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其它成分。

如：
(I'm) Afraid I can't come. 恐怕我不能来了。

(Have you) Got any ink? 你有墨水吗?
－It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
－_________her this weekend?
A. Why not visit
B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visiting
D. Why don’t visit
二、复合句的省略
1.在含有状语从句的复合句中
由when，while，as, once，whenever引导的时间状语从句；或由if，unless
引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as引导的方式状语从句；由because引导的原因状语从句；由wherever引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。

例如：
When (she was) asked , she didn’t answer a word.
当她被问到的时候，她一句话也说不上来。

Water can be changed into vapor if (it is ) heated.
水如果被加热就能变成水蒸气。

We may try again when (it is) necessary .当它有必要的时候，我们可以再试一次。

We all know that, __________, the situation will get worse.
A. not if dealt carefully with
B. if not carefully deal t with
C. if dealt not carefully with
D. not if carefully deal t with
2.在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that，which, whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which。

例如：
All you ever want to do is going shopping. 你所想的就是购物。

Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carel essness in his work? 这就是他在会议上为他上班粗心解释的理由吗
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it. 使我惊奇的不是他所说的，而是他说话的方式。

—Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
—Yes，there's one point_____ we must insist on.
A．why B．where C．how D．/
3.宾语从句的省略。

如：
Tom has gone home, but I don't know why (he has gone home).汤姆已经回家了，但是我不知道为什么（他回家）。

I heard (that ) he had gone abroad. 我听说他出国了。

Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.
A. why
B. that
C. wh en
D. where
三、并列句的省略
在并列句中,如果后面的分句,与前面的分句有相同的部分,这一部分则常被省略掉,以免重复。

如:
He teaches English and his brother maths. 他教英语, 他的哥哥教数学。

We have been waiting for her to come back to see us, but (we have been waiting) in vain. 我们一直在等她回来看望我们,但我们白等了。

He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones.
A.any
B. some
C. few
D. many
四、肯定结构
So+助动词/情态动词+主语句型。

这一结构用来表示相同概念，即前面所说的情况也同样适用于另一人或物，意思是“同样”、“也那样”，常理解为倒装结构。

如：The boy died and a week later. So did his sister. 这个男孩死了，一周以后，他的姐姐也死了。

I’m an English teacher, so is my wife. 我是个英语老师，我的妻子也是。

－My room gets very cold at night.
－___________.
A. So is mine
B. So mine is
C. So doe s mine
D. So mine does
注意：有时可用so代替名词性从句,以避免重复前面所说的内容,可以用于这类结构的动词有think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, guess, hope等.肯定回答结构为"主语+动词+so",否定回答结构为"主语+助动词否定形式+动词+so"或"主语+动词+not"。

但动词为hope, guess时,否定回答只能说hope (guess) not,不能说
don't hope (guess) so。

－It is sunny today. 今天阳光灿烂。

－So it is. (=It's really sunny today.) 是的。

－Will you be able to finish your respect today?
－.
A. I like it
B. I hope so
C. I’
ll do so D. I’d love it
五、在否定结构中
由nor，neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。

例如：
－
I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! 我再也不去那家餐馆了。

饭菜太难吃了！
－Neither would I .我也不去了。

If Joe' s wife won' t go to the party, _______.
A. he will either
B. neither will he
C.he ne ither will
D. either he will
六、不定式的省略
1. 在
see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感观动词及使役动词let ,make ,have 后的"宾语+动词不定式作宾语补足语"的结构中，不定式符号to须省略，但这类结构变成被动语态时，其后的不定式要还原加上to。

如：
I haven't told you that my family made a lot of money in t he nineteenth century by making children work 16 hours a day in the ir factories.
The children were made to work more than 16 hours a day.
－Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
－Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____ you to your room.
A. show
B. shows
C. to show
D. showing
2. 系动词（be）+形容词，即
be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式时有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号，例如：
－Could you go shopping with me?
－I'm glad to (go shopping with you).
－
I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my c at?
－Not at all. ______ .
A. I've no time
B. I'd rather not
C. I'd like it
D. I'll be happy to
3. mean, try, want, would like, would love, afford等后面接不定式时：
－Did you get a ticket?
－No, I meant to (get one), but there weren't any left.
－Why haven’t you bought any butter ?
－I _______ to but I forgot about it.
A. liked
B. wished
C. meant
D. expected
4. tell, warn, order, advise, ask等动词后接不定式作宾语补足语
时：
The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab)
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his m other told him ______ .
A. not to
B. not to do
C. not do it
D. do not to
【跟踪精炼】
I. 单项填空：
1. －Which would you like, chicken or fish? －________
A. I don't think so.
B. What if?
C. Both.
D. Neither can I .
2. You may take them all home ________ .
A. if possible
B. if can
C. unless so
D. even if you can
3. －Hello, may I speak to Bill, please? －________ .
A. Bill speaking
B. That's Bill
C. Speaking to Bill
D. I 'm speaking
4. －I think you look very nice in the red dress. －
________ .
A. Oh, no, not nice at all
B. Glad you think so
C. Don't like red
D. You are kind, indeed
5. －I'm so tired, working all morning on the farm.
－Why not take a rest, then? －________ .
A. Because I can't afford it
B. Maybe I should
C. I don't know
D. Sorry, I can't tell you
6. If you go to the West Lake in Hangzhou, you'll find it more attractive than commonly ________ .
A. supposing
B. to suppose
C. supposed
D. is supposed
7. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients don't take medicine __.
A. like directed
B. to be directed
C. as directed
D. so t hat directed
8. The man stopped from time to time ________ whether he was being followed.
A. as if found
B. as to find
C. as if to find
D. when found
9. To tell the truth, I won't go to the party ________ .
A. so as to invite
B. even if invited
C. if inviting
D. if invite
10. Water, ________ enough, can change into vapor quickly
A. when heated
B. heating
C. though to be heated
D. when is heated
11.One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ____.
A. the other is white
B. another white
C. the other white
D. another is white
12. The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins
B. having begun
C. beginning
D. begun
13. — Are there any English story books for us students in the library?
— There are only a few, ______.
A. if any
B. if there
C. if some
D. if has
14. — Would you like to go with us?
— Yes, ______.
A. I’d
B. I’d like
C. I’d like to
D. I’d like to do
15. — Would you like to have a try once again?
— ____.
A. Yes, I like
B. No, I don’t like it
C. Yes, I want very much
D. Yes, I’d like to
16. — What do you think made Mary so upset?
— ____ her bicycle.
A. As she lost
B. Lost
C. Losing
D. Because of losing
17. — When did they get down to the job?
— ____.
A. Until they left
B. Till they arrived
C. Since they finished it
D. Not until they turned to me
18. — Are you angry?
— Yes. He should at least answer when ____.
A. speaking
B. spoken to
C. spoken
D. speaking to
19.He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones.
A. any
B. some
C. few
D. many
20.____ and I’ll get the work finished.
A. Have one more hour
B. One more hour
C. Given one more hour
D. If I have one more hour
II.把省略的部分补充完整：
1. Someone has used my bike, but I don’
t know who ________.
2. ______ sorry I’ve kept you waiting so long.
3.Where is the book ____I bought this morning?
4. I shall never forget the day ____ we first spent.
5. It’s important that we ______ speak to the old politely.
6. The way ____ you answered the question was excellent.
7. The reason ___ he came so early is his own affair.
8. What a hot day_______!
9. Though ____ tired, they went on working.
10. This car doesn’t run as fast as that one ______.。