药物经济学基本概念与基本研究方法简介
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• 直接医疗成本 (direct medical cost) • 直接非医疗成本 (direct non-medical cost)
– 间接成本 (indirect cost) – 无形成本/隐性成本 (intangible cost)
• 另一成本分类: – 卫生服务部门的成本 (costs to health care sector) – 其他部门的成本 (costs to other sectors) – 患者及其家庭的成本 (patient and family costs) – 生产力成本 (productivity costs)
• TreeAge, MS Excel, R...
•
•
2
合理用药与药品价值
• 合理用药:安全、有效、经济
• 临床价值 + 经济价值
– 安全性 – 疗效(临床试验、临床实践) – 成本-效果比
3
Demonstrating product value
• 安全性: Benefit/risk (harm) eg,苯丙醇胺(PPA)、 罗非昔布(万络,Vioxx)
• 视角/角度 (perspective)
15
直接医疗成本 (Direct Medical Costs)
• • • • • • • Medications 药品 Medication monitoring 药物监测 Medication administration 给药 Patient counseling & consultations • 患者咨询 • Diagnostic tests • 诊断测试 • • • • • • • • • • Hospitalizations 住院(含ICU) Clinic visits 门诊 / 诊所 Emergency Dept. visits 急诊 Home medical visits 家庭医疗服务 Ambulance services 救护车
Source: Djulbegovic, B. and A. Paul, From efficacy to effectiveness in the face of uncertainty: indication creep and prevention creep. JAMA, 2011. 305(19): p. 2005-6.
Pharmacoeconomic Methodologies
Method of Analysis
Cost minimization
8
Pharmacoeconomics
Definition
药物经济学是对药物治疗相对于医药卫生系统及
社会的成本(和结果)的描述和分析。
药物经济学研究 识别、测量、比较药品和药学
服务的成本(即消费的资源)和结果。
Townsend RJ, Postmarketing Drug Research and Development Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 1987:21
Source: 中国药物经济学评价指南. /PEguidelines/source/China-Guidelinesfor-Pharmacoeconomic-Evaluations_2011_Chinese.pdf
20
An Example
• Total hospital costs in 2004
Clinical Outcomes
Economic Outcomes
Humanistic Outcomes
7
HRQoL
• 研究表明在结直肠癌继发肝癌患者中,健康相关生 活质量 (HRQoL) 是比CT扫描和肿瘤大小测定都更 强及更好的生存预测因素。1 • HRQoL在慢性髓性白血病 (CML) 研究中已经成为 一个重要的研究兴趣。2
直接非医疗成本 (Direct Nonmedical Costs)
• Travel costs to receive health care
• 差旅
• Nonmedical assistance related to condition
• 非医疗救助,如对残疾人患者的生活服务等
• Hotel stays for patient or family related to condition
– $22,538.10
• Converting to 2007 USD
– Medical Component of CPI
• 2004 = 4.4% 2005 = 4.3% • 2006 = 4.1% 2007 = 4.1%
• Formula
– $??? in 2007 USD
21
药物经济学研究的基本方法
• 住宿
• Child care services for children of parents
• 由于父/母患病而对未成年人的监护
17
间接成本 (Indirect Costs)
• No money is exchanged.
• 没有金钱的交换
• Lost productivity for patient
5
EBM, HTA, and CER
Source: Luce BR, Drummond M, Jonsson B, et al. EBM, HTA, and CER: clearing the confusion. Milbank Q 2010;88:256-76. 6
Health Economics and Outcomes Research
• Why HEOR and PE? – 更加有效地配置有限的卫生资源(少花钱,多办事,办好事;性价 比高) • 健康结果 (Health outcomes):ECHO模型 – 人文结果,又称健康相关生活质量 (Health Related Quality of Life, HRQoL) 及患者报告的健康结果 (Patient-Reported Outcomes, PROs)
• 患者失id caregiver
• 未支付报酬的护理人员 失去的生产力
• Lost productivity because of premature mortality
• 早亡而导致的失去生产力
18
隐性成本 (Intangible Costs) • Pain and suffering
12
成本: 研究视角、分类、贴现
政府 Government 患者 Patient 医院 Hospital 社会 Society
Perspective
保险商 Insurer Health Care Professional
药物经济学评价可能的研究视角
成本 (cost) 的分类
• 成本分为: – 直接成本
• 疼痛和痛苦
• Fatigue
• 疲乏
• Anxiety
• 焦虑
19
金钱的时间价值
– 今天借出¥10,000, 对方5年后归还¥10,000
• Inflation? Deflation? Stagflation? • 通货膨胀 / 通货紧缩 / 滞胀(经济停滞、高通胀)
• Discount rate(贴现率)
– 将不同年份的金钱价值转化为当前价值 – “如果疾病治疗的时间超过一年,就应该对成本进行贴现。 贴现率(Discount Rate)一般为市场利率,建议采用一 年期的国家指导利率或国债利率进行贴现。贴现率应该进 行敏感性分析,波动范围建议在0%~8%之间。”* – 国家统计局发布的CPI及GDP折算
Source: Cox ER, Schafermeyer KW. Chapter 18--Pharmacoeconomics. In: McCarthy RL, Schafermeyer KW, eds. Introduction to Health Care Delivery: A Primer for Pharmacists. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2007:481-508.
药物经济学基本概念 与基本研究方法简介
张延军
2015年7月3日 上海
概要
• 卫生经济学和健康结果研究,Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) – 卫生技术评估, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) 药物经济学,Pharmacoeconomics – 视角 (perspective)、成本分类、时间范围 (time horizon)、贴现 (discounting)、敏感性分析 药物经济学研究的基本方法 – 成本最小化分析, cost-minimization analysis (CMA) – 成本-效果分析, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) – 成本-效用分析, cost-utility analysis (CUA) – 成本-效益分析, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) – 疾病成本研究, cost of illness – 预算影响分析, budget impact analysis (BIA) – 临床试验 (RCT)、数据库 (database) – 决策树, decision tree; 马可夫模型, Markov model
经济性,Cost-effectiveness
/journals/cpm/2008/04-April%202008/023-IMS.pdf
4
Demonstrating product value –cont’d
• Efficacy: 疗效(随机对照临床试验,RCT) – “Can intervention work in the ideal study setting?” • Effectiveness: 效果(真实世界数据、证据) – “Does it work, generalized to real-world settings and applied to individual patients?” • Cost-effectiveness – “Is it worth it and should it be paid for?”
1. Earlam S, Glover C, Fordy C, Burke D, Allen-Mersh TG. Relation between tumor size, quality of life, and survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 171–175. 2. Guilhot, J., et al., Definitions, methodological and statistical issues for phase 3 clinical trials in chronic myeloid leukemia: a proposal by the European LeukemiaNet. Blood, 2012. 119(25): p. 5963-71.
Pharmacoeconomics
COSTS ($)
RX
OUTCOMES
Costs = costs associated w/ providing pharmacy product or service Rx = pharmacy product or service Outcomes = outcome of the product or service
Relationship of Pharmacoeconomics to Other Research
Pharmacy-related clinical or humanistic outcomes research
Pharmacoeconomics
Health care economics
When to do economic evaluation?
– 间接成本 (indirect cost) – 无形成本/隐性成本 (intangible cost)
• 另一成本分类: – 卫生服务部门的成本 (costs to health care sector) – 其他部门的成本 (costs to other sectors) – 患者及其家庭的成本 (patient and family costs) – 生产力成本 (productivity costs)
• TreeAge, MS Excel, R...
•
•
2
合理用药与药品价值
• 合理用药:安全、有效、经济
• 临床价值 + 经济价值
– 安全性 – 疗效(临床试验、临床实践) – 成本-效果比
3
Demonstrating product value
• 安全性: Benefit/risk (harm) eg,苯丙醇胺(PPA)、 罗非昔布(万络,Vioxx)
• 视角/角度 (perspective)
15
直接医疗成本 (Direct Medical Costs)
• • • • • • • Medications 药品 Medication monitoring 药物监测 Medication administration 给药 Patient counseling & consultations • 患者咨询 • Diagnostic tests • 诊断测试 • • • • • • • • • • Hospitalizations 住院(含ICU) Clinic visits 门诊 / 诊所 Emergency Dept. visits 急诊 Home medical visits 家庭医疗服务 Ambulance services 救护车
Source: Djulbegovic, B. and A. Paul, From efficacy to effectiveness in the face of uncertainty: indication creep and prevention creep. JAMA, 2011. 305(19): p. 2005-6.
Pharmacoeconomic Methodologies
Method of Analysis
Cost minimization
8
Pharmacoeconomics
Definition
药物经济学是对药物治疗相对于医药卫生系统及
社会的成本(和结果)的描述和分析。
药物经济学研究 识别、测量、比较药品和药学
服务的成本(即消费的资源)和结果。
Townsend RJ, Postmarketing Drug Research and Development Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 1987:21
Source: 中国药物经济学评价指南. /PEguidelines/source/China-Guidelinesfor-Pharmacoeconomic-Evaluations_2011_Chinese.pdf
20
An Example
• Total hospital costs in 2004
Clinical Outcomes
Economic Outcomes
Humanistic Outcomes
7
HRQoL
• 研究表明在结直肠癌继发肝癌患者中,健康相关生 活质量 (HRQoL) 是比CT扫描和肿瘤大小测定都更 强及更好的生存预测因素。1 • HRQoL在慢性髓性白血病 (CML) 研究中已经成为 一个重要的研究兴趣。2
直接非医疗成本 (Direct Nonmedical Costs)
• Travel costs to receive health care
• 差旅
• Nonmedical assistance related to condition
• 非医疗救助,如对残疾人患者的生活服务等
• Hotel stays for patient or family related to condition
– $22,538.10
• Converting to 2007 USD
– Medical Component of CPI
• 2004 = 4.4% 2005 = 4.3% • 2006 = 4.1% 2007 = 4.1%
• Formula
– $??? in 2007 USD
21
药物经济学研究的基本方法
• 住宿
• Child care services for children of parents
• 由于父/母患病而对未成年人的监护
17
间接成本 (Indirect Costs)
• No money is exchanged.
• 没有金钱的交换
• Lost productivity for patient
5
EBM, HTA, and CER
Source: Luce BR, Drummond M, Jonsson B, et al. EBM, HTA, and CER: clearing the confusion. Milbank Q 2010;88:256-76. 6
Health Economics and Outcomes Research
• Why HEOR and PE? – 更加有效地配置有限的卫生资源(少花钱,多办事,办好事;性价 比高) • 健康结果 (Health outcomes):ECHO模型 – 人文结果,又称健康相关生活质量 (Health Related Quality of Life, HRQoL) 及患者报告的健康结果 (Patient-Reported Outcomes, PROs)
• 患者失id caregiver
• 未支付报酬的护理人员 失去的生产力
• Lost productivity because of premature mortality
• 早亡而导致的失去生产力
18
隐性成本 (Intangible Costs) • Pain and suffering
12
成本: 研究视角、分类、贴现
政府 Government 患者 Patient 医院 Hospital 社会 Society
Perspective
保险商 Insurer Health Care Professional
药物经济学评价可能的研究视角
成本 (cost) 的分类
• 成本分为: – 直接成本
• 疼痛和痛苦
• Fatigue
• 疲乏
• Anxiety
• 焦虑
19
金钱的时间价值
– 今天借出¥10,000, 对方5年后归还¥10,000
• Inflation? Deflation? Stagflation? • 通货膨胀 / 通货紧缩 / 滞胀(经济停滞、高通胀)
• Discount rate(贴现率)
– 将不同年份的金钱价值转化为当前价值 – “如果疾病治疗的时间超过一年,就应该对成本进行贴现。 贴现率(Discount Rate)一般为市场利率,建议采用一 年期的国家指导利率或国债利率进行贴现。贴现率应该进 行敏感性分析,波动范围建议在0%~8%之间。”* – 国家统计局发布的CPI及GDP折算
Source: Cox ER, Schafermeyer KW. Chapter 18--Pharmacoeconomics. In: McCarthy RL, Schafermeyer KW, eds. Introduction to Health Care Delivery: A Primer for Pharmacists. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2007:481-508.
药物经济学基本概念 与基本研究方法简介
张延军
2015年7月3日 上海
概要
• 卫生经济学和健康结果研究,Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) – 卫生技术评估, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) 药物经济学,Pharmacoeconomics – 视角 (perspective)、成本分类、时间范围 (time horizon)、贴现 (discounting)、敏感性分析 药物经济学研究的基本方法 – 成本最小化分析, cost-minimization analysis (CMA) – 成本-效果分析, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) – 成本-效用分析, cost-utility analysis (CUA) – 成本-效益分析, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) – 疾病成本研究, cost of illness – 预算影响分析, budget impact analysis (BIA) – 临床试验 (RCT)、数据库 (database) – 决策树, decision tree; 马可夫模型, Markov model
经济性,Cost-effectiveness
/journals/cpm/2008/04-April%202008/023-IMS.pdf
4
Demonstrating product value –cont’d
• Efficacy: 疗效(随机对照临床试验,RCT) – “Can intervention work in the ideal study setting?” • Effectiveness: 效果(真实世界数据、证据) – “Does it work, generalized to real-world settings and applied to individual patients?” • Cost-effectiveness – “Is it worth it and should it be paid for?”
1. Earlam S, Glover C, Fordy C, Burke D, Allen-Mersh TG. Relation between tumor size, quality of life, and survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 171–175. 2. Guilhot, J., et al., Definitions, methodological and statistical issues for phase 3 clinical trials in chronic myeloid leukemia: a proposal by the European LeukemiaNet. Blood, 2012. 119(25): p. 5963-71.
Pharmacoeconomics
COSTS ($)
RX
OUTCOMES
Costs = costs associated w/ providing pharmacy product or service Rx = pharmacy product or service Outcomes = outcome of the product or service
Relationship of Pharmacoeconomics to Other Research
Pharmacy-related clinical or humanistic outcomes research
Pharmacoeconomics
Health care economics
When to do economic evaluation?