医学 外科无菌术PPT课件

灭菌法 Sterilization
是事先用物理的方法,杀灭将与手术区或切口 接触的器械、物品上附着的微生物(包括带芽 胞的)。
抗菌法(消毒法) Disinfection
是应用化学药物杀灭或清除人体或物品 上的病原微生物
有关的操作规则和管理制度是使已经灭菌 和消毒的物品、已作无菌准备的手术人员 和手术区不再被污染的保证。
Aseptic techniques are used to prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and the patient during surgery. Aseptic techniques are also used to prevent bacterial contamination in food industry.
1. Number of Microbes: The more microbes present, the more time it takes to eliminate population.
2. Type of Microbes: Endospores are very difficult to destroy. Vegetative pathogens vary widely in susceptibility to different methods of microbial control.
外科无菌术
是针对感染来源所采取的预防措施,由机械性 除菌法、灭菌法、抗菌法和一定的操作规则 及管理制度组成。
是以预防手术伤口感染为主,是各种手术、穿 刺、注射、插管、换药等过程中必须遵守的 原则和应用方法。
外源性沾染 直接接触 空气飞沫 内源性沾染 肠道
沾染→感染 细菌的数量和毒力 机体的抗感染能力
无菌术方法的分类
机械除菌法
清洁作用 隔离作用 净化作用
刷洗 口罩帽子手术衣铺巾 手术室的超滤设备
3. Environmental influences: Presence of organic material (blood, feces, saliva) tends to inhibit antimicrobials, pH etc.
4. Time of Exposure: Chemical antimicrobials and radiation treatments are more effective at longer times. In heat treatments, longer exposure compensates for lower temperatures.
Use of spices in cooking was to mask taste of spoiled food. Some spices prevented spoilage.
In mid 1800s Semmelweiss and Lister helped developed aseptic techniques to prevent contamination of surgical wounds.
1867年 Lister 石炭酸溶液预防伤口感染
无菌术的范畴
灭菌
Sterilization: Killing or removing all forms of microbial life (including endospores) in a material or an object.
Commercial Sterilization: Heat treatment that kills endospores of Clostridium botulinum the causative agent of botulism, in canned food. 、
无菌术的范畴
预防院内感染 Nosocomial infections
Sepsis: Comes from Greek for decay or putrid. Indicates bacterial contamination.
Asepsis: Absence of significant contamination.
无菌术的范畴
抗菌
Disinfection: Reducing the number of pathogenic microorganisms to the point where they no longer cause diseases. Usually involves the removal of vegetative or non-endospore forming pathogens. Disinfectant: Applied to inanimate objects Antiseptic: Applied to living tissue (antisepsis). Degerming: Mechanical removal of most microbes in a limited area. Example: Alcohol swab on skin. Sanitization: Use of chemical agent on foodhandling equipment to meet public health standards and minimize chances of disease transmission. E.g: Hot soap & water.
无菌术Biblioteka Baidu
Introduction
Early civilizations practiced salting, smoking, pickling, drying, and exposure of food and clothing to sunlight to control microbial growth.