五种基本句型归纳

五种基本句型
第一讲主谓型（1）词类和句子成分概述
1 十大词类
实词：可以在句子里面充当成分，可以独立出现
1）名词n. 表示人和事物的名称，作主语、宾语等
2）代词pron. 代替名词数词等，作主语、宾语等
3）动词v. 表示动作，做谓语
4）形容词adj. 表示人或事物的特征，作定语、表语，译作“….的”
5）副词adv. 表示动作特征或性状特征，修饰动词，形容词或其它副词，做状语，译作“…地”
6）数词num. 表示数目或顺序，做主语、宾语、表语、定语等
虚词：不能独立出现
1）冠词art. 用在名词前帮助说明其意义，a/an/the
2）介词prep. 用在名词，代词等前面，说明它与别的词之间的关系
3）连词conj. 用来连接词与词或句与句
4）感叹词interj. 表示说话时的感情或口气
学习单词词性，结合句子记住，并在使用中慢慢记住（记住，学习不是一次性的）如：
死：die, dead, death
1)He will die.
2)He is dead.
3)His death surprises us.
2. 句子成分
1）主要成分：主语、谓语（必须有）
2）特定成分：宾语、表语、补语（在某种特定的句型里面出现）
3）附加成分：定语、状语（可有可无，可多可少）
第一讲主谓型（2）主语、谓语和状语
一主语
1)The teacher smiled.
2)The boy has arrived.
3)The sun has risen.
4)I don’t know.
主语表示这个句子要陈述的主题。

句子要谈论的是“谁”或者“什么”。

通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。

补：有时候句子的主语可以是并列的两个甚至多个：
The boys, the girls and their parents are waiting.
二谓语
1)The teacher smiled.
2)The boy has arrived.
3)The sun has risen.
4)I don’t know.
●谓语表示主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”。

表示主语的动作或状态。

●注意：谓语由动词充当（有时态、语态、语气的变化）。

●英语句子必须有动词。

补：1) 有些句子有两个甚至多个并列谓语：
We waited and waited.
2) “情态动词+V原”构成复合谓语：
I can swim. / We must leave.
三状语
1)The teacher smiled.
2)The teacher smiled (happily).
3)The teacher smiled (yesterday).
4)The teacher smiled (in his office).
5)The teacher smiled (happily) (in his office) (yesterday).
●在动词后面加上副词，介词短语等来修饰动词，叫做状语。

●顺序一般为方式，地点，时间，其中地点和时间从小到大排列。

●一般放句末，如果表示强调是可以提到句首。

●可有可无，可多可少。

例：1) I get up (at six in the morning).
2) I get up (at six in the morning these years).
3) I live in (Xiamen, Fujian, China).
补：频度副词则放在主语和谓语动词之间：
I (often) get up (at six in the morning).
常见频度副词：Always
Usually
Often
Seldom
Hardly ever
Never
状语小结：
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的，有的修饰全局。

状语通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等充当。

表示动作发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、条件等。

一般放在句末或句首，频度副词则放在主语和谓语动词之间。

第一讲主谓型（3）there be 句型
1.There be句型表示“某处有某物”，是一种特殊的主谓句型：
1) There is a book (in the box).
2) There are seven days (in a week).
2.There be 中be的单复数由它后面的主语决定：
1)There are two pictures on the wall.
2)There is a football on the floor.
3.由and连接的几个名词或代词时，就近原则：
1)There is a pen, an eraser and some pencils (in the pencil-box).
2)There is an eraser, a pen and some pencils (in the pencil-box).
3)There are some pencils, a pen and an eraser (in the pencil-box).
第二讲主谓型宾（1）宾语、及物动词与不及物动词
一宾语
分析下面句子：
We study English.
宾语是动作、行为的对象，或者说是动作的承受者。

和主语一样，通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。

例：
1)The children are watching TV.
2)I love you.
1)The children are watching TV (now).
2)The children are watching TV (in the room now).
3)The children are watching TV (quietly in the room now).
4)I love you (very much).
5)He often helps us.
6)She played the piano yesterday evening.
7)The students played football here just now.
注意：区分主谓型和主谓宾句型：
We study (hard). (主谓型)
We study English. (主谓宾型)
同一个动词study，但是在不同的句型中理解不同。

在第一句里面是不及物动词vi. 不带宾语。

第二句则是及物动词vt.可以带宾语。

二及物动词和不及物动词
主谓型——不及物动词（vi.）
主谓宾型——及物动词（vt.）
不及物动词（vi.）
（不能带宾语）
实义动词或行为动词（在句中独立做谓语）
及物动词（vt.）
（需要带宾语）
1.多数动词既可用作及物动词，又可用作不及物动词。

Eg:
1)We are singing. (vi.主谓型)
2)We are singing an English song. (vt.主谓宾型)
1)I often read. (vi.主谓型)
2)I often read newspapers. (vt.主谓宾型)
2.少数动词只能作不及物动词（vi.）。

常见的有come, go, arrive, happen, sit, cry,
listen, agree等。

它们不能带宾语，后面不能直接跟名词或代词。

若要跟名词或代词须加适当的介词。

Eg:
1)We will come here tomorrow.
2)We will come to Shenzhen tomorrow.
Go here/ go there/ go home/ go to school/ go to bed（为什么有些加to，有些不加）
有些不及物动词加上介词后，构成固定搭配，叫做短语动词，看成一个动词使用。

这类固定搭配相当于既无动词。

Eg:
1)He is looking.
2)He is looking at me.
3)He is looking for his backpack.
4)He is looking after his mother.
3.也有些动词只能用作及物动词（vt.），后面必须带宾语，否则句子不完整。

如
love, like, buy, serve等。

Eg：
1)I love you.
2)I like swimming.
到达：reach(vt.) arrive(vi.) get(vi.)
1)He reached (here) just now.
2)He reached/arrived at/ got to Beijing just now.
请认真体会以下句子的句型和句子成分：
1)He waited (in the rain yesterday).
2)He waited for you (in the rain yesterday).
3)He served people.
4)I have no brothers or sisters.
5)They are having English class.
第二讲主谓型宾（1）定语、同位语、have与there be的区别
一定语
1.有时句子的名词或代词会被修饰或者限制。

A girl is waiting for you.
A <beautiful> girl is waiting for you.
定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的一种成分，它可以由形容词、介词短语、名词、数词、不定式、分词、动名词、从句等充当。

2.定语的位置
1.一个单词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词前面：
I like the <interesting> story.
2.短语或句子作定语放在被修饰名词后面：
He will buy the bag <on the table>.
3.例外：不定代词something, anything, nothing的定语一定后置：
There is something <strange> (in the sky).
请认真体会以下句子：
1)He lives in the <small> building <next to my house>.
2)The man <under the tall tree> will speak to you.
二同位语
有时，一个名词或代词后面可以跟一个名词、短语或句子，对前者作进一步的解释，说明它指的是谁或者什么等，叫做同位语。

同位语主要由名词，形容词，数词，代词或从句充当。

1)You three sit (here).
2)I know them all.
3)Mr.li, my teacher, helps me (a lot).
4)Then we three, Li Ping, Zhang Hua and myself, began to get things ready for the
trip.
三there be 与have用法区别
There be是存在的“有”，是“某处有某物”；have是“拥有”。

（另外还表示“吃”，“上课”）。

Eg:
1)I have 100 dollars.
2)There is 100 dollars in the box.
1)I have 100 guns.
2)There are 100 guns in the box.
第三讲主谓宾宾型
一、分析下面句子：
I’ll teach you English.
间接宾语（由名词或代词充当）
双宾语
直接宾语（由名词或从句充当）
请认真体会一下句子的句型和句子成分：
1)I’ll bring you some new books.
2)He returned me the money (in time).
3)They sent their son a car.
4)My uncle bought me a bike (last week).
5)Mother made me a new shirt (last Sunday).
注意：五种句型都要看动词，什么动词带什么宾语。

有些及物动词只能带一个宾语，有些能带两个宾语。

而有些动词只能带复合宾语。

可以带双宾语的常见动词有：
1)Give, show, pass, hand, send, lend, read, write, bring, leave, throw, return, tell,
teach, pay, offer, allow, wish, refuse, promise等
2)Make, buy, sing, cook, get, find, do, fetch, paint, play, save, order, spare, book
等
3)Cost, kiss, keep, mean, forgive, set等
二、“主谓宾宾”型：
1）主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+直接宾语（物）+介词短语（人）
Eg:
1)He returned me the money in time.
2)He returned the money [to] me in time.
1)My uncle bought me a bike last week.
2)My uncle bought a bike [for] me last week.
间接宾语放直接宾语后，加to：
1)Give, show, pass, hand, send, lend, read, write, bring, leave, throw, return, tell,
teach, pay, offer, allow, wish, refuse, promise等
间接宾语放直接宾语后，加for：
2)Make, buy, sing, cook, get, find, do, fetch, paint, play, save, order, spare, book,
leave等
间接宾语不宜放在直接宾语后：
3)Cost, kiss, keep, mean, forgive, set等
Eg:
1)show…to…给…看…
show the new car to us
=show us the new car
2)make…for…为…做…
make some cakes for you
=make you some cakes
请认真体会一下句子的句型和句子成分：
1)He gave her a notebook. (to)
He gave a notebook to her.
2)I sang them two songs. (for)
I sang two songs for them.
3)昨天下午5点钟我在街上把钱还给张华了。

I returned Zhang Hua the money in the street at 5 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
I returned the money to Zhang Hua in the street at 5 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
巧记口诀供参考：
1.“七给”一“带”to不少，“买”“画”“制作”for来了
“七给”（give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand）和“带”（bring）8个及物动词，在直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加上“to”。

如：He lent some money to me. “买”（buy），“画”（draw），“制作”（make）三个动词，在直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加上“for”。

如：Mother bought a new dress for me.
2.有些及物动词后跟双宾语只能用“及物动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾语”结构，
而不能用“及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构，这类词可以先记住这句话：“Dear Miss W.”（亲爱的W小姐）：
W小姐真可爱，待（带）人接物很特别。

不论人前或人后，总是不忘把to带。

Dear Miss W.---d eclare, e xplain, a nnounce, r eport, m urmur, i ntroduce, s ay,
s uggest, w hisper.
如：He explained the long difficult sentence to us
He explained to us the long difficult sentence.
一、分析下面句子：
They (always) keep the room clean.
宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语“怎么样”、“是什么”、“做什么”的成分。

简称宾补。

宾补一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式或分词充当。

宾语+宾补复合宾语
请认真体会一下句子的句型和句子成分：
1)They make the girl monitor of the class. （名词）
2)The news made us happy. （形容词）
3)I found everything in good order. （介词短语）
二、双宾语和复合宾语的区别：
双宾语：间宾表示人，直宾表示事物，两者没有关系。

复合宾语：宾补是补充说明宾语的，两者有关系。

1)He passed me a pen.
2)We consider that a lie.
另：形容词、介词短语可做复合宾语中的宾语补足语，不能作双宾语中的直接宾语。

1)They made us a big cake.
2)They made me captain of the team.
3)They made me angry.
4)We found her out.
5)Let him in.
一、系动词与表语：
I [a student].
英语中有一类动词叫连系动词，它后面用来说明主语“是什么”、“怎么样”的成分，叫做表语。

Be（am is are）是一个很常用的连系动词。

1)The man is [forty years old].
2)We are [from China].
表语多由形容词、介词短语、数词、名词、不定式、动名词、分词及从句充当。

1)The boy is [clever].
2)My dad is [old.]
3)Your pen is [in the desk].
4)The house is [very large].
5)They are [Chinese].
6)He is[at home] (now).
7)The girl is [beautiful].
8)The book is [thick].
9)These boxes are [very heavy].
10)Your pen is [under your desk].
11)I am [17 years old].
12)The food is [delicious].
13)Your son is [so cute].
14)That girl was [me].
系动词be有时翻译成“是”，更多的时候不译出来，受中文影响，翻译成英语时容易丢掉。

注意：英语句子中必须有动词。

丢掉连系动词，就是不完整的句子了。

请翻译一下句子：
1）去年他16岁，今年他17岁。

2）他在二年级一班。

3）你爸爸在上海。

4）你很帅。

5）这孩子很聪明。

6）这故事很有趣。

注意：只要句子谓语已经有实义动词，就不要乱用系动词be了。

（构成有关时态、语态和语气的be动词，不是系动词，而是助动词。

）
改错：
1)She very tall.
2)The problem easy.
3)The shoes on the floor.
4)The old man 90 years old.
5)I am play table tennis every Saturday.
6)We are go to school at 6 o’clock in the morning.
7)He was got up early this morning.
试对比下面两句话：
1)You like your father. （实义动词“喜欢”）
2)You are like your father. （介词短语）
二、其他连系动词
某些动词在表示某些特定意义的时候，也可以作连系动词用。

1.表示持续状态或结果（状态）：keep, remain, continue, stay, prove, turn out
1)The students keep quiet in class.
2)I remain happy.
3)We stayed single all his life.
4)My father continues in good health.
5)He proved honest.
6)The weather turned out fine.
2.感官连系动词（感觉）：look, sound, smell, taste, feel, (seem, appear)
1)You look sad.
2)It tastes good.
3)The flower smells fragrant.
4)Your hands feel cold.
5)His idea sounds reasonable.
6)The farm looks like a large beautiful garden.
7)He seemed tired last night.
8)I felt tired after the long journey.
9)Everyone appears well prepared.
10)Everything tastes great.
3.表示变化的连系动词（变化）：become, get, turn, go, come, tall
1)He became a teacher at last.
2)She became famous in 1990.
3)My dream will come true.
4)Children fall asleep easily.
5)The weather gets warm in spring.
6)The trees turn green.
7)Eggs go bad in hot weather.
8)The village has grown larger.
连系动词的一个显著特点：后面可以直接跟形容词作表语。

若把其他连系动词换成be，句子仍然讲得通，只是意思没有原来那么丰富罢了。

根据连系动词的这一特点，我们可以从句子中判断一个动词是不是联系动词。

除了典型的连系动词be以外，其他连系动词本身又可以作实义动词用。

至于什么时候连系动词，什么时候是实义动词，要结合词义和句型来判断。

1)He is . He works . (slow, slowly)
2)The bird looks . The bird sings . (beautiful,
beautifully)
3)The teacher became just now. He shouted . (angry, angrily)
4)He is still now. In another word, he remains . (angry, angrily)
5)The work was . He finished it . (easy. easily)
6)I am . I do my homework . (careful, carefully)
7)The fish has gone .(bad, badly)
8)The fish swim . (free, freely)
9)The dish tastes . He plays tennis . (good, well)
10)She seemed . She talked . (happy, happily)
对于形容词和副词同形的单词，根据句子结构就可判断他们的词性：
1)The horse is very fast. It runs very fast.
2)You are always early. You get up early, go to school early and finish homework
early.
3)Sorry! I’m late. I got up late.。