英文摘要写作Summary(ppt)
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• First the author …………. • The author begins by stating that users should………. • He then points out that……. • In the second part of the article…….. • In the final section of the article, the author suggests……………..(Signals an End!)
Step 2: Read the work through a first time.
1) Do not slow down or turn back. 2) Mark main points and key supporting details, including: • all items noted in your preview • definitions, examples, and lists
Using transitions in the body You will have to use transitions and other kinds of language to make your summary flow (sound better).
Using transitions in the body
Writing a Summary: Points to Remember
• Do not write an overly detailed summary: the point is to reduce the work to its essence. essence • Use your own voice. Do not imitate the style of the work. • Quote from the material sparingly to illustrate major ideas -- stick to paraphrase for the most part. • Preserve the balance and proportion of the original work. If 70% of the work is devoted to one idea, 70% of your summary should cover the same idea.
Writing the Summary
• Identify the main word or idea in each paragraph. • Paraphrase the main idea • Compile sentence paraphrases • Rough Summary
Paragraph
suggests notes implies asserts advises points out declares
explains establishes contends claims describes finds proposes
Academic Language
Some introductory phrases : 1. (The author) states in (this article) that... 2. (The author, in (this article) shows that... 3. In (this article), (the author) writes that... 4. As (the author) says in (this article), ... 5. The main idea of (the author's article) is
• • • •
What is Rough Draft?
• • • • Write sentences in order Could try organizational chart Rearrange sentences as needed Add Overall Main Idea with citation information (Thesis) • Add Transition words • Check grammar
What is NOT Main Idea?
• Small details • Sub points • Unimportant actions
What is Paraphrase?
• Using the author’s ideas but your own words and vocabulary. • If using more than three or four exact words of the author, not a paraphrase. • Change the word order. • Change the vocabulary- nouns, verbs, etc. • Change the length.
• Introductory sentence should be general – in one sentence try to provide a general overview (consider the purpose) of the article …the instructor provides details for students' successful completion of the class.
Catherine Coleman explains… Coleman states ….
Paraphrase, Summary, & Quote
• About same amount of words (Own Words) • Less words (Own Words) • Quote (Authors Words)
Example Paraphrase
Students are expected to read course texts before class to prepare for class discussion. Do your homework before class. Read the assigned material. Preparation is important. Others?
Body of Summary (Middle) • After your introductory sentence, insert all of the sentences you wrote. • Now you have a body. • Now work with the language. Change all those “says”, “talks about” to different verbs “describes” “states”, etc.
Chart into Sentences
Syllabus Main Idea Notes 1. Being on time is important. Possible Sentences a) Mrs. Coleman states students shouldn’t be tardy or turn in late work. b) The syllabus explains what will happen if students are not on time with their presence or work.
Step 4: Take notes on the metting down the main ideas and the key supporting points.
Step 5: Write the summary.
•Identify the author, title, and date of publication at the top of your paper. •Express the main points and key supporting details in your own words. •Revise your first draft. •Produce a final draft.
Academic Language Reporting Verbs
For example: • Coleman states late work is not acceptable. • Coleman provides specific details about the semester’s assignments.
Beginning a Summary
• Mention the full name of the author and the title of the piece (text).
In Catherine Coleman’s ESL 33 Spring 2008 syllabus…
Beginning a Summary
Academic Language Reporting Verbs
Other words you can use instead of “says” or “tells” or “talks about”
maintains observes believes insists asks reports reveals
Turning words into sentences • In general cite the writer
Ex. The writer explains…… Ex. The writer states……
• Or use the writer’s name. The first time use complete name. After that only last name
Writing a Summary
Step 1:Take a few minutes to preview the work.
Take a quick look at the following: • title • subtitle • first and last paragraphs • other items: •heads/subheads •pictures/charts/diagrams •italic type/boldface print
Step 3: Re-read the important areas.
1) Re-read main points and key supporting details you marked the first time around. 2) Mark key points you might have missed.
Beginning a Summary
In Catherine Coleman’s ESL 33 Spring 2008 syllabus, the instructor provides details for students' successful completion of the class.
Main Idea
Paraphrase
Main Idea Main Idea Main Idea
Summary
What is Main Idea?
• • • • Subject of paragraph Action of paragraph Theme of paragraph Key ideas of Paragraph
Organizational Chart Ideas
Syllabus Main idea/key words Being on time is important. Appropriate Behavior is expected. Resources are available. Everyone must take responsibility for actions.
Step 2: Read the work through a first time.
1) Do not slow down or turn back. 2) Mark main points and key supporting details, including: • all items noted in your preview • definitions, examples, and lists
Using transitions in the body You will have to use transitions and other kinds of language to make your summary flow (sound better).
Using transitions in the body
Writing a Summary: Points to Remember
• Do not write an overly detailed summary: the point is to reduce the work to its essence. essence • Use your own voice. Do not imitate the style of the work. • Quote from the material sparingly to illustrate major ideas -- stick to paraphrase for the most part. • Preserve the balance and proportion of the original work. If 70% of the work is devoted to one idea, 70% of your summary should cover the same idea.
Writing the Summary
• Identify the main word or idea in each paragraph. • Paraphrase the main idea • Compile sentence paraphrases • Rough Summary
Paragraph
suggests notes implies asserts advises points out declares
explains establishes contends claims describes finds proposes
Academic Language
Some introductory phrases : 1. (The author) states in (this article) that... 2. (The author, in (this article) shows that... 3. In (this article), (the author) writes that... 4. As (the author) says in (this article), ... 5. The main idea of (the author's article) is
• • • •
What is Rough Draft?
• • • • Write sentences in order Could try organizational chart Rearrange sentences as needed Add Overall Main Idea with citation information (Thesis) • Add Transition words • Check grammar
What is NOT Main Idea?
• Small details • Sub points • Unimportant actions
What is Paraphrase?
• Using the author’s ideas but your own words and vocabulary. • If using more than three or four exact words of the author, not a paraphrase. • Change the word order. • Change the vocabulary- nouns, verbs, etc. • Change the length.
• Introductory sentence should be general – in one sentence try to provide a general overview (consider the purpose) of the article …the instructor provides details for students' successful completion of the class.
Catherine Coleman explains… Coleman states ….
Paraphrase, Summary, & Quote
• About same amount of words (Own Words) • Less words (Own Words) • Quote (Authors Words)
Example Paraphrase
Students are expected to read course texts before class to prepare for class discussion. Do your homework before class. Read the assigned material. Preparation is important. Others?
Body of Summary (Middle) • After your introductory sentence, insert all of the sentences you wrote. • Now you have a body. • Now work with the language. Change all those “says”, “talks about” to different verbs “describes” “states”, etc.
Chart into Sentences
Syllabus Main Idea Notes 1. Being on time is important. Possible Sentences a) Mrs. Coleman states students shouldn’t be tardy or turn in late work. b) The syllabus explains what will happen if students are not on time with their presence or work.
Step 4: Take notes on the metting down the main ideas and the key supporting points.
Step 5: Write the summary.
•Identify the author, title, and date of publication at the top of your paper. •Express the main points and key supporting details in your own words. •Revise your first draft. •Produce a final draft.
Academic Language Reporting Verbs
For example: • Coleman states late work is not acceptable. • Coleman provides specific details about the semester’s assignments.
Beginning a Summary
• Mention the full name of the author and the title of the piece (text).
In Catherine Coleman’s ESL 33 Spring 2008 syllabus…
Beginning a Summary
Academic Language Reporting Verbs
Other words you can use instead of “says” or “tells” or “talks about”
maintains observes believes insists asks reports reveals
Turning words into sentences • In general cite the writer
Ex. The writer explains…… Ex. The writer states……
• Or use the writer’s name. The first time use complete name. After that only last name
Writing a Summary
Step 1:Take a few minutes to preview the work.
Take a quick look at the following: • title • subtitle • first and last paragraphs • other items: •heads/subheads •pictures/charts/diagrams •italic type/boldface print
Step 3: Re-read the important areas.
1) Re-read main points and key supporting details you marked the first time around. 2) Mark key points you might have missed.
Beginning a Summary
In Catherine Coleman’s ESL 33 Spring 2008 syllabus, the instructor provides details for students' successful completion of the class.
Main Idea
Paraphrase
Main Idea Main Idea Main Idea
Summary
What is Main Idea?
• • • • Subject of paragraph Action of paragraph Theme of paragraph Key ideas of Paragraph
Organizational Chart Ideas
Syllabus Main idea/key words Being on time is important. Appropriate Behavior is expected. Resources are available. Everyone must take responsibility for actions.