国际贸易英文版资料

Chapter 2
Direct Service Indirect Service
Shipping Service
Non-Vessel-Operating-Common Carrier Charter Transshipment of cargo
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Charter:
Refer to “Shipping Service” earlier in this chapter.
Non-vessel-operating-common carrier:
A non-vessel-operating-common carrier(NVOOC)is essentially a ship`s agent and conducts business for the ship but does not operate the vessel. This service is a combination of shipping company/agent and freight forwarder . It can consolidate several exporters` cargo to be shipped to the same destination. NVOOC operators issue House Bills of Lading as contracts between themselves and exporters.
Indirect Service:
Freight forwarders offer a range of service covering the physical transportation of goods for export and their expertise means that they represent a reliable and comprehensive means of dealing with this area.
• Exporting by sea is also an economical means of transporting goods over long distance. Its key advantages include its relative cost effectiveness and its efficiency for transporting buik and heavy cargoes. • The process of transporting goods to an export market has many facets,and an exporters first questiong may well be “where do I start?”The initial step may be to use a freight forwarder to manage the whole transport process, and this is exactly what many exporters do.Some shipping companies have a freight forwarding arm of their business and provide a door to door service for your export transaction.Alternatively.you may be keen you manage export market delivery yourself.in which case this Chapter provides an introduction to the use of sea transport.
Transshipment of cargo:
Some lines offer a container service to various ports in the world and transship the container to these various ports via a major shipping hub such as Singapore or Hong Kong or London. This means that the container will await a connecting ship at the transshipping port and the container will be lifted from there to your next destination. Exporter should be aware of this as some allowance may need to be made for additional packing for climatic variations or extra insurance if the connecting vessel is not of the same quality as that on the first leg.
charpter 1
• Tonnage Measurement • Type of Vessels • Commercial aspects of shipping • shipping conference
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Tonnage Measurement The shipping industry uses a nuber of measurement units indicating the size of vessels, the majority of which are expressed as tonnages .It is important to understand that the term tonnage does not only imply weight tones but also units of volume or capacity. The comprehension of these terms its particularly important for parties involved in chartering vessels as these kev measuring units include: •TEU's/FEU's •Deadweight •Displacement •Gross •Nett
Type of Vessels
Tankers油轮 Tankers are vessels that carry liquids in bulk. Bulkers 散货轮 Bulkers, or bulk carriers, are vessels that carry bulk solids. Container ship集装箱船 These carry a cargo of containers on scheduled routes. Size is normally measured in teu (the size of a 20 foot standard container). The biggest can be up to 8100 teu. General cargo 杂货船 These are small vessels carrying a wide range of paletted and individual cargoes-for instance, machinery, drums, bags and so on. Passenger ship客船 Vessels either carrying passengers between ports (a ferry) or for pleasure (a cruise vessel).
Commercial aspects of shipping
The decision to use sea freight should be made after a comprehensive investigation of the export proposal and be in accordance with the terms of the export transaction. Knowledge of the end use of the cargo will also help to determine the type of shipping service required.the frequency and size of shipments.Many of these factors will become evident during negotiation of export sale.other key considerations include: Speed of service satefy of goods Cost Ease of use Nature of the cargo
Type of Vessels
Oil tankers
Container ships
Bulk carrier
shipping conference
A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route undeBiblioteka Baidu agreement to provide a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call The purpose of a shipping conference is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the traffic for member lines through loyalty arrangements with shippers the conference system include: •Open conference •Closed conference •Non-Conference
Direct Service:
Once a suitable shipping service has been selected, the exporter can contact the line’s local representative to obtain freight rates, conditions of carriage and schedules. These schedules will indicate the frequency and number of calls the vessel/s will make. The shipping company will also assist with advice on cargo packing how and when to present the cargo, etc.
Freight Rates and Surcharges
Commodity or Tariff Rate:
This freight rate is relevant only to a particular commodity. The rate may vary according to the description of the commodity provided by the shipper.