空间分析应用建模第一讲 概述讲解
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空间分析应用建模
概述：空间分析与空间分析建模 Basic Concepts of Spatial Analysis And Spatial Modeling
空间分析与空间分析建模
空间分析概述 从空间分析到空间分析建模 空间分析建模的方法 空间分析建模的概念模式
空间分析类别… Based on Classes of Techniques
Longley et al. 2001: Tried to classify relevant techniques of spatial analysis based on conceptual frameworks
Perspective: Analytical toolset for querying, measuring, transforming, describing, optimizing and hypothesis-testing
空间分析应用建模
Spatial Analysis and Spatial Modeling
课程名称：空间分析应用建模 学时： 36 授课时间：2-18周；周四（1-2节） 地点：2-117 授课方式：分专题讲授 考核方式： 待定 联系Email： ych@whu.edu.cn 授课教师： 余长慧 秦昆
Total portion of burned area, classes
Mean and median size of patches & std. deviation of patch size
Shape (compactness) of patches
(circularity: M = 4������ *area / perim2)
Techniques using Locational and attribute information
Defining Spatial Analysis?
Haining 1994: [SDA]… is a body of
methods and techniques for analyzing ‘events’ at a variety of spatial scales, the results of which depend upon the spatial arrangement of the‘events’. Perspective: Techniques that address scale and spatial patterns?
空间分析分类… Based on the Data Model
Tomlin 1990:
made efforts to codify analysis (map algebra for rasters) identified four basic classes of operations defined an associated language termed cartographic modeling (basis for command syntax in many GIS packages)
Defining Spatial Analysis?
Longley et al. 2005: Spatial analysis is a set of methods
whose results change when the locations of the objects being analyzed change
[5]朱长青，史文中. 空间分析建模与原理. 科学出版社, 2006. [6]韦玉春,陈锁忠. 地理建模原理与方法，科学出版社, 2005. [7]徐建华. 地理建模方法. 科学出版社, 2010
其它相关书籍和文献。
3
课程内容
概述--空间分析与空间分析建模 空间分析工具—图解建模方法 用于决策支持的空间分析 探索性空间数据分析方法 空间统计建模 地统计建模 专题空间分析应用建模
Entities: Attribute operations, Distance/location operations, Operations using built-in spatial topology Fields: Interpolation, Terrain analysis, Spatial filtering, etc.
1 空间分析概述
空间分析的概念 空间分析的分类 空间分析的研究内容与研究进展 空间分析是GIS的核心
What is …
spatial analysis？Or even spatial data analysis? spatial modeling?
Does it help to define/classify them? Or does it make more sense just to understand what we are doing? Here a first historical example…
Defining Spatial Analysis?
Goodchild (et al.) 1987/1992: (SDA) is a set of techniques
devised to support a spatial perspective on data. To distinguish it from other forms of analysis, it might be defined as a set of techniques whose results are dependent on the locations of the objects or events being analyzed, requiring access to both the locations and the attributes of objects. Perspective:
Find more at:
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html
Or in:
Tufte, E.R. 1997. Visual Explanations
Snow’s Map
Snow mapped the monitored cases and could determine the location of the well closest to these cases This was genius-like! Snow as the pioneer of modern epidemiology which uses spatial analysis to a high degree
参考书
[1]秦昆等，《GIS空间分析理论与方法》，P284: 9.1 空间分析与 空间建模 [2]王远飞，何洪林，《空间数据分析方法》，P209, 9.1 空间建 模 [3]ArcGIS的帮助系统和参考手册。 [4]Robert Haining著，李建松,秦昆译. 空间数据分析理论与实践. 武汉大学出版社，2009
Defining Spatial Analysis?
空间分析是基于地理对象的位置和形态特 征的空间数据分析技术，其目的在于提取 和传输空间信息 (郭仁忠, 1997)。
15
Defining Spatial Analysis?
We stop here! You will find many other definitions in different contexts Altogether we might say: Spatial analysis has something to do with deriving information from data using the spatial context of the problem and the data (e.g. their distributions or patterns) It is exactly this - space - which makes it different Maybe we understand more if we look at some taxonomies of operators for spatial analysis such as…
Trying to explain the occurrence of forest fires by analyzing and exploring the available data Formulating Hypotheses (fuel, climatic condidtions, land use, traffic) and data needed… Sampling (autocorrelation) Significant variables for regression analysis? Evaluation of ‘predictions’
Perspective: Analytical toolset that takes into account the spatial frame
Defining Spatial Analysis?
Goodchild, 1988: “The true value of GIS lies in their
空间分析分类… Based on Conceptual Models
Burrough and McDonnell 1998:
Divide spatial operations in two different categories -depending on the conceptual model (which was not only successful)
The Broad Street Pump
Cholera outbreak in Soho / London, England 1854 Dr. Snow and his theory of contaminated water in wells
Monitored the epidemic by interviews Leads to the pump at Broad Street Removal of the handle saved an unknown number of live
What most of them have in common is: They include most of the (functional) operations in a GIS, somehow
Example 1: Exploring & Describing
Fire scaΒιβλιοθήκη Baidues in forests
ability to analyze spatial data using the techniques of spatial analysis. Spatial analysis provides the valueadded products from existing datasets” Perspective: ‘Gaining’ valuable products from spatial data?
空间分析分类
As you can see there are (as expected) many different approaches to build a taxonomy
one based on category of technique, one based on the conceptual model one based on the data model used
Comparing burned with non-burnt areas
Comparison with properties of other gaps/patches (harvested or blowdown)
Distance to other burnt patches
Example 2: Explaining the Occurrence
空间分析应用建模
概述：空间分析与空间分析建模 Basic Concepts of Spatial Analysis And Spatial Modeling
空间分析与空间分析建模
空间分析概述 从空间分析到空间分析建模 空间分析建模的方法 空间分析建模的概念模式
空间分析类别… Based on Classes of Techniques
Longley et al. 2001: Tried to classify relevant techniques of spatial analysis based on conceptual frameworks
Perspective: Analytical toolset for querying, measuring, transforming, describing, optimizing and hypothesis-testing
空间分析应用建模
Spatial Analysis and Spatial Modeling
课程名称：空间分析应用建模 学时： 36 授课时间：2-18周；周四（1-2节） 地点：2-117 授课方式：分专题讲授 考核方式： 待定 联系Email： ych@whu.edu.cn 授课教师： 余长慧 秦昆
Total portion of burned area, classes
Mean and median size of patches & std. deviation of patch size
Shape (compactness) of patches
(circularity: M = 4������ *area / perim2)
Techniques using Locational and attribute information
Defining Spatial Analysis?
Haining 1994: [SDA]… is a body of
methods and techniques for analyzing ‘events’ at a variety of spatial scales, the results of which depend upon the spatial arrangement of the‘events’. Perspective: Techniques that address scale and spatial patterns?
空间分析分类… Based on the Data Model
Tomlin 1990:
made efforts to codify analysis (map algebra for rasters) identified four basic classes of operations defined an associated language termed cartographic modeling (basis for command syntax in many GIS packages)
Defining Spatial Analysis?
Longley et al. 2005: Spatial analysis is a set of methods
whose results change when the locations of the objects being analyzed change
[5]朱长青，史文中. 空间分析建模与原理. 科学出版社, 2006. [6]韦玉春,陈锁忠. 地理建模原理与方法，科学出版社, 2005. [7]徐建华. 地理建模方法. 科学出版社, 2010
其它相关书籍和文献。
3
课程内容
概述--空间分析与空间分析建模 空间分析工具—图解建模方法 用于决策支持的空间分析 探索性空间数据分析方法 空间统计建模 地统计建模 专题空间分析应用建模
Entities: Attribute operations, Distance/location operations, Operations using built-in spatial topology Fields: Interpolation, Terrain analysis, Spatial filtering, etc.
1 空间分析概述
空间分析的概念 空间分析的分类 空间分析的研究内容与研究进展 空间分析是GIS的核心
What is …
spatial analysis？Or even spatial data analysis? spatial modeling?
Does it help to define/classify them? Or does it make more sense just to understand what we are doing? Here a first historical example…
Defining Spatial Analysis?
Goodchild (et al.) 1987/1992: (SDA) is a set of techniques
devised to support a spatial perspective on data. To distinguish it from other forms of analysis, it might be defined as a set of techniques whose results are dependent on the locations of the objects or events being analyzed, requiring access to both the locations and the attributes of objects. Perspective:
Find more at:
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html
Or in:
Tufte, E.R. 1997. Visual Explanations
Snow’s Map
Snow mapped the monitored cases and could determine the location of the well closest to these cases This was genius-like! Snow as the pioneer of modern epidemiology which uses spatial analysis to a high degree
参考书
[1]秦昆等，《GIS空间分析理论与方法》，P284: 9.1 空间分析与 空间建模 [2]王远飞，何洪林，《空间数据分析方法》，P209, 9.1 空间建 模 [3]ArcGIS的帮助系统和参考手册。 [4]Robert Haining著，李建松,秦昆译. 空间数据分析理论与实践. 武汉大学出版社，2009
Defining Spatial Analysis?
空间分析是基于地理对象的位置和形态特 征的空间数据分析技术，其目的在于提取 和传输空间信息 (郭仁忠, 1997)。
15
Defining Spatial Analysis?
We stop here! You will find many other definitions in different contexts Altogether we might say: Spatial analysis has something to do with deriving information from data using the spatial context of the problem and the data (e.g. their distributions or patterns) It is exactly this - space - which makes it different Maybe we understand more if we look at some taxonomies of operators for spatial analysis such as…
Trying to explain the occurrence of forest fires by analyzing and exploring the available data Formulating Hypotheses (fuel, climatic condidtions, land use, traffic) and data needed… Sampling (autocorrelation) Significant variables for regression analysis? Evaluation of ‘predictions’
Perspective: Analytical toolset that takes into account the spatial frame
Defining Spatial Analysis?
Goodchild, 1988: “The true value of GIS lies in their
空间分析分类… Based on Conceptual Models
Burrough and McDonnell 1998:
Divide spatial operations in two different categories -depending on the conceptual model (which was not only successful)
The Broad Street Pump
Cholera outbreak in Soho / London, England 1854 Dr. Snow and his theory of contaminated water in wells
Monitored the epidemic by interviews Leads to the pump at Broad Street Removal of the handle saved an unknown number of live
What most of them have in common is: They include most of the (functional) operations in a GIS, somehow
Example 1: Exploring & Describing
Fire scaΒιβλιοθήκη Baidues in forests
ability to analyze spatial data using the techniques of spatial analysis. Spatial analysis provides the valueadded products from existing datasets” Perspective: ‘Gaining’ valuable products from spatial data?
空间分析分类
As you can see there are (as expected) many different approaches to build a taxonomy
one based on category of technique, one based on the conceptual model one based on the data model used
Comparing burned with non-burnt areas
Comparison with properties of other gaps/patches (harvested or blowdown)
Distance to other burnt patches
Example 2: Explaining the Occurrence