江苏省常州市西夏墅中学高中英语 Unit3 Understanding each other语法 牛津译林版选修6

虚拟语气

在英文句子中，谓语动词的语气是用来表示说话人对所讲内容的态度、看法以及心情等。英文句子中谓语动词的语气有三种：

A）直陈语气（The Indicative Mood）直陈语气用于直截了当地陈述事实、描述状态：He has published quite a number of essays this year .

他今年已发表了好几篇论文。

B) 祈使语气（The Imperative Mood）祈使语气用于提出请求、命令、建议或是劝告等：

1) Wait outsi de until you are asked. 请在外面等候，请你进再进去。

2) Let's just take a break, shall we? 我们休息一会儿，好吗？

C)虚拟语气（The Subjunctive Mood）

虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望和假设的虚拟情况。虚拟语气不太顾及事实的存在，它表现出说话人的主观因素比较多。所以说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的；或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性。当然，有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉，也使用虚拟语气例如：

1) I wish you were more car eful .但愿你更细心一些。

2) If I had more money, I would buy a bigger apartment.

我要是有再多一点钱，我就买一套更大一些房子。

3) Would you mind shutting the door? 劳驾您把门关上。

虚拟语气是英语语法中的难点。考生应主要掌握虚拟语气在下列情况下的用法：

①虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的用法；

②在宾语从句中的用法；

③在壮语从句中的用法；

④及主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句中的用法；

⑤在一些特殊句型中的用法等。

用于非真实条件句中的虚拟语气几种情况。

条件句分为两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句。

①与现在事实相违背

1) If I had time, I would certainly join you in the tennis match.

（事实是：我没有时间）我要是有时间肯定和你一起打这场网球比赛。

2) If I were you, I would put her suggestion into account.

（事实是：我并不是你）我要是你，我会考虑她的建议的。

②与过去事实相违背

1) If I hadn't been caught by something, I would have come to your party yesterday.

(事实是：我昨天被某些事缠住了)

我昨天要不是被些事缠住了，我就会去参加你们的聚会了。

2) If he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake.

（事实是：他没有听我的建议）

要是他听进了我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。

③与未来事实相违背

1) If I should have a chance to try it, I would do it in another way.

（假设的情况不大可能发生）

要是我有机会试一试，我会用另一种方法做的。

2) Even if they were to fail, they wouldn't lose courage.

（说话人不希望假设的情况发生）

即使他们万一失败，他们也不会泄气。

条件从句主句

与现在事实相违背过去式（动词是BE用were）Should/would + 动词原形

与过去事实相违背 had + 过去分词would/should + have +过去分词

与未来事实相违背1) should + 动词原形

2) were + 动词不定式

3) 过去式（动词是Be也可以用were）

wo uld/Should + 动词原形

需要注意以下几点：

1. 省略If的几种情况, 当条件状语从句的谓语部分含有had、should、或were时，就将这样的词had、should、或were搬到句首把句子写成倒装句而将连词if省略。例如：1) If you were the manager here, what would you do?

=Were you the manager here, what would you do?

你若是这里的经理，你会怎么办？

2) If he should act like that again, he would be fired immediately.

=Should he act like that again, he would be fired im mediately.

要是他再那样做，他会被立即解雇的。

3) If we had time to spare, we would be gl ad to go to the park.

=Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park.

如果能抽出时间，我们很乐意逛公园。

4) If it were not for the discovery of electricity, the modern world would

experience great inconvenience.

=Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience.

假如没有发现电，现代世界将很不方便。

2．含蓄条件句

有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来替代条件句.

(1) 用介词短语替代条件句。常用介词有with, without, but for等

如：1) We couldn't have s ucceeded without your help (=if we hadn't got your help).

2) But for the rain(=If it hadn't been for the rain)，we would have finished

the work.

3) Without air, there would be no life on the earth.

要是没有空气，地球上就不会有生命了。

4) But for your help, the little boy would have been drowned.

要是没有你们的帮助，那个小男孩早就淹死了。

5) We could have done the work better in that case.

要是那样的话，我们本可以把工作干得更好一些的。

(2) 用一个副词或连词but / otherwise / or等表示虚拟条件和真实情况交织在一句中如：1) He telephoned to inform me of your birthday，or (=If he hadn't telephoned to

inform me of your birthday)I would have known nothing about it.

2) There might have been a terrible accident, but he braked the car before it was too late.

= if he hadn’t braked the car before it was too late.

3) He would have come to see you earlier but he just came back from his business