美国文学学期论文发表

浅谈美国黑人文学的三次高潮

摘要：在美国四百多年的文化历史发展历程中，美国黑人文学中涌现出了大量优秀的文学作品，但长期以来由于各种政治历史原因，美国黑人文学作品并没有受到重视，一直处于美国文学的边缘状态。美国黑人文学经历了三次发展高潮，在美国文学中逐渐取得了一定的地位，进入了正常的发展轨道。本文将通过分析，对美国黑人文学的三次高潮进行初步探讨。

关键词：美国;黑人文学;三次高潮;初步探讨

一、美国黑人文学的三次高潮概述

美国黑人文学是美国文学的重要组成部分，经历了三次发展高潮之后，逐渐步入了正轨。尤其是20世纪70年代之后，随着各种文化的交流与融合，美国黑人文学中涌现出了大量优秀的文学作品，逐渐在美国文学中取得了至高的地位，得到了文学界的重视。美国黑人文学经过三次高潮，逐渐成熟起来，步入世界先进文学之列，对美国文学乃至世界文学的发展产生了巨大的历史推动作用。对美国文学的三次发展高潮进行分析和整理，有利于从整体上把握美国黑人文学的发展历程和发展模式，有利于进一步对美国文学进行更加深入的研究。

20世纪以来，美国黑人文学主要经历了三次发展高潮。20世纪20年代美国兴起了“哈莱姆文艺复兴运动”，标志着美国黑人文学的崛起，是美国黑人文学的第一次高潮，在这一时期，美国黑人文学经历了“觉醒”后的“认同”阶段;20世纪40、50年代，美国黑人文学中逐渐出现了一批以赖特、鲍德为代表的黑人作家，涌现出了大量的优秀文学作品，反映了美国当时的社会情况，这是美国黑人文学的第二次高潮，在这一时期，美国黑人文学经历了“反抗”阶段，通过“反抗”阶段，黑人文学发生了追求与白人文学同等地位的转变;20世纪70年代以后，随着社会的发展和经济水平的提升，各文化不断进行着交流与融合，在这一时期美国黑人文学中出现了一批以莫里森、沃克、达夫等为代表的黑人作家，这些黑人作家取得了一次次最享盛誉的成就，美国黑人文学逐渐进入了以“黑白融合”为基本特征的第三次高潮。

二、美国黑人文学的第一次高潮

20世纪20年代美国兴起了“哈莱姆文艺复兴运动”，标志着美国黑人文学的崛起，在这一时期，美国黑人文学中涌现出了大量的优秀文学作品，是美国黑人文学的第一次高潮。在这一时期，美国黑人文学经历了“觉醒”后的“认同”阶段，初步开始得到美国文学界的重视和尊重。

第一次高潮的社会背景主要有以下三个方面，其一，美国南北战争之后，以道格拉斯为首的黑人作家提出了废除奴隶制的要求，无形中向美国黑人传递了一种潜意识里的反抗

信号;其二，长期的压迫和凌辱之下，美国的种族矛盾日益激化，美国黑人民族的反抗意

识空前高涨，在黑人民族中逐渐形成了一种反抗的氛围，这种社会环境为黑人作家打下了

表达心声的基本基调，促进了黑人文学第一次高潮的到来;其三，以切斯纳特、邓巴、杜

波依斯为代表的作家采用独特的写作手法，在文学作品中反映了生活在水深火热中的美国

黑人的真实生活状况，在这些黑人作家的影响下，美国黑人中出现了一批新锐黑人作家，

逐渐成为黑人文学的铺路者，引领了第一次高潮的到来。

三、美国黑人文学的第二次高潮

20世纪40、50年代，美国黑人文学中逐渐出现了一批以赖特、鲍德为代表的黑人作家，涌现出了大量以《土生子》为代表的文学作品。通过这些文学作品，黑人作家深刻地

反映了美国当时的社会情况，描述了处于社会底层的黑人的真实生活。这是美国黑人文学

的第二次高潮，在这一时期，美国黑人文学经历了“反抗”阶段，通过“反抗”阶段，黑

人文学发生了追求与白人文学同等地位的转变

第二次高潮的社会背景主要有以下两个方面。一方面，20世纪30年代美国经历了严

重的经济危机，整个美国的经济失去了原有的活力和动力，白人对黑人的压迫和欺凌不断

加倍，种族矛盾空前强化;另一方面，黑人积极进行了一系列的反抗斗争，为追求平等地

位的转变提供了基本的社会环境基础。在这样的环境基础下，黑人作家一改文学作品中逆

来顺受的黑人形象，创造了一个个有血有肉的黑人形象，促进了第二次高潮的到来。

第二次高潮时期的作品多为批判性小说，具有深刻的社会批判意义，对美国民众的思

想解放和意识改变具有重要的历史推动意义。

四、美国黑人文学的第三次高潮

20世纪70年代以后，随着社会的发展和经济水平的提升，各文化不断进行着交流与

融合，此时人们意识到创建一个民主、自由、平等的社会的重要性，在这样的大环境下，

美国黑人文学迎来了以“黑白文学融合”为基本特征的第三次高潮。

第三次高潮的社会背景主要有以下两个方面。一方面，60年代美国通过了选举法，在制度和法律层面初步实现了民族平等和民主自由，为美国黑人文学的快速发展和黑白文学

的交融提供了政治条件;另一方面，随着各民族文化的交融，美国黑人艺术逐渐从边缘状

态走向中心，改变了白人对黑人文化的看法，促进了民族文化融合，为美国黑人文学第三

次高潮的到来提供了社会大环境。

第三次高潮时期，美国黑人文学快速发展，文学作品的种类更加丰富，形式更加多样，美国黑人文学逐渐趋于成熟，进入了较为稳定的发展阶段。

在美国四百多年的发展历程中，由于各种政治历史因素，美国黑人文学长期处于美国

文学的边缘地位，通过美国文学的三次发展高潮，美国黑人文学在美国文学中逐渐取得了

一定的地位，开始步入了正常发展的轨道。本文对美国黑人文学的三次高潮进行了相应的

分析和探讨，旨在帮助读者更好地把握和认识美国黑人文学的发展历程和发展模式。

参考文献：

[1]胡丽霞.后殖民主义语境下美国黑人文学的嬗变[J].哈尔滨师范大学社会科学学报，2021，03：118-120.

[2]刘小杏.美国黑人文学发展历程及主题变奏[J].芒种，2021，06：34-35.

[3]朱军.民权运动视域下美国黑人的哈莱姆文艺复兴研究[D].江西师范大学，2021.

浅论亚裔美国文学中的文化身份

一、文化身份理论

一文化身份理论概述

文化身份理论在20世纪50年代初期由美国精神分析家Eriksson首次提出。最初，

文化身份被描述成“心灵的归属感”，强调特定民族的价值、背景、看法。并指出它“是

在不同的时空顺应民族、族群的需要被构建和塑造出来的。” 该说法下的文化身份跟倾

向于“民族身份”。

荷兰学者瑞恩?赛格斯扩展了这个最初的界定，认为某一特定族群和民族的文化身份

只是部分地由那个民族的身份决定的，“文化身份是一个比民族身份更加宽泛的概念”。

所以，“通常文化身份可以被看做某一特定文化特有的、同时也是某一具体的民族与生俱

来的一系列特征”。

20世纪90年代，Collier成为文化身份理论的代表人物。并和Thomas一同对于跨文

化交际中文化身份的处理提出了重要理论。Collier和Thomas提出理论命题：文化身份越是自认定，它们在于其他身份相比时位置就越重要。

需要特殊说明的是，亦有学者把Cultural Identity翻译为“文化认同”。从语义理解，这种翻译强调了个体追求“认同”的心理。笔者在这篇论文中将不采用此翻译。因为“文化身份”不但包含着个体主观上的“认同”，也包含着由交际者的交际习惯、所处社

会结构而带来的“从属”。也就是说，是外因和内因共同造就了个体的“文化身份”。

二文化身份的特点

1.多重性

每个个体的文化身份不是单一的。在现实生活中，面对不同的对象，身处不同的场合，个人的文化身份都有着显著的不同，需要在复杂的语境之协商各自的文化身份。

例如，A同学在的身份可以是：家中的独生女、虔诚的穆斯林、咖啡厅的兼职服务生、舞蹈团领舞、摇滚乐队歌迷等等。

2.可变性

美国文化论文

北京邮电大学世纪学院学期论文题目美国总统选举制度分析论文学号 13010401 学生姓名刘昊专业名称通信工程所在系通信与信息工程 2016年 6月 1 日

题目:美国总统选举制度分析论文摘要：随着我国民主法治建设的不断推进，以及我国社会主义法律体系的不断完善，目前我国在推动民主化进程中取得了举世瞩目的成就，这是结合中国特色的社会主义道路所取得的民主化进程，同时也符合党的十八大报告中所提出的“走中国特色的民主化道路”的基本要求。但对于西方国家在选举过程中的有益经验，我们也同样要加以借鉴和吸取，美国作为世界上最大的民主化国家，其选举制度拥有二百多年的历史，其取得了成就同样值得我们借鉴，我们在民主化进程中要吸引和借鉴世界所有其他国家的先进经验和有益做法。本文通过运用文献资料法、历史研究法以及对比分析等研究方法，对美国的总统选举制度的发展史进行了探讨和分析，尤其是对其变迁进行了深入和细致的探讨，希望从中能够找到为中国特色社会主义民主化道路所借鉴的有益做法。关键词：总统选举；制度，发展史；弊端 Abstract： With the advancement of democratic rule of law construction in China, as well as the continuous improvement of the socialist legal system in our country, at present our country in the process of promoting democratization has made remarkable achievements, which is the combination of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics of the democratization process, but also in line with the party's eighteen big report proposed "democratization road with Chinese characteristics" of the basic requirements. But for the western countries the beneficial experience in the process of the election, we also want to draw lessons from and absorbing, the United States as the world's largest democracy,

美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)

美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style

作家与时代文学-高三作文

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美国国家文化概况论文

Cultural differences between China and America The Culture of the United States is a Western culture originally influenced by European cultures. It has been developing since long before the United States became a country with its own unique social and cultural characteristics .Today, the United States of America is an ethnically and racially diverse country as a result of large-scale immigration from many different countries throughout its history. Chinese culture is the respect of East land. Chinese culture have a long history ,and it is very different from American . The part of social different. If you are in China , it is not rare to see that a crowded of people throng in the supermarket, trying to get service first. People in China do line up the scholar said in a humorous tone , but they prefer to line up at a horizontal way. In contrast , in western countries , say in American ,people always line up ,no matter in a big bank or a small store .And they take it for granted. Lining up has long since become part of their life that they scarcely doubt it or grow impatient while doing it. The food different .Most Chinese families are used to buying fresh food every day while Americans like to buy from supermarket a large bag onetime then eat cold food everyday. Chinese people use chopsticks to eat while American people use folks and knives. when the guest come ,Chinese will make a cup of hot tea, tea can reduce blood cholesterol.on the contrary, American people like drinking coffee, but it is possible to increase blood fat and stimulation to the heart.American breakfast food mainly includes Bread, milk or dairy products, meat, vegetables and fruits. Chinese breakfast Consists of vegetables, steamed buns, pancakes, congee , eggs milk, bean products .After dinner, Chinese people love to eat fruit,while Americans often add a s weetmeat. The difference in education. China's education pays great attention to the accumulating knowledge infusion, raise students' knowledge and authority to the knowledge of the respect and inheriting and knowledge system construction. Americans are paying more attention to train students to use the knowledge, pay attention to cultivating students' practical ability of knowledge and authoritative question, the critical spirit and to expand and create knowledge. These two kinds of education expressed the different attitudes: treat knowledge of Chinese education is static and dynamic differences between the United States, this move a static reflecting differences of two countries knowledge view.

美国文学期末考试重点

名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析：（1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.