语法专题(一)——定语从句

语法专题（一）——定语从句

重点和难点：1、关系代词与关系副词的用法区别

2、介词+关系代词的用法

3、非限制性定语从句，特别是先行词是整个主句时

4．as 和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别

5.表示地点和时间的先行词模糊化，即时间和地点的抽象化

一、定语

定语就是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的一种句子成分。定语可由一个单词、短语或句子构成，汉语中常用………的‟表示。定语由一个句子来充当就叫定语从句。定语从句通常置于被修饰词之后做后置定语。

二、定语从句的构成

注意：保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠

1. 在定语从句中，不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较：

(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?

(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?

A. which

B. where

C. what

D. the one

分析：第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语，故应选A项。

2. 从定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分，因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如：错句：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?

分析：该题中that 已经代替先行词the train 在定语从句中充当及物动词took 的宾语，故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。

③成分作用：关系词在定语从句中总是充当一句子成分。

注意：定语从句的主谓一致性

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。当定语从句为one of…结构时，先行词为of的名词或代词，从句谓语动词用单数；当one前the only,the very修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。

例如：Those who are against the plan put up your hands.

Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.

Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.

1.关系代词

① who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略

The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.

A person who steals things is called a thief.

②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li.

③ which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

These are the trees which were planted last year.

This recorder （which）he is using is made in Japan.

④that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

A plane is a machine that can fly.

He is the man (that) I told you about.

⑤whose指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。

This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.

We live in a house whose windows face south.

2. 关系代词的用法注意点

(1) that和which都可以指物，但以下5种情况只能用that 不能用which。

①当先行词中有人又有物时。如：

Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?

②当先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything, nothing, nobody, none等时。如：

This is all that I want from the school.

③当先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修饰时。如：

This is the very book that I am looking for these days.

④当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：

The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.

⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：

The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.

(2) that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用who。

①先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如：

All who heard the news were excited.

②先行词为those, he和people时。如：