词汇学第四章word formation ppt

Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves noting that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the lexical item involved but with it the different range of meaning that it originally carried.
4.1.2 Suffixation
• Definition:
suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.
• Features:
unlike prefixes which primarily changes the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class.
Word teach child free social interview prince real Part of speech v. n. adj.. adj. v. n. adj. suffix -dom -lity -ese -ess -er -ism -tion New word freedom reality Japanese princess teacher socialism translation Part of speech n. n. n. n. n. n. n.
• It is the same case in English.
Verb to noun Conversion to nouns Adjective to noun Miscellaneous conversions Noun to
conversion
Conversion to verbs
verb Adjective to verb Miscellaneous conversions
formation
conversion to verbs conversion to adjectives
backformation
sound redupllication commonization of proper names
4.1 Affixation
• What is affixation? It is the formation of words by adding wordformation or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, and words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.
Chapter 4
Word Formation
Word-formation
major affixation
prefixation suffixation
minor
blending clipping acronymy
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compounding conversion
characteristics
conversion to nouns
• The different parts of speech in list one are changed to nouns in list two. So, when a suffix is added to a stem, whatever part of speech it has been, the new word will be a noun. Thus we call this suffix noun suffix. It is the same case with adjective suffix, adverb suffix, and verb suffix. • As for the new word, if it is originally a noun, by adding a noun suffix, it is still a noun, but we call it a denominal noun, while if it is originally a verb, the new noun is called a deverbal noun. It is the same case with de-adjective noun.
③ Grammatical features
e.g. bad-mouthed/s; new-borns
④ Orthographical features
Personal preference
• Formation : Noun compounds; Adjective compounds; Verb compounds;
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ Can you lift that box up onto the shelf for me? We climbed slowly up the hill. Is something up with John? He looks really sad. Without saying another word, he upped and left. Susan seems to be on an up at the moment. I hope it lasts.
translate
cook Japan
v.
v. n.
-ee
-hood -ery
interviewee n.
childhood
cookery
n.
n.
Compare the two lists of words. Could you tell how the parts of speech are changed?
• Now look at the following words. Can you separate their prefixed from their root or stem? An example has been done for you.
Word prefix
re
root
tell
retell
4.1.1 Prefixation
• Definition: it is the formation of new words by adding prefix to stems. • Features: non-class changing • Exceptions: class-changing prefixes In modern English, there are small part of prefixes that do change the part of speech, eg. a in asleep, en in encourage.
• Classification:
on a grammatical basis, suffixes are divided into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.
• In the following table, there are 12 words of different parts of speech. Match the words with the corresponding suffixes to form a new word. Write out the new word and its part of speech. An example has been done for you.
ex-wife misleading multimedia automobile microcomputer vice-chairman
Observe the words and their roots or stems, do you think every word enjoys the same part of speech with its root or stem?
• On semantic basis, prefixes are divided into ten groups:
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ Negative Prefixes否定前缀 Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 Locative prefixes方位前缀 Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 Number prefixes数字前缀 Conversion prefixes转化前缀 Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
4.3 Conversion
• Definition: It is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
• Read the following sentences; try to make the part of speech of the word ”up”.
4.2 Compounding
pigtail
dog-ear
• Definition: It is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. • What is a compound? It is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. • Types: solid: easygoing, necklace hyphenated: honey-bee, go-between open: easy chair
• Characteristics:
① Phonological features:
compound vs. free phrases
② Semantic features:
e.g. French leave; Chinese copy; Dutch treat Their meanings do not just follow the “1+1 Principle”, that is to say, their meanings are not the combination of the meanings of the two elements in the compound.