大学自考英语串讲笔记unit14
09年10月自考英语（一）串讲笔记（unit14）
2009-8-4 18:42 自考365论坛【大中小】
Text A The Importance of Being Kind and Polite
“Frankly，I think you're boring.” Why do we seldom hear people speak so honestly？
本句翻译：“公开跟你讲，我觉得你很讨厌。”为什么我们几乎听不到人们会这样非常直来直去的讲话呢？
seldom 很少，几乎不
Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.
本句翻译：除非你要终止与对方的关系，要不然你不会跟对方说出你对她或他有这种不好的想法。
unless （conj.）除非；如果不
For example： I shall go there unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我将去那里。
You will fail unless you work harder. 你若不更加努力，你就会失败。
end （finish）结束
Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps， yawning when a golfer tells you about that great shot he made on the 14th hole，or falling asleep when friends show pictures from their last trip to Sault Ste. Marie are all things that educated people try not to do.
本句翻译：对你的朋友集邮的成就无动于衷；当一个高尔夫球手兴兴高采烈地告诉你，他的第14穴打得很精彩时，你却在打哈欠；当你的朋友们兴致勃勃地给你看他们最近到苏圣玛丽去旅游拍下的那些照片时，你却酣然入睡了——这一切都是有教养的人所尽力避免的。
三个并列的动名次短语做句子的主语failing to be impressed…，yawning…，falling asleep…
failing to be impressed 没有记住…
yawning 打哈欠
falling asleep 睡觉
This is what manners are about： acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstanding， friction， and conflict.
本句翻译：一切行动都按市民能接受的懂礼貌的方式去做，避免误会，避免磨擦，避免冲突——这才是合乎礼貌的言行举止（注：高尔夫球，海外华人称“穴”，国内称“洞”——译者注）。
manners 行为方式
in … way 以某种方式
There are no laws enforcing respect.
本句翻译：根本就没有强迫你来尊敬别人的那种法律。
Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior，rules that are set by some form of social consensus.
本句翻译：可是，如果没有一定的道德行为的准则，人们互相间就无法交往了。这些准则是以社会上一致赞成的公德的形式确定下来的。
interact with others 彼此交流，彼此交往
without some r ules… 相当于一个条件状语从句的否定式
These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.
本句翻译：这些道德行为准则代表着大多数人所能接受的和他们认为所不能接受的做法。
Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow.
本句翻译：那些行为举止根本不尊重大多数人所遵守的规则的人都是粗野的人。
Show respect for 对…表示出尊重
follow 遵守，遵循
For instance， because they talk at home while the television is on，many people think they can talk at movies as well.
本句翻译：例如，因为许多人在自己家里一边看电视一边高谈阔论，他们就认为在电影院看电影时也可以高声喧哗。
for instance： for example 例如
on： go on 进行
They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.
本句翻译：他们甚至没意识到，这种习惯会使其他一些电影观众感到讨厌。
be aware that：意识到
members of the audience 观众
member 成员
Restaurants have smoking and non-smoking sections， and most smokers are polite enough to ask，“Do you mind if I smoke？” before lighting up.
本句翻译：饭店里都设有吸烟室和非吸烟区，大多数烟民在没点着香烟之前，都会很有礼貌的问一声在旁边就座的人：“我吸烟的话，您介意吗？”
non- 没有，无
before lighting up 点燃
Restaurants should also have cellular-phone and no-cellular-phone sections.
本句翻译：饭店里本来也都应该设有手提电话区和非手提电话区。
A new class of rude people has been born： the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.
本句翻译：现在又冒出来一群新的粗野人，即看我有多神气地打着手提电话的一族。这些人在电话上的那些无聊的谈话，对我们心理健康的危害，和吸烟对我们的肺部健康的危害是同样严重的。
class 阶层，群体
look-at-me 看看我
Sometimes， it is better to remain unknown than to make people hate you.
本句翻译：有时，做一个默默无闻的人倒比让人恨你、讨厌你更好一些。
There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.
本句翻译：有很多人家的子女和一些小青年的行为是一般人所不能接受的。
They swear no matter who is around them， they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.
本句翻译：他们动不动就开口骂人，也不管旁边有什么人在场。在教师同他们谈话时，他们还在听他们的随身听所播放的节目。
no matter不管/不论（后可跟who， when， where， how 等疑问代词或疑问副词引导的从句）
For example： No matter who you are， you should follow the guideline. 不管你是谁，你都应当遵守这个规则。
I am bound to work out the problem no matter how difficult it is. 不管这个问题有多难，我一定要把它解决掉。
Indifferent parents who refuse to discipline their children are not helping them.
本句翻译：凡是那些不能用行为道德准则来约束自己的孩子，对孩子的品德漠不关心的父母，其实并不是在爱护孩子，对孩子的成长没好处。
discipline： punish 惩罚
Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.
本句翻译：凡是不懂礼貌为何物的孩子，是迟早要为此付出代价的。
kid 小孩子
have no idea： don't know 不知道
For example： He has no idea what his future will be. 他不知道自己的未来是个什么样子。
pay the price 付出代价
For example： You will pay the price for what you have done. 你要为你所做的事情付出代价。
sooner or later 迟早
For example： If you drive like that， you will have an accident sooner or later. 你如果那样开车，迟早会出事的。
When they join the work force， their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.
本句翻译：在他们参加工作以后，他们的雇主和在工作中与之打交道的那些人都会一致意识到这些粗野的青年人的所作所为都和野兽的行为很接近，而不像规规矩矩的市民。
associate： colleague 同事
close （to）（adv.）接近于，靠近
When they lose a few contracts because they talk with their mouth full， or when the y say “Bob” to someone who should be “Mr.Johnson，” these grown-up kids， because of their ignorance， will never understand why others are getting ahead and they are not.
本句翻译：当这些已经变成了成人的大小伙子，因为跟领导谈话时嘴里还嚼着食物，或者因为他们没大没小，把本应尊称为“约翰逊先生”的人，随便直呼其名为“鲍博”，这样几次被解除了合同之后，他们永远也不能理解为什么别人都跑到自己前头飞黄腾达，而自己却不能。
they talk with 该句型结构为：with +（n.）+（a.）构成的独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示伴随。（名词后除可用形容词外，还可用分词<现在分词和过去分词>、介词短语和副词。）
For example： He likes sleeping with his eyes open. 他喜欢睁着眼睛睡觉。
I won't be able to study abroad with my mother’s bei ng ill. 在我母亲生病的情况下我不能出国留学。
He worked with the radio opened all the afternoon. 他一下午都听着收音机工作。
He was looking on with his hands in his pockets. 他把手插在口袋里在一旁观看。即：袖手旁观。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他穿着所有的衣服躺在床上。即：和衣而卧。
because of （介词短语）= because （连词）
For example： The football match was cancelled because of rain. 由于下雨足球比赛被取消了。
→The football match was cancelled because it rained.
get ahead 有进展；有进步；取得成功
For example： I'm happy to hear that you are getting ahead with your new work. 听说你的新工作取得进展，我很高兴。
grown-up 长大了的孩子
Every little bit of kindness helps.
本句翻译：每当你表现出一点点和蔼可亲都会很有帮助。
little bit of 一点点
With manners， the best rule is the one that works.
本句翻译：至于说有礼貌，最好的一条原则就是能办成事，能起好作用。
work （v.）起作用，产生影响，行得通
For example： The medicine worked. 药物奏效了。
It is easier to look and sound attractive when we are nice to other people.
本句翻译：当我们对待别人很友善，那么就比较容易地让人愿意接近你，愿意听你的话。
be nice to sb. ： be kind to sb.
Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge.
本句翻译：待人彬彬有礼，事事尊敬别人就能使我们占优势。
give sb. an/the edge 比…略胜一筹，领先
For example： He has the edge on the other students because he studies harder. 他比别的学生强，因为他学习更努力。
Why do we need an edge？ Success in life often starts with a job we like， and since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression， it is always a good idea to be kind and polite.
本句翻译：我们要占优势干什么？一个人一生事业的成功经常是始于我们所喜欢的工作，而要得到自己所喜欢的工作，经常要靠给人留下良好的印象。待人和蔼可亲彬彬有礼总是上策。
edge： advantage 优势
start with： begin with 由…开始
since 由于…
be base of 以…为基础
make a impression 留下印象
makes the right impression （right 好的，正常的）
Vocabulary Exercises
Ⅰ。For each sentence， fill in the blank with the proper form or the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word.
1. honest （诚实的） honesty（诚实） honestly（诚实地）
a. （Honesty） is the best policy.
本句翻译：诚实是最重要的原则。
b. I didn't tell anyone，（honestly），I didn’t.
本句翻译：我没有告诉任何人，坦白的说，我真的没有。
c. To be （honest） with you， he often speaks evil of you behind your back.
本句翻译：实话对你说，他经常在你的背后说你的坏话。
2. understand （
a. I cannot （understand） why he shows no respect for the rules the majority follows.
本句翻译：我不明白为什么他对于大多数人所遵守的那个规则从来都不尊重。
b. We should do everything possible to clear up the many （misunderstandings） between us.
本句翻译：我们应当尽一切可能来清除我们之间的误解。
c. He is not happy because his wife always （misunderstands） him.
本句翻译：他过的并不开心因为他的夫人经常会误解他。
3. accept（
a. She received a gift from him， but she didn't （accept） it.
本句翻译：她收到男孩子给她的一份礼物，但是她没有接受这份礼物。
b. He is angry with her because her words are totally （unacceptable）。
本句翻译：男孩对于女孩非常愤怒，因为女孩所说的话令他完全不能接受。
c. If you think the plan is （acceptable）， you should do it according to the plan right now.
本句翻译：如果你认为这个计划是可行的，那么你就应当马上根据这个计划去实施。
right now 立刻，马上
4. different （不同的） difference（
a. I'm （indifferent） to whether you go or stay. To be honest with you，I don’t care.
本句翻译：我对于你去还是留根本就不关心。老实对你说吧，我不在乎。
care 在意，在乎
b. There are big （differences） between the two languages.
本句翻译：在这两种语言之间有很大的区别。
c. She is wearing a （different） dress every time I see her.
本句翻译：每次我见到她，她都穿着不同的服装。
every time 每一次
5. employ （
a. The factory is going to （employ） 20 more workers.
本句翻译：这家工厂准备再雇用20名工人。
b. He left his hometown to look for （employment） in a big city.
本句翻译：他离开家乡到大城市去寻求工作。
c. She has been working for the same （employer） for 20 years.
本句翻译：她已经为这个雇主工作了20年。
d. The total number of office （employees） almost doubled.
本句翻译：这家公司总的员工的数目几乎已经翻一倍。
Ⅱ。 Fill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.
1. He told me he didn't like that （boring） job.
本句翻译：他告诉我说他不喜欢那份乏味的工作。
2. We'll need a few （guidelines） before we start this project.
本句翻译：在没开始这个项目之前我们需要有一些规则。
3. It is a great （kindness） for you to see me while I am sick.
本句翻译：我生病的时候你来看我，你真是太好了。
→ It is greatly kind of you to see me while I am sick.
for sb. to do 对于某人来说做某事
4. Don't （bother） you father， he is busy at working .
本句翻译：不要打扰你的父亲，他在忙于工作。
5. The old man told her how to get there although she wasn't very （polite） to him.
be polite to sb. 对某人彬彬有礼
本句翻译：虽然这个女孩对老人不是太有礼貌，但是老人仍然告诉她如何到达那里。
6. （Frankly） speaking， I don't think the plan will work.
本句翻译：坦率地说，我觉得那个计划行不通。
7. His speech left a deep （impression） on us.
Leave/make an impression on sb. 给某人留下印象
本句翻译：他的讲话给我们留下了很深的印象。
8. I （swear） that I will tell you everything some day.
本句翻译：我发誓有一天我会把一切事情都告诉你。
9. Everyone praises the children's good （behavior）。
本句翻译：每个人都表扬了孩子的良好行为。
10. It's （rude） to point at people when you are talking with them.
point at sb. 指着…
本句翻译：当你和其他人谈话的时候你去指着别人这是不礼貌的。
Text B Why We Walk in Circles
in 以什么样的方式
“Pin the Tail on the Donkey” is always fun when you're watching rather than pinning.
本句翻译：观看别人做“去把尾巴给毛驴安上”的游戏，比自己亲自去做更逗人。
pin （v.）用图钉钉
rather than 而不是…
donkey 驴
as stubborn as donkey
It is somewhat surprising to see how the blindfolded performers act.
本句翻译：看到了被蒙住眼睛的参加游戏表演的人所走的路线着实有点儿让人吃惊。
somewhat 有一点儿
1. It is +（a.）+（for sb.）<有时可省略掉> to do
For example： It is difficult to have a good job if you don't study hard to create opportunities.如果你不努力学习创造机会的话，有一份好的工作是很难的。
Instead of going straight， they always wander off to one side or the other. The greater the distance to the donkey， the farther they go astray.
本句翻译：他们都不走直线，总是要由一边偏离到另一边。参加游戏比赛的人距离毛驴越远，他们偏离目标毛驴也越远。
2. instead of /instead
wander off 徘徊，游离
Have you ever wondered why they are unable to walk straight ahead？
本句翻译：你有没有想过为什么他们不能够径直向前行呢？
wonder 迷惑，疑惑
It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.
本句翻译：一个人若不用眼睛来掌握走路的方向，就会走成一个大圈。这一事实是众所周知的。
Dark nights， dense fogs， blinding snowstorms， thick forests - all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.
本句翻译：每遇到漆黑的夜晚，浓浓的大雾，伸手不见五指的暴风雪，浓密森林——这一切都会使路上的行人看不见是在往哪个方向走。
thick forests 茂密的森林
3. keep … from … 阻止，防止，阻碍
protect from
prevent from
其中的“from”多有“使…不能”的意思
（1）keep sb from sth/doing使某人不能做某事
（2）keep oneself from doing克制自己不要去做某事
For example： The church bells keep me from sleeping. 教堂的钟声吵得我睡不着觉。
She could hardly keep （herself） from laughing. 她忍不住大笑起来。
Then he is unable to move in any fixed direction， but walks in circles.
本句翻译：这时他就不能按既定的目标前进，只能走成一个大圆圈。
4. in…direction 朝…方向
Animals act the same way.
本句翻译：动物也会这样。
fixed固定的，既定了的
You have probably heard the saying “running around like a chicken with its head cut o ff.”
本句翻译：你也许听过这样一句老话：“像砍掉脑袋的鸡一样转着圈跑。”
with +（n.）+V的过去分词构成的独立结构，在句中作状语。
Well， a chicken with its head cut off actually does run around in circles. Blind birds fly in circles. And a blindfolded dog will swim in circles.
本句翻译：是的，一只被砍掉了脑袋的鸡确实会转着圈跑的。瞎了眼睛的鸟也都是转着圈飞的。一双被蒙住了眼睛的狗也会转着大圈游泳。
A Norwegian biologist， F.O.Guldberg， decided that this problem of circular movement was worth investigating. He collected many true stories on the subject.
本句翻译：一位挪威的生物学家哥尔柏格认为绕圈运动的问题确实值得调查研究。关于这一课题他汇集了很多实际事例。
worth 值得
be worth doing 值得做某事
For example： The textbook is worth reading again and again. 课本值得一读再读。
On the subject ：on关于
5. be worth + v.ing
One of his stories is about people rowing on a lake during a fog on a dark night.
本句翻译：他汇集的实例之一就是在一个浓雾黑夜里，人们在湖面上划船。
during 在一段时间里
One group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water in foggy weather never succeeded in reaching their goal.
本句翻译：在大雾的天气里，一帮想要横渡三英里的水面的划船手永远也不能成功地划到他们的目的地。
cross 横穿
6. succeed in 成功做了一件事情→（反义）fail to do
Without knowing it， they rowed in two large circles. When they finally got to the shore， they discovered that they were at the spot they had started from.
本句翻译：不知不觉地，他们都把船划行路线划成两个大圈。在他们上个岸后，才发现又划回到了他们原来出发的地点。
without knowing 不知不觉地
shore 河岸，海岸线
After studying many stories such as this， Professor Guldberg wrote an article in which he discussed “Circular Motion is the Basic Motion of Animals.”
本句翻译：在研究过很多诸如此类的实际经历之后，哥尔柏格教授写了一篇题为《动物的基本运动模式是圆周运动》的论文。
study 研究
A simple example will help you to understand his explanation of why we walk in circles.
本句翻译：一个很简单的例子，就可以帮助你弄明白他的论点：为什么我们会走成两个大圆圈。
Have you ever wound up a toy automobile and started it off across the floor？
本句翻译：你有没有把一辆玩具汽车上好发条以后，把它放到地板上让它从头跑到那头的经历？
7. wind up给…上发条
Then you know that it will rarely travel in a straight path. It will travel， instead， in some kind of arc， or curve.
本句翻译：那么，你就会知道小汽车几乎很少顺着直线跑，而是以弧线或者曲线的方式前行。
If it is to travel in a straight line， the wheels on both sides have to be of exactly equal size.
本句翻译：如果你想要这辆小汽车以直线的方式前行的话，那么小汽车两侧的轮子就必须是同等大小。
equal 相等
If they are not， the little automobile turns toward the side with the smaller wheels.
本句翻译：车两侧的轮子，如果它们大小不是相等的话那么这个小汽车将会转向轮子更小的那一侧。
Circular movement in walking is caused in much the same way.
本句翻译：步行时绕大圆运动的规律在很大程度上是由同一原理引起的。
cause 导致
in … way 以什么样的方式
7. much the same 不完全相同，差不多一样，几乎一样
For example： He is living condition is much the same as that five years ago.他现在生活状况和五年前差不多没有什么变化。
Usually a man walking will “watch his step” and “look where he is going.”
本句翻译：通常一个人走路时会看着脚下所踩的步子，会看着所要去的方向。
watch his step （口语化的说法）注意脚下
look where he is going 看着前方
a man walking
（1）通常情况下，单个的分词作定语的在名词的前面；分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后。
For example： He often helps his working wife at home. 他在家中经常帮助他工作的妻子。
Who is the lady standing by the door？站在门口的那位女士是谁？
（2）有时，单个的分词放在名词后作定语，具有较强的动词意义，其作用相当于一个从句。
For example： Atomic energy is the greatest source of energy existing. 原子能是现存的最大的能源。
They decided to change the material used. 他们决定改变所用的材料。
He needs his senses， especially his eyes， to get to the point he intends to reach.
本句翻译：一个人需要用他们的各种器官，特别是要用两只眼睛，才能走到他打算要去的地点。
8. intend to do 想要/打算/计划做某事
For example： What do you intend to do today？ I intend to go out for a walk. 你打算今天做什么？我今天打算出去散步。
When he cannot use his eyes to guide his steps， he will walk straight only if he takes a step of the same length with each foot.
本句翻译：只有当一个人的两只脚所迈出的每一步的长短都完全相同时，这个人才可以不用眼睛来引导脚步而能够顺着一条直线往前走。
In most people， however， muscle development is not the same in both legs， so that it is probable that the steps will be uneven.
本句翻译：但是，在绝大多数人左右两腿肌肉的发育并不是一样的，结果很可能左右两脚所迈的步子长短是不一致的。
so that 因此…引导是结果状语从句
The difference may be so small that no one is aware of it. But small as it is， it can cause circular movement.
本句翻译：迈步子长短的差距是非常小的，以致于没有人会意识到这一微小的差距。尽管这个差距很小，但结果却导致了圆周运动。
9. as / as though
small as it is “是as/as though 引导的让步状语从句，此时从句应倒装（部分倒装），其结构为”形容词/名词/动词）+as （though）+主+谓
（a.）（n.）（v.）+as/as though + s + v
For example： Pretty as she is， she is not clever.她虽然很漂亮但是不聪明。
Child as he is， he has to make a living.虽然他是一个孩子，但是他必须去谋生。
Try as he would， he might fail again.尽管还有可能再试着去做，但是他还是有可能失败。
注：若从句的表语是n.，其名词前不加任何冠词。
Let us suppose that a man's left foot takes a step 20 inches long and that his right foot takes a step 30 inches long.
本句翻译：我们假定某一人的左脚迈一步是20英寸长，右脚迈一步是30
英寸长。
Now suppose he takes ten step - five with his left foot and five with his right.
本句翻译：现在假设这个人迈了十步——左脚迈五步，右脚也迈五步。
His left foot will travel 100 inches. His right foot will travel 150 inches.
本句翻译：他的左脚总共走了100英寸，他的右脚总共走了150英寸。
travel 运行，前行
This sounds impossible. One foot cannot remain 50 inches behind the other.
本句翻译：这听起来让人觉得不可能。因为一只脚不可能落后于另一只脚五十英寸。
What really happens？
本句翻译：到底是怎么回事呢？
At each step the man turns a little bit to the left.
本句翻译：每迈一步这个人就稍微向左转了一点点。
Sooner or later he makes a complete circle.
本句翻译：迟早，他会走成一个大圆圈。
The tracks of his feet， however， make two circles， one inside the other.
本句翻译：于是他的两只脚所走过轨迹就形成了两个圆圈，一个圆圈在另一的内部。
track 足迹，脚印
His left foot makes the smaller circle because it is taking larger steps.
本句翻译：他的左脚所走的圈比较小，因为右脚的每一步都大一点。
This is why a person may walk in an arc when he sets out in a straight line.
本句翻译：这就是一个人在出发时本来是想走的直线，结果却走成了一条弧线的原因。
The muscles of a man's arms are no more identical than the muscles of his legs.
本句翻译：一个人的两只胳膊肌肉的发育和他的两只腿的肌肉的发育也是不同的。
10. no more（…）than…仅仅；不过/和…一样都不
For example： He is no more than an employee. 他仅仅是一名员工。
He is no more able to operate computer than I am. 他和我一样都不会用计算机。
This explains why the rowers who set out to cross the lake at night rowed in a circle.
本句翻译：这足可以说明这些在夜间出发去横渡湖面的划船手把船划行的路线划成了一个大圆圈的道理。
By the same rule， a bird's wings do not develop evenly， and so it will fly in circles when blinded.
本句翻译：同理，鸟的左右两个翅膀的发育也是不均衡的，所以如果它的眼睛瞎了以后，也会绕圆圈飞行。
by the same rule 同理
Thus， dear readers， our circular mystery has a very straight answer.
本句翻译：由此可见，亲爱的读者，这就是我们的圆圈运动之迷的最直截了当的答案。
circular 圆圈的
straight 直线的；直接的
On one hand， from the word itself， we can see that one is “circular”，the other is “straight”， the two words are in contrast
with each other； on the other hand， the circular mystery has been thought for a long time and tested again and again； however， the answer is absolutely certain. So， both of the two words are used in double senses，creating a special effect.
本段翻译：这是从字面意思来看一个是圆的，一个是直的，他们之间是相对的两个词，另外一个方面说有关圆圈之谜，被大家思考了很久的时间了，一次又一次地进行实验，而最终得到的答案却是一目了然的事情，这样一来，两个单词被在一起使用一语双关，产生了一种独特的效果。
Vocabulary Exercises
Ⅰ。Supply a word that you have learned in Text B. The first letter is given.
1. The full moon has a （circular） form.
本句翻译：全月它有一个圆的外形。
2. If there were no friction， an object in （motion） would never come to a rest.
本句翻译：如果没有摩擦力，那么一个在运动的物体永远也不会停下来。
come to a rest 停下来
3. The road is not straight. You should drive slowly when you come to a （curve）。
本句翻译：这条路不太直。当你到路的转弯处时一定开的慢一点。
curve 弯曲，转弯处
4. The economic development in the country is （uneven）： some areas are highly developed； while some other areas are rather underdeveloped.
本句翻译：这个国家经济发展不均衡：有一些地区是高度发达地区；而其它一些地区是相当落后。
5. The fingerprints of no two persons are （identical）。
本句翻译：任意两个人的指纹都是不同的。
identical 同样的，一样的
6. When the tree fell in the snowstorm， it （pined） him to the ground.
本句翻译：当这棵大树在暴风雨中倒下来时，它把这个男士压在了地面上。
7. It is（well-known）that money serves a variety of functions.
本句翻译：众所周知，钱有很多种功能。
8. The engineers are thoroughly （investigating） the causes of the gas explosion.
本句翻译：工程师们正在彻底调查有关煤气爆炸的原因。
9. The flower show was （intended） primarily for commercial purpose.
本句翻译：这次花展首先是为了商业上的目的才运行的。
10. I've made a mistake， though I didn’t （intend） to.
本句翻译：虽然我不愿意犯错误，但是我还是犯了错误。
自考英语(一)课堂笔记完整版(6)
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自考英语二复习资料汇总总结
重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者 请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简
Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不
4月自考英语二试题及答案知识讲解
2014年4月自考英语二00015试题及答案 第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there’s nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortabl e clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you d on’t need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But d on’t be fool ed into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscl es. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you d on’t get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more cl early. How d o you get engaged in the sport if you d on’t know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simpl e Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you’ll see peopl e cheering for all the runners. Running isn’t always about how fast you are running or how far you’re going. It’s about getting out there and d oing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you’re looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It’s hard to find a safe environment for running.
【精品】自考行政法与行政诉讼法一串讲笔记
自考行政法与行政诉讼法（一）串讲笔记 第一编绪论 第1章行政法的基本概念 第一节行政 一、行政的涵义 1。行政的概念 (名词解释）行政在行政法上的意义,通常指国家行政机关执行国家法律、政策，管理国家内政、外交的活动。 2。行政的分类考察 1 / 241
(1）公行政与国家行政. （名词解释）狭义的行政仅包括公行政，指公共组织，主要指国家行政机关为实现公共目的、任务而行使的执行、管理职能. （单选）国家行政属于公行政，但公行政并不等于国家行政. (2）静态行政和动态行政。 （单选）静态行政的涵义是被赋予相应职能的组织单位和个人，指行政机关、行政机构、行政人员；动态行政的涵义是相应组织职能的运作，指行政活动、行政行为。 (3）形式行政和实质行政。 （单选）行政执法属于实质行政。形式行政是根据主体的性质界定的行政，即只有国家行政机关进行的活动为行政;实质行政是根据主体活动的性质界定的行政，即不论主体为何公权力机关，只要其活动具有执行、管理的性质，即为行政. 2 / 241
二、行政与行政国 （单选)行政法作为一个独立的法律部门,是伴随着“行政国”的产生而产生的。 三、行政与法治国 （单选）“行政国”产生是行政法产生和发展的基本原因,而行政法产生和发展是法治国形成的基本条件。 第二节行政法 一、行政法的涵义 （名词解释)（05-4)（02—4)行政法是指调整行政关系，规范和控制行政权的法律规范系统。 (多选）(05—4）(02-4）行政法的内容是由行政法的调整对象决定的。行政法的调整对 3 / 241
象是行政管理关系；行政法制监督关系;行政救济关系；内部行政关系。 （多选）（06—4)（03-4）属于行政管理关系的有劳动局实施行政处罚与被处罚人之间形成的关系、劳动局登记检查企业用工情况与企业之间形成的关系。 （单选)海关系统的内部关系，属于垂直领导关系。 二、行政法与行政权 （多选)行政权从其权力内容考察，包括国防权、外交权、治安权、经济管理权、社会文化管理权等. 三、行政法的形式 4 / 241
自考公共英语(一)课文翻译(unit22)
自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit22） -自考串讲笔记 Unit 22 Text A 当今人们对健身的态度 最近一位学生对我们说，抽出时间来增进身体健康完全是在浪费学习时间。他要我们相信，对他来说，健身运动一点也不比学打桥牌更有用。上大学和为将来的职业做准备才是他的当务之急。 这个学生把身体健康看成是一种目的，而不是我们所认为的手段。人们对于个人参加体育锻炼所持意见很多，赞成的或反对的都有，他的观点只是其中的一种。 很多人，包括不同年龄的大学生，用在健身活动上的时间很少。当然这里有些人可能受到身体条件的限制，运动起来非常困难，而另一些人从事的活动很费时间，只有完成之后才有机会去休闲娱乐。然而，那些能更多参加健身活动而实际上却参加得很少的大多数人又如何呢下面的哪句话更符合你说的 “我知道这很重要，但我只是现在没有时间。” “我已经很健康，而且按我的计划，保持下去没有困难。” “我应该参加得比现在多，但我没有健身器材，别人也不太支持我。”
“锻炼使我感觉糟透了，即使淋浴之后，我去上下一节课时还是浑身是汗，闻起来大概有些更衣室的味道。” 你与那些没有做出承诺的人不同，也许已承诺投入一项健身计划，但你这项活动的范围可能是比较狭隘的。如果下列某一议论和你一致，那么也许你还没有看到保持高水平的身体健康所具有的更广泛的价值。 “宿舍中每个人都在晚上跑步，所以我也跑。” “锻炼时间每消耗3500卡热量，我就可以减少一磅指肪。圣诞节之前我只需要再减十磅。” “这个周末天气凉爽宜人。星期六看起来是创造个人纪录的好日子。” “有些人可能会说我怕死。见鬼，我只是想长寿。” 如果你看到这些议论中有一条正好代表了你的态度，那么你衡量健身价值的理由不是有点近视吗我们建议你重新审视自己对健身的态度和健身对你生活其它方面的积极影响。你应该问问自己，“如果我真的处于身体最佳状态，我会取得什么成就”因为身体强健的程度很容易观察和测出，你可以很快开始看到你有能力成为的那个正在脱颖而出的人。几乎每天你都能看到进步和成就，不过请记住，人各不同，有些人会比别人进步得快。归根结底，我们认为虽然健身不能保证你活得更长，但却有助于你享受你的人生。 Unit 22
自考英语笔记2
Unit 2 Text A Taxes，Taxes，and More Taxes 搭配： 1. be sure of 确保、一定、毫无疑问/形容词词组 2. have a corner in/on sth. 垄断/动词词组 e.g. have a corner on the textile market 垄断纺织市场 have a corner in textile 对纺织品进行垄断 3. lead the world with sth. 以什么来引领世界/动词词组 4. vary in sth. 有差异 e.g. vary in ideas 想法有差异 vary sth. 改变 e.g. vary your attitude 改变你的观点 vary with 随什么而改变 vary from sth./sb. to sth./sb. 什么什么各不相同 e.g. vary from person to person 人人不同vary from place to place每个地方各不相同 5. sth. is due. 到了该什么的时间了。e.g. The federal taxes are due. 到了该收税款的时间了 6. be similar to 与什么一样/形容词词组 7. buy sth. for +多少钱/动词词组 e.g. buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. 8. in addition to sth./doing sth.除了（表示加的概念）/名词词组 e.g. In addition to teaching，she is in charge of managing the whole school. In addition to his flat in Chaoyang，he has anther flat in Haidian. 9. in two forms 以两种形式 10. charge on sth. 收取什么的费用 e.g. charge on cars in a city.收取城内汽车的费用。 be charged with被控诉有某种罪行；be charged by sb. 由某人收取费用 charge for 收取多少价钱e.g. How much do you charge for this car？这辆车你要多少钱？ in charge 负责 e.g. Who is in charge here？谁在这负责？
自考本科英语二复习资料
自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although
4月自考英语二试题及答案知识讲解
<<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 试题及答案000154月自考英语二2014年第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you'll see people cheering for all the runners. Running isn't always about how fast you are running or how far you're going. It's about getting out there and doing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you're looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It's hard to find a safe environment for running. 》》》》精品资料》<<<<<< <<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 A.True B. False C. Not Given 4.Running is good to people's body and mind. A.True B. False C. Not Given 5.A long-distance run is good in many ways. A.True B. False C. Not Given 6.You can find running programs online. A.True B. False C. Not Given 7.Running programs set goals for you.
自考英语重点语法
自考英语重点语法 动名词在句子中的作用 动名词是一种非限定动词，其构成同现在分词一样，即在动词原形后加-ing，在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。动名词的用法并不算很复杂，但出现的频率却非常高，是考试常考语法项目，因此应该格外引起学生的注意。动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约，但不能做谓语。 1.作主语 动名词及其短语可以用来作主语，跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样，有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等，组成完整的句子。 如：Smoking does a lot of harm to one's health. （吸烟对人体非常有害。） Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. （阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。） 但是，动名词作主语有两种特殊句型，那就是由"it"作形式主语和"there"作先行主语的两种句型。这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。因此，必须给予足够的重视。 （1）“it”作形式主语的句型。这种句型常常表现在下列结构中： It is no good... It is not much good... It is no use... It is hardly any use... It is useless... It is not any use... It is little use... It is hardly worth... It is worth... It is worthwhile... It is a waste of time... It is difficult... It is a waste of time arguing with him. （跟他辩论是在浪费时间。） It was no use talking without taking any action. （只说不做是没有用的。） （2）“there”作先行主语的句型。这种句型通常用在否定句中，其基本形式是there is/was+动名词。 There is no denying the fact. （事实不容否认。） There is no joking over this matter. （这种事开不得玩笑。） There is no telling what she will be after she grows up. （说不准她长大后会干什么。）动名词在句子中的作用 2.动名词作表语 动名词作表语形式上同进行时态一样，由be+动词-ing形式构成，但它所表达的是主语“是什么”，而不是主语“正在干什么”。 The only thing that Smith likes to do after his dinner is watching TV. （史密斯饭后唯一喜欢做的事就是看电视。） The most important thing is finding the most suitable person for this job. （最重要的事情是找到这个工作最适合的人选。） Seeing is believing. （眼见为实。） 我们知道，不定式也同样可以作句子的主语和表语，所表达的意义也非常接近，但两者也有一定的区别：一般说来，动名词多表示一般行为和状态，而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。 动名词在句子中的作用 3.动名词作同位语 同位语是用来说明所修饰的名词，是对该名词的进一步解释，起一个补充说明作用。动名词作同位语也起同样的作用。 His hard habit, smoking one cigarette after each meal, remains unchanged for fifty years. （他饭后一支烟这个恶习五十年没有改变。） That's my pride, speaking five languages.
自考英语(一)课堂笔记完整版(2)
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（2） Unit1 4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice，and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 注意句中hundreds of hours的用法，阅读课本第六页注解2. 请翻译下面的词组： 1）十个学生 ten students 数十个学生 tens of students 2）五百年 five hundred years 数百年hundreds of years 3）两千年 two thousand years 数千年 thousands of years 4）三百万美元 three m illion dollars 数百万美元m illions of dollars 5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 句中be different from意为“与…不同”，如：My opinion is different from yours.（我的 观点与你的观点不同。） 请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组： Man is different from all the other anim als in his ability to learn and use a language. Man differs from all the other anim als in his ability to learn and use a language. The greatest difference between m an and all the other anim als is his ability to learn and use a language. 从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词，different 是形容词，difference是名词。 6. … find it difficul t to succeed in language learning. … find it difficul t to succeed in other fields. 句中的i t是形式宾语（form al object），真正的宾语（real object）是不定式to succeed in language learning，此类用法在英语中很常见，请注意掌握。如：At first I found it diffi cult to rem em ber all these new words.（开始我感到记住这些单词很难。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1）外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。 （The noise outside m ade it diffic ult for m e to go on with m y work.）
自考英语二重点语法知识讲解
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语