魅力北京

魅力北京

自然环境

1、地理位置

北京地处华北大平原北部，北靠燕山，东部毗邻天津市，其余均与河北省交界，全市土地面积16410.54平方公里。北京西部的太行山山脉余脉的西山与北部的燕山山脉的军都山，在南口关沟相交，形成一个向东南展开的半圆形大山弯，人们称之为“北京湾”。诚如古人所言：“幽州之地，左环沧海，右拥太行，北枕居庸，南襟河济，诚天府之国”。

2、地形地貌

北京地势西北高耸，东南低缓。西部、北部和东北部是连绵不断的群山，东南部是一片缓缓向渤海倾斜的平原。地形以山地为主，山地约占全市面积的62%，东灵山为境内最高峰，海拔2303米。北京天然河道自西向东共有五大水系，分别为拒马河水系、永定河水系、北运河水系、潮白河水系、蓟运河水系。

3、自然气候

北京的气候为典型的北温带半湿润大陆性季风气候，夏季高温多雨，冬季寒冷干燥，春、秋短促。年平均气温为11℃至14℃。年降水量四分之三出现在夏季，七八月尤为集中。

4、时区

北京位于东8区，比零时区的伦敦早8小时。当北京旭日东升、阳光普照时，万里之遥的伦敦刚刚进入万籁俱寂的子夜时分。中国采用北京所在的东8时区的区时作为标准时间，称为“北京时间”。

历史沿革

北京历史悠久，文化灿烂，是首批国家历史文化名城、中国四大古都之一和世界上拥有世界文化遗产数最多的城市，3000余年的建城史和800余年的建都史孕育了故宫、天坛、颐和园、天安门、什刹海、圆明园等众多名胜古迹。

北京既是中华民族远古祖先的故乡之一，也是世界人类的发祥地之一。

70万年前,“北京人”便居住在北京房山区周口店龙骨山的洞穴中，北京的文化史从此开端。北京是世界上建城最早的历史文化名城之一，公元前1045年北京地区成为西周燕国的都城，开启了北京为城的历史。

公元1153年，金朝定都中都，自此北京开始成为国家首都——全国的政治中心。

此后的元、明、清三代也将都城设在了北京。

1949年中华人民共和国成立，古都北京被确立为中华人民共和国的首都。

城市定位

1 城市性质

北京是中华人民共和国的首都，是全国的政治中心、文化中心、国际交往中心和科技创新中心。按照“人文北京，科技北京，绿色北京”的战略部署，北京城市的发展目标为“国际一流的和谐宜居之都”。

2、行政辖区

北京市下辖东城、西城、朝阳、海淀、丰台、石景山、门头沟、房山、通州、顺义、大兴、昌平、平谷、怀柔、密云和延庆16个市辖区。通州区为北京市的城市副中心。

3、人口数量

随着北京市经济结构深入调整，疏解非首都功能、构建高精尖的经济结构，传统的劳动密集型产业人员减少，2016年末，北京市常住人口2172.9万人，比上年末增加2.4万人，增长0.1%；增量比上年减少16.5万人，增速比上年回落0.8个百分点，常住人口增量、增速实现“双下降”。按照《京津冀协同发展规划纲要》，到2020年，北京市常住人口控制在2300万人以内。

4、民族宗教

北京市人口中，全国56个民族都有分布，除汉族外，排在前五位的是满族、回族、蒙古族、朝鲜族和土家族。北京地区居民信仰的宗教主要是佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教、基督教，其中佛教、道教和伊斯兰教对北京的历史、文化、艺术产生了较大的影响。

5、市树市花

北京市的市树为国槐和侧柏，市花为月季和菊花。

6、官方语言

北京的官方语言为普通话。

Charming Beijing

Nature

Beijing is a beautiful land graced with picturesque natural scenery, green towering mountains and fast-running waters. Beijing experiences four distinct seasons in a year, with each expressing its own vitality and beauty. When you visit Beijing, you will have marvellous experiences. Geographical Location

Beijing Municipality covers an area of 16,410.54 square kilometres (sq.km). Nestled on the north of the North China Plain, it borders Tianjin Municipality on the east and Hebei Province in all other directions. The Western Hills, west of Beijing, are branches of the Taihang Mountains while the Jundu Mountain, north of the city, is a part of the Yanshan Mountains. They intersect at Beijing’s Guangou Valley, shaping a giant semi-circle curve opening to the southeast. This curve is called “Beijing Bay.” All these tell us why Beijing has been acclaimed as a land of peace and prosperity since ancient times.

Topographic Feature

Beijing has a higher northwest part and a lower southeast part. It is surrounded by mountains to its west, north and northeast. To its southeast, the North China Plain gradually descends towards the Bohai Sea. Mountain areas occupy about 62 percent of the municipality’s total area. The Dongling Mountain, 2,303 metres above sea level, is Beijing’s highest mountain. Five major waterways from west to east flow through the municipality: the Juma, Yongding, Beiyun, Chaobai and Jiyun rivers.

Climate

The capital has a temperate, continental monsoonal climate, characterised by short springs and autumns, hot and rainy summers, and cold and dry winters. Its average annual temperature is 11 to 14 degrees Celsius. Around 75 percent of its annual precipitation occurs in summer, with the heaviest rainfall in July and August.

Time Zone

Beijing is located in Greenwich Mean Time Zone 8 (GMT+8). It is eight hours earlier than London (GMT+0). The whole of China adopts “Beijing time” as its standard time.

History

With a long history and splendid culture, Beijing is one of China’s first famous historical and cultural cities, one of the country’s four great ancient capitals, and the city that houses the most world cultural heritage in the world.

In its long-term process of development, numerous places of interest have emerged. These include the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Tian’anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace), Shichahai, and Yuanmingyuan Park.