翻译工作者章程

翻译工作者章程
编者按：《翻译工作者章程》是由国际译联于1963年9月6日在南斯拉夫杜布罗夫尼克通过，并于1994年7月9日在挪威奥斯陆修正的文件。

尽管中国译协有自己的章程，我国翻译工作者有自己的特殊条件，但这一文件中的许多内容，包括所列翻译工作者的义务和权利，对我们仍有一定的参考价值。

国际翻译家联盟（国际译联）注意到翻译工作已发展为当今世界一项普遍存在的必不可少的永久性活动；它使国与国之间的思想和物质交流成为可能，进而丰富了人民的生活，促进了人与人之间的相互了解；尽管在各种情况下都运用翻译，但翻译本身应作为一种有自己特色的独立的职业而得到承认；国际译联希望以正式文件形式规定一些与翻译工作密切相关的普遍原则，特别是为了：
——强调翻译的社会功能；
——规定翻译工作者的权利和义务；
——规定翻译工作者的基本职业道德规范；
——改善翻译工作者的经济状况及其工作的社会环境；
——向翻译工作者及其职业性组织推荐一些行为准则；
并由此推动社会承认翻译是一种有特色的独立的职业。

兹发布本章程文本作为翻译工作行业之指导原则。

第一章翻译工作者的一般义务
1.翻译作为一种将文学和科技文本从一种语言转换成另一种语言的脑力活动，本身就对从事该项工作的人规定了具体的义务。

2.翻译工作者任何时候都应对其译文负全责，无论译者与译文使用者之间处于何种关系或合同如何规定。

3.翻译工作者应拒绝采用其不赞成或与其职业责任相背的译文。

4.译文应忠实于原文，准确表现原作的思想与形式——这是翻译工作者应尽的道德与法律义务。

5.但是，忠实于原文并不等于逐字逐句的直译；译文的忠实性并不排除为使原作的形式、气氛和深层意思得以用另一种语言在另一国再现而进行的适当调整。

6.翻译工作者应熟练掌握原文的语言，尤其应能自如地驾驭翻译的目标语言。

7.翻译工作者应具有广博的知识，对所翻译的主题要有充分的了解；应避免翻译超出自己理解能力的材料。

8.翻译工作者在工作中应避免不公平竞争；尤其应争取公平合理的报酬，不应接受低于法律或行规所制定的收费标准的报酬。

9.一般地说，翻译工作者不应寻找或接受有损其本人或其职业尊严的工作。

10.翻译工作者应尊重译文使用者的合法利益，对因翻译需要了解到的任何信息应视为职业秘密而守口如瓶。

11.作为“第二”作者，翻译工作者应承担对原著作者的特殊义务。

12.译者在翻译前必须取得原作者同意或译文使用者的授权、必须尊重原作者已获得的一切其它权利。

第二章翻译工作者的权利
13.所有翻译工作者都应对其翻译作品享有其进行工作所在国给予其他脑力劳动者的一切权利。

14.翻译作品作为脑力劳动的结晶应享有给予同类作品的法律保护。

15.因此译者对自己的译著拥有版权，并享有与原著作者相同的各种特权。

16.翻译工作者还应对其译文享有其作者身份赋予的所有继承的精神权利。

17.因此译者在有生之年，其译著作者的身份均应得到承认，而这种承认主要体现在以下几个方面：
（1）当其译著被公开引用时应明确无误地提到译者的名字；
（2）译者有权反对别人对其译文的歪曲、肢解或其它修改；
（3）未经译者事先许可，出版商和其他译文使用者不得修改译文；
（4）译者有权禁止对其译文的不当使用，而且，一般地说，有权抵制任何有损其人格和声誉的攻击。

18.译者对译著的出版、发行、播放、再译、改编、修改和其它处理享有全权。

总之，对译文的任何形式的使用均需经过译者同意。

19.译者对于译文的每次公开使用均有权获得报酬，报酬的多少根据合同或法律规定。

第三章翻译工作者的经济和社会地位
20.翻译工作者的生活条件应有保障，使其能有效地和体面地完成社会赋予他们的任务。

21.译者有权分享译著的成果，特别是有权从译著带来的商业收益中获得相应的报酬。

22.必须承认，翻译作品也可以以委托的形式出现，因此译者除了从译著所带来的商业收益中分成以外，还应收到另一份报酬。

23.翻译工作与其它职业一样应通过集体协议、标准合同等方式享有与该国其它职业同等的保护。

24.各国翻译工作者应享有国家给予脑力劳动者的一切权益，特别是各种社会保险计划，如养老金、健康保险、失业津贴和家庭补助等。

第四章翻译工作者的社团组织
25.翻译工作者应和其他职业的成员一样有权组建职业社团组织。

26.此类组织除了维护翻译工作者的精神和物质利益外，还应维护翻译水准的提高及处理其它与翻译有关的一切事宜。

27.在官方制定和推出有关翻译工作法规的过程中，此类组织应施加其影响。

28.此类组织应尽力与翻译作品使用者组织（出版商协会，工商企业，官方和私人机构，新闻界等）保持长期联系，以便研究共同的问题并寻求解决方法。

29.在监督本国所有翻译作品质量的同时，此类组织应与文化组织、作家协会、笔会各国分部、文学评论家、学术性团体、大学以及科技研究组织保持联系。

30.当译者和译著使用者之间出现任何纠纷时，此类组织应有能力作为仲裁者和专家采取行动。

31.此类组织有权就译员的培训和招聘提出建议并与专业机构和大学配合以达到此目的。

32.此类组织应努力从各个渠道收集与本职业有关的资料并通过图书馆、资料库、报刊和简报等形式提供翻译工作者查用。

为此目的，它们应建立理论和实用的信息服务系统，并组织召开学术研讨会和各种会议。

第五章全国性组织和国际翻译家联盟
33.如一个国家内按地区或类别分别存在几个翻译工作者团体，则这些团体最好建立一个全国性组织来协调它们的活动，同时依旧保持各团体自身的特色。

34.对于尚不存在翻译工作者社团或协会的国家，建议该国翻译工作者在符合本国有关法律规定的前提下，联合起来建立此类组织。

35.国际翻译家联盟呼吁各国翻译工作者组织，在国际译联的旗帜下团结起来，齐心协力在全世界实现其目标。

36.翻译工作者应在自愿的原则下加入本国翻译工作者组织，同样地，各国翻译工作者社团也应本着自愿原则加入国际译联。

37.国际译联应在国际上维护翻译工作者的物质与精神权利，关注翻译理论与实践的进展，努力促进世界范围内文明的传播。

38.国际译联应作为翻译工作者在国际上的代言人，特别是以采取与政府组织、非政府组织和跨国组织建立联系，参加国际上可能与翻译工作者和翻译有关的会议，出版译作，组织或协助组织大会来研究与翻译或翻译工作者有关的问题等方式，以实现上述目标。

39.一般地说，国际译联应扩展各国翻译工作者社团组织在国际上的活动，协调他们的工作并确立共同的政策。

40.翻译工作者之间的团结精神以及翻译作为一门促进国与国之间相互理解和世界范围内文化传播的职业而享有的崇高地位，是各国翻译工作者社团组织及其核心组织——国际译联——追求其行业目标的力量源泉。

附：英文原文
The Translator's Charter
(approved by the Congress at Dubrovnik in 1963,
and amended in Oslo on July 9, 1994)
· General obligations of the translator
· Rights of the translator
· Economic and social position of the translator
· Translators' societies and unions
· National organizations and the International Federation of Translators
The International Federation of Translators
noting
that translation has established itself as a permanent, universal and necessary activity in the world of today; that by making intellectual and material exchanges possible among nations it enriches their life and contributes to a better understanding amongst men;
that in spite of the various circumstances under which it is practised translation must now be recognized as a distinct and autonomous profession; and
desiring
to lay down, as a formal document, certain general principles inseparably conne cted with the profession of translating, particularly for the purpose of
- stressing the social function of translation,
- laying down the rights and duties of translators,
- laying the basis of a translator's code of ethics,
- improving the economic conditions and social climate in which the translator carries out his activity, and
- recommending certain lines of conduct for translators and their professional organizations, and to contribute in this way to the recognition of translation as a distinct and autonomous profession,
announces the text of a charter proposed to serve as guiding principles for the exercise of the profession of translator.
Section I
GENERAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE TRANSLATOR
1. Translation, being an intellectual activity, the object of which is the transfer of literary, scientific and technical texts from one language into another, imposes on those who practise it specific obligations inherent in its very nature.
2. A translation shall always be made on the sole responsibility of the translator, whatever the character of the relationship of contract which binds him/her to the user.
3. The translator shall refuse to give to a text an interpretation of which he/she does not approve, or which would be contrary to the obligations of his/her profession.
4. Every translation shall be faithful and render exactly the idea and form of the original ?this fidelity constituting both a moral and legal obligation for the translator.
5. A faithful translation, however, should not be confused with a literal translation, the fidelity of a translation not excluding an adaptation to make the form, the atmosphere and deeper meaning of the work felt in another language and country.
6. The translator shall possess a sound knowledge of the language from which he/sh e translates and should, in particular, be a master of that into which he/she translates.
7. He/she must likewise have a broad general knowledge and know sufficiently well the subject matter of the translation and refrain from undertaking a translation in a field beyond his competence.
8. The translator shall refrain from any unfair competition in carrying out his profession; in particular, he/she shall strive for equitable remuneration and not accept any fee below that which may be fixed by law and regulations.
9. In general, he/she shall neither seek nor accept work under conditions humiliating to himself/herself or his/her profession.
10. The translator shall respect the legitimate interests of the user by treating as a professional secret any information which may come into his/her possession as a result of the translation entrusted to him/her.
11. Being a "secondary" author, the translator is required to accept special obligations with respect to the author of the original work.
12. He/she must obtain from the author of the original work or from the user authorization to translate a work, and must furthermore respect all other rights vested in the author.
Section II
RIGHTS OF THE TRANSLATOR
13. Every translator shall enjoy all the rights with respect to the translation he/she has made, which the country where he/she exercises his/her activities grants to other intellectual workers.
14. A translation, being a creation of the intellect, shall enjoy the legal protection accorded to such works.
15. The translator is therefore the holder of copyright in his/her translation and consequently has the same privileges as the author of the original work.
16. The translator shall thus enjoy, with respect to his/her translation, all the moral rights of succession conferred by his/her authorship.
17. He/she shall consequently enjoy during his/her lifetime the right to recognition of his/her authorship of the translation, from which it follows, inter alia, that
(a) his/her name shall be mentioned clearly and unambiguously whenever his/her translation is used publicly;
(b) he/she shall be entitled to oppose any distortion, mutilation or other modification of his/her translation;
(c) publishers and other users of his/her translation shall not make changes therein without the translator's prior consent;
(d) he/she shall be entitled to prohibit any improper use of his/her translation and, in general, to resist any attack upon it that is prejudicial to his/her honour or reputation.
18. Furthermore, the exclusive right to authorize the publication, presentation, broadcasting, re-translation, adaptation, modification or other rendering of his/her translation, and, in general, the right to use his/her translation in any form shall remain with the translator.
19. For every public use of his/her translation the translator shall be entitled to remuneration at a rate fixed by contract or law.
Section III
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POSITION OF THE TRANSLATOR
20. The translator must be assured of living conditions enabling him/her to carry out wit h efficiency and dignity the social task conferred on him/her.
21. The translator shall have a share in the success of his/her work and shall, in particular, be entitled to remuneration proportional to the commercial proceeds from the work he/she has translated.
22. It must be recognized that translation can also arise in the form of commissioned work and acquire as such rights to remuneration independent of commercial profits accruing from the work translated.
23. The translating profession, like other professions, shall enjoy in every country a protection equal to that afforded to other professions in that country, by collective agreements, standard contracts, etc.
24. Translators in every country shall enjoy the advantages granted to intellectual workers, and particularly of all social insurance schemes, such as old-age pensions, health insurance, unemployment benefits and family allowances.
Section IV
TRANSLATORS' SOCIETIES AND UNIONS
25. In common with members of other professions, translators shall enjoy the right to form professional societies or unions.
26. In addition to defending the moral and material interests of translators, these organizations shall have the task of ensuring improvement in standards of translation and of dealing with all other matters concerning translation.
27. They shall exert their influence on public authorities in the preparation and introduction of legal measures and regulations concerning the profession.
28. They shall strive to maintain permanent relations with organizations which are users of translations (publishers' associations, industrial and commercial enterprises, public and private authorities, the Press, etc.) for the purpose of studying and finding solutions to their common problems.
29. In watching over the quality of all works translated in their countries, they shall keep in touch with cultural organizations, societies of authors, national sections of the Pen Club, literary critics, learned societies, universities, and technical and scientific research institutes.
30. They shall be competent to act as arbiters and experts in all disputes arising between translators and users of translations.
31. They shall have the right to give advice on the training and recruitment of translators, and to co-operate with specialized organizations and universities in the pursuit of these aims.
32. They shall endeavour to collect information of interest to the profession from all sources and to place it at the disposal of translators in the form of libraries, files, journals
and bulletins, for which purpose they shall establish theoretical and practical information services, and organize seminars and meetings.
Section V
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF
TRANSLATORS
33. Where several groups of translators exist in a country, organized either on a regional basis or into different categories, it will be desirable for these groups to co-ordinate their activities in a central national organization, at the same time preserving their identity.
34. In countries where societies or unions of translators are not yet in existence, it is suggested that translators should join forces to bring about the necessary establishment of such an organization, in accordance with the relevant legal requirements of their country.
35. To ensure the attainment of their aims at world level by common effort, national translators' organizations are called upon to unite in the Fédération internationale des traducteurs (International Federation of Translators [FIT]).
36. Translators shall join their national organizations of their own free will and the same must apply to the societies with respect to their association with the International Federation of Translators.
37. The International Federation of Translators shall defend the material and moral rights of translators at the international level, keep in touch with progress in theoretical and practical matters relating to translation, and endeavour to contribute to the spread of civilization throughout the world.
38. The International Federation of Translators shall attain these objectives by representing translators at the international level, particularly through relations with governmental, non-governmental and supranational organizations, by taking part in meetings likely to be of interest to translators and translation at the international level, by publishing works, and by organizing or arranging for the organization of congresses at which questions concerning translation or translators may be examined.
39. In general the International Federation of Translators shall extend the activities of the societies of every country at the international level, co-ordinate their efforts and define its common policy.
40. The national societies and the International Federation of Translator s, their central organization, derive the strength necessary for the pursuit of their professional objectives from the feeling of solidarity existing among translators and from the dignity of translation which contributes to better understanding among nations and to the spread of culture throughout the world.。