认知语言学文献综述

衡水学院

毕业论文（设计）文献综述

题目:Prototypical Image S chema of “UP and DOWN” and Its Metaphorical Mapping

学生姓名: 孙广玲

系别: 外国语言文学系

专业: 英语

年级: 2012级

学号: 201220303230

指导教师: 赵学政

衡水学院教务处印制

毕业论文文献综述

论文题目Prototypical Image S chema of “UP and DOWN” and

Its Metaphorical Mapping

指导教师赵学政研究方向认知语言学参考文献情况国内9篇，国外6篇，共计15篇

参考文献时间2013年11月23日至 2013年12月1日

一、文献综述

Metaphor is viewed as a set of extraordinary figurative expression, as more or less ornamental devices used in literary and rhetorical style. However, since the 1970s, many researchers found the cognitive nature of metaphors. The publication of Lakoff and Johnson’s We Live By has established the status of metaphor in cognition. They state that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but also in thought and action (Lakoff G and Johnson M, 203). In their view, frequently used metaphorical expressions are evidence of concepts underlying our everyday understanding of events and experiences.

According to the cognitive approach, metaphor is essentially regarded as a mapping from the source domain to the target domain. The philosophical grounding for the cognitive approach is experiential realism which considers bodily experience and daily life experience as the source of human cognition (秦苏芳, 78-80). Since space experience is one of the most common one in human life, people are likely to give a non-spatial concept a spatial orientation. Metaphors can be a concept domain system correspondence mapping to another conceptual domain by means of human cognitive and reasoning (王寅, 128). Specifically, metaphor is associated with one thing and another，the directive of the things projected from a concept to another which is intended to express something, that is cognitive projection or map in cognitive linguistics (Bander R.G，87). In order to understand and describe the unknown phenomenon, we should based on the known concepts of human expression and tone from outside to inside, from there to here, and by using the amazing imagination to do the unusual juxtaposition with unfamiliar things and deepen our understanding of the unknown phenomena (胡壮麟, 63).

Spatial metaphor is a kind of image-schematic metaphors of high degree of cognitive indispensability. Spatial metaphors can be reasoned and analyzed with the parameters trajectory, landmark and path. According to the theory of image schematic metaphor, when spatial metaphors map the

image-schematic structures of spatial domains onto non-spatial abstract domains, the spatial logic of the image schemas is preserved during the process and becomes abstract logic in the non-spatial target domains (谢之君, 45-48). Therefore people are able to conceptualize the non-spatial, concepts by way of the spatial ones. The spatial metaphor is one of the most active sub-branches within the cognitive framework.

The original concept is characterization of spatial relations prepositions, its space prototype concept will be projected on the various categories, derive more metaphorical concepts, and ultimately form a network of prepositions conceptual metaphors. Need to point out that the network is not fixed, with the development of the society, the existing concept of metaphor are constantly to the surrounding category projection, produce more of the concept of edge, any existing metaphor is the starting point of a new concept. The results of this research let native English speakers understand the network metaphor how works, effectively activate the image schema in the brain, really enter into English, and learn better the essence of English. A variety of studies have been carried out by many researchers in China and abroad to reveal the pervasiveness and the importance of spatial metaphors in different languages and cultures (MurphyR and R.Altman, 214). Many researchers have studied spatial metaphors based on the study of some specific words such as ROUND and OVER. However, only a few studies are found in the area, which have discussed spatial metaphors of the preposition IN and how its spatial concept is mapped into domains, which urges the present research.

Many researches on metaphor have laid a theoretical foundation for the present study which intend to investigate how the spatial metaphors of the preposition UP&DOWN are used in human conceptualization of the abstract domains. (张宜, 27-30). Then, according to Simpson’s Linguistic Criteria for adducing the prototypical sense and by using the authoritative dictionaries such as Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Chinese Dictionary (Seventh Edition, 600-601&2218-2219). Thesis sets up the prototypical sense of the preposition UP and DOWN, and gives its prototypical image schema as well (张宜, 27-30) (冯茵, 117).

Johnson finished book of The Body of the Mind in 1987, which the schama was first used in it. He described schama as the process of people perceive each other and interact the outside world. We could continue to perceive and find a dynamic mode that we have the same experience (Johnson M, 23). Schama is a cognitive structure model. It is a cognitive model of people drawn to certain things associated