英汉对比研究

What in the world do you mean? 你的意思究竟是什么？ What a beautiful voice you have! 你有多美的嗓音啊！ Not a finger did I lay on him? 我从来没有指责过他。 1.3 The Use of Function Words: English and Chinese Employ Different Types of Function Words English function words include the articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinators, While Chinese function words comprise particles, connectives, and prepositions
fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythem. (E. Bradbury: The Vacation) 绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，那日子 如此清新可爱。蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声 歇，大地静谧，那日子如此万籁俱寂。然而并 非安静，因为万物各以其适宜的时刻，特有的 节奏，或动，或摇，或振，或起，或伏。
1 1.4 Intonation vs. Tone(语调与声调) . 1 English is an intonation language, . 4 while Chinese is a tone language. In a language in which inflection has been greatly reduced, word-order must become relatively more rigid. One consequence of this tendency to a fixed word-order is an increase in the role of intonation in the language. The varying of tone to indicate meanings is characteristic of both English and Chinese. Musical variety of tone to indicate shades of meaning becomes natural in both
1.2 Word Order: Flexible vs. Inflexible
The less inflective a language, the more rigid the word orde Word order in English is not so rigid as in Chinese. More ways Of inversion are often seen in English. E.g.
这回我可亲眼看见啦！（感叹语气） This time I‟ve actually seen it for myself. 打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人 只好投降。 Unable to fight on or escape, the enemy was forced to surrender. 你呀，老这样下去可不行啊！（加重语气） Look! You can’t go on like this. 这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。 （答辩语气） He is not to blame. After all, it was the first time that he had done it.
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rising at its end. One of the important features in modern Chinese is the predominance of disyllables and quadrisyllables （双音节化和四音节化）. As a result, reduplication of characters, repetition of words, fourcharacter expressions, and parallelism of syllables, words, phrases, and sentence structures have become popular grammatical and rhetorical devices in Chinese. Look at the following example. It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings,
English vs Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features 英汉对比研究
1. Synthetic vs. Analytic （综合语与分析语）
A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected form (曲折变化形式，词尾变化的词语) to express grammatical relationships.
be expressed by the use of inflected forms with or without the help of function words and word order, which is generally not true of Chinese. In Chinese the above grammatical meanings are mostly implied in contexts or between the lines, Though often with the help of word order. E.g. He moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements are astonishingly rapid. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. 他行动之快令人惊讶。 他行动之迅速令人惊讶。 他行动之迅速令我们惊讶不已。
Each has its own features in the use of these words. E.g.
She was with a child. 她身边带着一个孩子。 She was with child. 她怀有身孕。 They are students of our school. 他们是本校的一部分学生。 They are the students of our school. 他们是本校的全体学生。 Chinese is rich in particles(助词), which can be classified into aspect particles(动态助词，如：着、 了、过), structural particles（结构助词，如：的、 地、得）, and emotional particles（语气助词，如： 嘛、吗、吧、呢）. The frequent use of Chinese particles is a hard nut for foreign learners of Chine
1.1 Inflectional vs Non-inflectional
In English, nouns, pronouns, and verbs are inflected. Such grammatical meanings as parts of speech, gender, number, case, person, tense, aspect, voice, mood, etc. can
English and Chinese. Chinese finds its natural way of development through a fundamental system of tones and tone-groups. A change of tone in Chinese will turn “to buy” into “to sell”. In English, intonation has a very important and far-reaching role. A rising or falling tone in the parts of a sentence determines much of its meaning. Moreover, there is a very close bond between stress and tone or pitch, a strong stress, for instance, often corresponding with a rising tone. Such a sentence as “You are going to buy that house” may be statement of fact(declarative) or a question (interrogative)
An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms. Modern English has become analytic but still frequently uses some hereditary inflections from Old English. It is therefore a synthetic-analytic language. Chinese is a typical analytic language. Inflection, word order and the use of function words are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences.
2. Rigid vs. Supple (刚性与柔性)
English sentence structures are composed of noun phrases, verb phrases, etc. It has become an invariable custom to have a subject before a verb, and therefore a sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject must agree with the predicate verb in person and number, etc. This rigid S-V concord forms the kernel of a sentence, with the predicate verb controlling other main members. English sentences, however long and complicated, can be reduced to five basic patterns: SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC.